Abstract
The stoichiometry of the individual steps, i.e. polypeptide chain cleavage, hydrolysis of the putative thioester bond and conformational change, of the reaction between alpha 2-macroglobulin and trypsin or chymotrypsin was analysed. The chain cleavage was monitored by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, the thioester hydrolysis by both a spectroscopic and a fluorimetric technique and the conformational change by tryptophan fluorescence. A stoichiometry of close to 2:1 was obtained for all reactions. This finding indicates that the alpha 2-macroglobulin half-molecule is an independent functional unit of the inhibitor, within which co-operativity between the two subunits may occur.
Full text
PDF





Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Barrett A. J., Brown M. A., Sayers C. A. The electrophoretically 'slow' and 'fast' forms of the alpha 2-macroglobulin molecule. Biochem J. 1979 Aug 1;181(2):401–418. doi: 10.1042/bj1810401. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Barrett A. J., Starkey P. M. The interaction of alpha 2-macroglobulin with proteinases. Characteristics and specificity of the reaction, and a hypothesis concerning its molecular mechanism. Biochem J. 1973 Aug;133(4):709–724. doi: 10.1042/bj1330709. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bender M. L., Begué-Cantón M. L., Blakeley R. L., Brubacher L. J., Feder J., Gunter C. R., Kézdy F. J., Killheffer J. V., Jr, Marshall T. H., Miller C. G. The determination of the concentration of hydrolytic enzyme solutions: alpha-chymotrypsin, trypsin, papain, elastase, subtilisin, and acetylcholinesterase. J Am Chem Soc. 1966 Dec 20;88(24):5890–5913. doi: 10.1021/ja00976a034. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Björk I., Fish W. W. Evidence for similar conformational changes in alpha 2-macroglobulin on reaction with primary amines or proteolytic enzymes. Biochem J. 1982 Nov 1;207(2):347–356. doi: 10.1042/bj2070347. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Branegård B., Osterberg R., Sjöberg B. Small-angle X-ray scattering study of the interaction between human alpha 2-macroglobulin and trypsin. Eur J Biochem. 1982 Mar 1;122(3):663–666. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1982.tb06489.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Carlström A. S., Liedén K., Björk I. Decreased binding of heparin to antithrombin following the interaction between antithrombin and thrombin. Thromb Res. 1977 Dec;11(6):785–797. doi: 10.1016/0049-3848(77)90107-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- ELLMAN G. L. Tissue sulfhydryl groups. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1959 May;82(1):70–77. doi: 10.1016/0003-9861(59)90090-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ganrot P. O. The combining ratio between trypsin and serum alpha-2-macroglobulin. Acta Chem Scand. 1966;20(8):2299–2300. doi: 10.3891/acta.chem.scand.20-2299. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gonias S. L., Pizzo S. V. Characterization of functional human alpha 2-macroglobulin half-molecules isolated by limited reduction with dithiothreitol. Biochemistry. 1983 Feb 1;22(3):536–546. doi: 10.1021/bi00272a003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gonias S. L., Reynolds J. A., Pizzo S. V. Physical properties of human alpha 2-macroglobulin following reaction with methylamine and trypsin. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1982 Aug 10;705(3):306–314. doi: 10.1016/0167-4838(82)90252-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hall P. K., Roberts R. C. Physical and chemical properties of human plasma alpha2-macroglobulin. Biochem J. 1978 Jul 1;173(1):27–38. doi: 10.1042/bj1730027. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Harpel P. C. Human alpha2-macroglobulin. Methods Enzymol. 1976;45:639–652. doi: 10.1016/s0076-6879(76)45055-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Harpel P. C. Studies on human plasma alpha 2-macroglobulin-enzyme interactions. Evidence for proteolytic modification of the subunit chain structure. J Exp Med. 1973 Sep 1;138(3):508–521. doi: 10.1084/jem.138.3.508. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Howard J. B. Reactive site in human alpha 2-macroglobulin: circumstantial evidence for a thiolester. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Apr;78(4):2235–2239. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.4.2235. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Howell J. B., Beck T., Bates B., Hunter M. J. Interaction of alpha 2-macroglobulin with trypsin, chymotrypsin, plasmin, and papain. