Abstract
减重术改变了胃肠道解剖结构,可导致患者肠道微生态环境失衡。部分患者术后可出现并发症,甚至复胖。益生菌能作用于肠道黏膜层、上皮层及肠道相关淋巴组织,改善肥胖患者减重术后肠道微生态环境。益生菌能通过促进短链脂肪酸的产生,刺激肠道细胞释放胰高血糖素样肽1、酪酪肽、胰岛素等内分泌激素,通过肠-脑轴影响中枢神经系统功能,使减重术后患者产生饱腹感,同时能降低血糖。益生菌能产生乳酸、乙酸、乳糖酶等,抑制有害细菌生长,减轻减重术后患者胃肠道症状。益生菌能激活AMP活化蛋白激酶信号通路,改善脂质代谢,促进减重术后患者非酒精性脂肪性肝病临床症状改善。益生菌可通过肠-脑轴调节微生物群释放神经递质或代谢产物,影响大脑活动和行为,帮助减重术后患者改善不良情绪。本文阐述了肥胖患者的肠道微生态环境及减重术后的变化,总结益生菌改善肥胖患者减重术后肠道微生态环境的作用及可能机制,以期为促进益生菌的临床应用提供参考。
Keywords: 益生菌, 减重术, 肠道菌群, 肥胖, 综述
Abstract
Bariatric surgery may cause intestinal microecological environment imbalance due to changes in gastrointestinal anatomy. Some patients may have compli-cations, even regain weight. Probiotics can act on intestinal mucosa, epithelium and gut-associated lymphoid tissue to improve the intestinal microecological environment of obese patients after bariatric surgery. Probiotics can promote the production of short-chain fatty acids, stimulate intestinal cells to release glucagon-like peptide-1, peptide tyrosine-tyrosine, insulin and other endocrine hormones, affect the function of the central nervous system through the gut-brain axis, make patients after bariatric surgery feel full, and reduce blood sugar at the same time. Probiotics can produce lactic acid, acetic acid and lactase, to inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria and to improve gastrointestinal symptoms of patients after bariatric surgery. Probiotics can activate the AMP-activated protein kinase signaling pathway, improve lipid metabolism, and promote the recovery of symptom indicators of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease after bariatric surgery. Probiotics can regulate the release of neurotransmitters or metabolites by the microbiota through the gut-brain axis to affect brain activity and behavior, thus helping patients improve negative emotions after bariatric surgery. This article describes the intestinal microecological environment of obese patients and mechanism of the change after bariatric surgery and summarizes the effects and possible mechanisms of probiotics in improving the intestinal microecological environment of obese patients after bariatric surgery, to provide references for promoting the clinical application of probiotics.
