1Paediatrics B Unit, Regional Centre for Pediatric Diabetes, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Pediatrics, and Gynecology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
2Department of Woman, Child, and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
3Independent Researcher, Rome, Italy
4Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
5Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Diabetologia e Andrologia, Unità di Endocrinologia, and Cattedra Unesco “Educazione Alla Salute e Allo Sviluppo Sostenibile”, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
6Centre for the Study and the Integrated Treatment of Obesity, Internal Medicine 3, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
7Unit of Clinical Nutrition, Policlinico University Hospital, and Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
8Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Salesi Hospital, 60123 Ancona, Italy
9Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
10Unit of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Via F. Baldelli 38, 00146 Rome, Italy
© The Author(s) 2024
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.