Keywords: Probiotic, Bariatric surgery, Intestinal flora, Obesity, Review
目前认为减重术是中重度肥胖及其合并症的最佳治疗办法[1]。但减重术会改变胃肠道解剖结构、破坏肠道微生态环境稳定,部分患者术后可能出现营养不良、复胖、胃肠道症状等,甚至出现不良心理状态,从而减弱减重术的效果[2]。益生菌为活的微生物,当给予适当量时,会给宿主带来健康益处[3]。常用的肠道益生菌有乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌、链球菌等[4],其中乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌为“普遍安全”的益生菌。益生菌作为部分肥胖患者的治疗用药,可通过调节免疫反应、炎症反应、促进短链脂肪酸产生等改善肠道微生态环境,其安全性、实用性、有效性正不断得到验证[5-6]。越来越多的研究利用益生菌调节肠道微生态环境,并进一步探究益生菌对不同疾病的影响[7-9]。近年来,研究者开始为减重术后患者提供益生菌,以改善其肠道微生态环境,进而发挥减轻体重、降低血糖、改善术后并发症等作用,但国内相关研究较少。因此,本文就益生菌调节肥胖患者减重术后肠道微生态环境的研究进展作一综述,以期为促进益生菌的临床应用提供参考。
1. 肥胖患者的肠道微生态环境及减重术后的变化机制
肠道微生态环境主要与肠道微生物群相关[10]。肠道微生物群由1000多种细菌和古细菌组成[11]。人类肠道中有50多个不同的菌门,90%以上的肠道微生物群属于拟杆菌门和厚壁菌门[11-13]。与偏瘦或正常体型受试者体内的肠道微生物群比较,肥胖患者肠道微生物群中厚壁菌门菌群和拟杆菌门菌群的比值增加[14]。正常情况下,厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门均可分解膳食多糖,并产生短链脂肪酸,拟杆菌门对碳水化合物有高效的降解作用;与拟杆菌门比较,厚壁菌门编码了较少的碳水化合物降解酶及更多的ABC转运蛋白[15]。转运蛋白可协助运输碳水化合物等营养物质,当体内厚壁菌门数增加而拟杆菌门数减少时,宿主吸收过多能量,导致肥胖产生甚至加重[16]。另外,厚壁菌门菌群与拟杆菌门菌群比值的增加会间接导致肠道微生物群多样性的减少,从而破坏肠道微生态环境平衡[17]。因此,肥胖患者往往表现出较低的微生物基因丰富度。
减重术最常见的术式是RYGB和袖状胃切除术,其中RYGB需绕开十二指肠并旷置远端胃,而袖状胃切除术需切除胃的大弯侧[18]。RYGB和袖状胃切除术均可改善肥胖患者的肠道微生态环境,但不同的减重术式会使肠道菌群产生不同的改变:RYGB后患者肠道菌群内拟杆菌门和变形菌门的丰度增加[19-21];袖状胃切除术后患者肠道菌群中拟杆菌门增加,厚壁菌门菌群与拟杆菌门菌群的比值降低[22]。减重术也可能使肠道菌群出现一些不良变化,如Murphy等[22]发现RYGB后患者厚壁菌门增加,Medina等[19]发现袖状胃切除术后患者拟杆菌门减少。另外,减重术后胃肠道解剖结构和饮食的变化也会破坏患者肠道微生态环境[23],延缓肠道炎症的消退,减少肠道菌群代谢物及内毒素的产生[24-25],改变肠道pH值,进而影响代谢进程,使胆汁酸代谢和激素分泌失衡、肠道微生物减少,可能导致患者仍存在较低的微生物基因丰富度[26]。同时,减重术后患者可能因食物摄入减少、胃分泌物减少等出现营养不良,后期恶化并出现微量营养素缺乏症[27]。因此,需采取适当措施促进减重术后患者肠道微生态环境的恢复。
2. 益生菌改善肥胖患者减重术后肠道微生态环境的作用及可能机制
益生菌可在肠道黏液层、上皮层和肠道相关淋巴组织等三个部位发挥作用[28]。结肠黏液层分为两层,外层含有抗菌肽、防御素、免疫球蛋白A等,可限制共生细菌的物质;内层紧邻上皮细胞内部,可保障肠上皮完整。黏液层中黏蛋白可为益生菌提供结合位点[29],从而保护肠道黏膜完整。肠道上皮层中,上皮细胞可分泌调节并维持肠道微生态环境稳定的物质,如杯状细胞分泌黏液、帕内特细胞释放防御素。Wu等[30]发现罗伊氏乳杆菌可通过激活Wnt/β-catenin信号通路,刺激肠上皮细胞增殖,抑制细菌定植,避免肠道屏障破坏。肠道相关淋巴组织由肠道上皮层及固有层内散在的淋巴细胞和组织化淋巴组织(派尔集合淋巴结、肠系膜淋巴结及较小的孤立淋巴滤泡)组成。派尔集合淋巴结可诱导获得性免疫:在其表面微皱褶细胞摄取抗原后,微皱褶细胞下方的树突状细胞、巨噬细胞等抗原呈递细胞也随着捕获抗原,并与T淋巴细胞、B淋巴细胞相互作用共同发挥免疫作用[31]。研究表明,益生菌可作用于树突状细胞和T淋巴细胞,协助发挥免疫调节作用[32]。益生菌的表层蛋白、鞭毛、菌毛等构成的微生物相关分子模式能被精确识别并与模式识别受体(如NOD样受体、Toll样受体[4])特异性结合[33-34],调节NF-κB、MAPK[35]等信号通路,产生细胞因子或抑制细胞凋亡。益生菌也可作用于AMPK信号通路,调节机体脂质代谢[36]。以下对益生菌改善肥胖患者减重术后肠道微生态环境的作用及可能机制进行介绍。
2.1. 减轻体重、降低血糖
益生菌可通过多个机制帮助减重术后患者减轻体重、降低血糖。益生菌能通过促进肠道抗菌物质的产生、与受体特异性结合发挥免疫功能来刺激免疫调节细胞,降低TNF-α、脂多糖结合蛋白、氧化三甲胺、丙氨酸等炎症因子表达,升高β-羟基丁酸酯浓度,缓解肥胖患者炎症反应,从而发挥降脂作用[37-39]。益生菌能通过促进短链脂肪酸的产生,刺激肠道细胞释放胰高血糖素样肽1、酪酪肽、胰岛素等内分泌激素[40-41],通过肠-脑轴影响中枢神经系统功能,使减重术后患者产生饱腹感,同时降低血糖水平[42-43]。
Karbaschian等[39]对接受减重术的患者给予含有7种益生菌的补充剂,为期16周(从术前4周至术后12周)。结果显示,干预组的体重、多余体重降低百分比、体重指数下降程度均高于对照组,且腰围减少幅度更大。另一项研究也发现使用益生菌患者的体重减轻更多[44]。但Sherf-Dagan等[45]的研究表明,益生菌组和对照组的体重指数和腰围均下降,但两组间差异不大,可能是使用了不同种类益生菌的缘故。另外,患者服用益生菌时间的差异也会导致测量结果的不同。多数研究在招聘受试者时会排除在术前4周曾服用过益生菌的患者,因其可促进术前、术后减重进程。Karbaschian等[39]从患者术前4周开始干预,这在一定程度上能促进减重术后患者减轻体重。
益生菌可改善减重术后患者的糖尿病症状。Melali等[46]的研究显示,减重术后患者服用3个月益生菌后,其空腹血糖和糖化血红蛋白降低。Calikoglu等[41]将患者分为两组,干预组使用益生元(能促进益生菌发挥作用)和酸奶,对照组仅使用酸奶,结果显示干预组术后胰岛素、胰高血糖素样肽1、酪酪肽增高优于对照组。但Ramos等[47]的结果表明,患者在减重术后服用90 d益生菌,其糖尿病症状未得到改善,可能是因为减重术后短期服用益生菌无法缓解部分患者胰岛素抵抗的缘故。有研究表明,患者减重术后12个月时才能观察到胰岛素抵抗显著改善[48]。
2.2. 促进胃肠道吸收、减轻胃肠道症状
患者在减重术后因解剖结构改变、饮食变化等可能出现吸收不良情况,部分患者还会出现胃肠道症状。益生菌能产生乳酸、乙酸等有机酸,降低肠道pH值,抑制有害细菌生长,维持肠道微生态环境稳定;益生菌也可产生有助于乳糖消化的乳糖酶,减轻胃肠道症状[46,49-50]。
多项研究均证实益生菌可改善RYGB后患者血维生素B12、维生素D3的浓度,利于患者肠道内营养吸收,一定程度上避免营养不良的发生[38-39,46-47]。Chen等[50]将60例胃旁路术后出现胃肠道症状的患者随机分为三组(分别使用丁酸梭菌、长双歧杆菌、消化酶)进行为期两周的干预。干预前后患者胃肠道生活质量指数评分显示,短期内益生菌和消化酶可缓解患者嗳气、腹胀、腹痛、胃部灼热等症状。但该研究干预及监测时间过短,无法判断益生菌的长期效果。Melali等[46]研究中,干预组术后1周开始服用益生菌持续3个月,并设置对照组,在干预后第3、6个月分别对胃肠道生活质量指数进行评分,结果表明第6个月益生菌干预组胃肠道生活质量指数评分优于对照组,证实益生菌能长期改善减重术后患者的胃肠道症状。
部分患者在RYGB后患有SIBO,出现腹泻、便秘、腹胀等症状,长时间会加重营养不良。研究发现,减重术后患者服用6个月益生菌可改善SIBO症状[51]。但Wagner等[52]的氢呼气试验结果提示,益生菌服用90 d并未改善SIBO,但可减轻腹胀症状。为了探究益生菌对长期患SIBO的减重术后患者的效果,Wagner等[53]对RYGB后1年存在胃肠道症状的患者进行为期8周的益生菌干预,结果未显示益生菌对改善减重术后长期SIBO的作用。上述两项研究结果不同,提示益生菌活性、种类、剂量和服用时间不同均会对结果造成影响,部分患者服用益生菌后出现不良反应(如腹泻)可能会干扰结局指标。除此以外,不同的呼气试验对肠道也有不同影响,如腹泻症状与氢呼气测试有关、便秘与甲烷呼气测试有关等[54]。上述研究均选用氢呼气测试,可能影响结局判定,后续研究应避免这些混杂因素。
2.3. 改善NAFLD症状及相关危险因素
益生菌能降低减重术后患者血清胆固醇水平,改善血清胆汁酸谱,激活AMPK信号通路,抑制肝内三酰甘油、胆固醇等的合成代谢,并通过影响肠道菌群结构、肠道屏障功能、炎症反应等共同改善NAFLD症状[44-45,55-57]。
胆结石是NAFLD的独立危险因素,应对其采取相应预防措施。Han等[55]将患者分为三组,分别使用丁酸梭菌、消化酶、熊去氧胆酸,考察益生菌对减重术后患者胆结石的预防作用,结果显示益生菌能预防胆结石,且并不逊色于熊去氧胆酸。Ramos等[47]结果也表明益生菌能改善NAFLD患者减重术后三酰甘油水平。Crommen等[56]的研究设计与前两项不太相同,研究者在使用益生菌的基础上加上特定微量营养素混合物(剂量高于基本微量营养素混合物),结果表明血清天冬氨酸转氨酶、NAFLD纤维化评分、血清三酰甘油等均得到改善,可能与特定微量营养素可以协助益生菌促进脂肪分解、抑制脂肪生成和抵消肝纤维化有关。但是,Sherf-Dagan等[45]的研究结果与上述三项不同:患者在袖状胃切除术后服用益生菌6个月,结果显示益生菌未改善患者术后6、12个月的NAFLD症状。可能的原因:减重术本身对代谢及炎症存在影响,导致益生菌的累加效应不明显;或是患者术后胃快速排空,肠道运输加速,酸产生减少,从而导致益生菌未能充分发挥作用。
2.4. 促进心理健康、改善不良情绪
益生菌促进减重术后患者心理健康的作用机制仍处于探索阶段,肠-脑轴在其中起到重要作用[58-59]。肠-脑轴是指肠道菌群间接或直接影响肠道神经系统、内分泌系统、中枢神经、免疫反应与大脑实现连接,形成双向交流通路从而影响大脑功能和行为。益生菌可通过影响肠-脑轴通路、调节微生物群释放神经递质或代谢产物,从而影响大脑的活动和行为[42,60]。上文已指出益生菌可通过增加短链脂肪酸的浓度、调节免疫系统功能调节机体内炎症情况,降低机体炎症水平,增强血脑屏障的完整性并改善神经功能[37,58]。除此以外,益生菌还可调节下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴以减少皮质醇分泌,增加单胺(如5-羟色胺)水平及神经可塑性,促进肠道微生物产生神经递质和神经调节剂(如γ-氨基丁酸、乙酸胆碱等),改善患者负面情绪[57-58,61-63]。
胃肠道生活质量指数评分表由胃肠道症状、情绪维度、身体维度、社会维度和治疗影响五个维度组成。Melali等[46]和Calikoglu[41]等基于该表发现使用益生菌患者整体得分优于对照组。但研究者未针对单个维度进行解释,因此无法判断其对情绪维度的主要影响结果。术后食物成瘾和暴饮暴食与心理健康的关系十分密切,负性情绪可能导致患者采取不良饮食行为[64-65]。为了探究益生菌能否改善减重术后患者的食物成瘾和暴饮暴食,Carlos等[58]给予减重术后患者服用益生菌90 d,术后一年的随访结果表明益生菌组的食物成瘾和暴饮暴食改善情况均优于对照组,证实服用益生菌具有改善食物成瘾和暴饮暴食的长期效果。Komorniak等[66]使用了饮食加益生菌对患者进行干预,干预时长为5周,结果显示术后患者抑郁症状虽然有一定改善,但与对照组比较差异无统计学意义,可能是由于益生菌的使用时间过短以致作用未达减重术后的累加值。目前关于益生菌改善减重术后患者心理的研究不多,仍需更多研究进一步验证。
3. 结语
益生菌能改善减重术后患者的肠道微生态环境,发挥减轻体重、降低血糖、促进胃肠道吸收、改善胃肠道症状等作用。此外,益生菌还可促进减重术后患者的心理健康。但上述作用仍存在一定争议,且相关研究偏少,无法确定其具体作用机制。今后需要更进一步探讨,形成具体方案,如减重术后补充益生菌的特定时间、剂量、菌株种类等,同时尽量避免不良反应,以助于促进减重术后患者的恢复。
Acknowledgments
研究得到浙江省医药卫生科技计划(2023KY794,2024KY1142)支持
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Medical and Health Science and Technology Plan of Zhejiang Province (2023KY794, 2024KY1142)
[缩略语]
Roux-en-Y胃旁路手术(Roux-en-Y gastric bypass,RYGB);核因子κB(nuclear factor κB,NF-κB);丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK);AMP活化蛋白激酶(AMP-activated protein kinase,AMPK);肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF);小肠细菌过度生长(small intestinal bacterial overgrowth,SIBO);非酒精性脂肪性肝病(nonalcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)
利益冲突声明
所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests
医学伦理
研究不涉及人体或动物实验
Ethical approval
This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors
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