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1983 Feb 15;221(1):261–270. doi: 10.1016/0003-9861(83)90143-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Jones J. M., Creeth J. M., Kekwick R. A. Thio reduction of human 2 -macroglobulin. The subunit structure. Biochem J. 1972 Mar;127(1):187–197. doi: 10.1042/bj1270187. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kurecki T., Kress L. F., Laskowski M., Sr Purification of human plasma alpha 2 macroglobulin and alpha 1 proteinase inhibitor using zinc chelate chromatography. Anal Biochem. 1979 Nov 1;99(2):415–420. doi: 10.1016/s0003-2697(79)80026-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pochon F., Favaudon V., Tourbez-Perrin M., Bieth J. Localization of the two protease binding sites in human alpha 2-macroglobulin. J Biol Chem. 1981 Jan 25;256(2):547–550. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Robinson N. C., Tye R. W., Neurath H., Walsh K. A. Isolation of trypsins by affinity chromatography. Biochemistry. 1971 Jul 6;10(14):2743–2747. doi: 10.1021/bi00790a014. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- SCHONBAUM G. R., ZERNER B., BENDER M. L. The spectrophotometric determination of the operational normality of an alpha-chymotrypsin solution. J Biol Chem. 1961 Nov;236:2930–2935. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Salvesen G. S., Barrett A. J. Covalent binding of proteinases in their reaction with alpha 2-macroglobulin. Biochem J. 1980 Jun 1;187(3):695–701. doi: 10.1042/bj1870695. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Salvesen G. S., Sayers C. A., Barrett A. J. Further characterization of the covalent linking reaction of alpha 2-macroglobulin. Biochem J. 1981 May 1;195(2):453–461. doi: 10.1042/bj1950453. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sottrup-Jensen L., Hansen H. F., Mortensen S. B., Petersen T. E., Magnusson S. Sequence location of the reactive thiol ester in human alpha 2-macroglobulin. FEBS Lett. 1981 Jan 12;123(1):145–148. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(81)80039-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sottrup-Jensen L., Lønblad P. B., Stepanik T. M., Petersen T. E., Magnusson S., Jörnvall H. Primary structure of the 'bait' region for proteinases in alpha 2-macroglobulin. Nature of the complex. FEBS Lett. 1981 May 18;127(2):167–173. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(81)80197-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sottrup-Jensen L., Petersen T. E., Magnusson S. A thiol-ester in alpha 2-macroglobulin cleaved during proteinase complex formation. FEBS Lett. 1980 Dec 1;121(2):275–279. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(80)80361-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sottrup-Jensen L., Petersen T. E., Magnusson S. Trypsin-induced activation of the thiol esters in alpha 2-macroglobulin generates a short-lived intermediate ('nascent' alpha 2-M) that can react rapidly to incorporate not only methylamine or putrescine but also proteins lacking proteinase activity. FEBS Lett. 1981 Jun 1;128(1):123–126. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(81)81096-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Steinbuch M., Pejaudier L., Quentin M., Martin V. Molecular alteration of alpha-2-macroglobulin by aliphatic amines. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1968 Jan 22;154(1):228–231. doi: 10.1016/0005-2795(68)90277-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Straight D. L., McKee P. A. Effect of protease binding by alpha 2-macroglobulin on intrinsic fluorescence. Biochemistry. 1982 Sep 14;21(19):4550–4556. doi: 10.1021/bi00262a006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Swenson R. P., Howard J. B. Amino acid sequence of the tryptic peptide containing the alkylamine-reactive site from human alpha 2-macroglobulin. Identification of gamma-glutamylmethylamide. J Biol Chem. 1980 Sep 10;255(17):8087–8091. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Swenson R. P., Howard J. B. Characterization of alkylamine-sensitive site in alpha 2-macroglobulin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1979 Sep;76(9):4313–4316. doi: 10.1073/pnas.76.9.4313. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Swenson R. P., Howard J. B. Structural characterization of human alpha2-macroglobulin subunits. J Biol Chem. 1979 Jun 10;254(11):4452–4456. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Van Leuven F., Cassiman J. J., Van den Berghe H. Functional modifications of alpha 2-macroglobulin by primary amines. II. Inhibition of covalent binding of trypsin to alpha 2 M by methylamine and other primary amines. J Biol Chem. 1981 Sep 10;256(17):9023–9027. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Virca G. D., Travis J., Hall P. K., Roberts R. C. Purification of human alpha-2-macroglobulin by chromatography on Cibacron Blue Sepharose. Anal Biochem. 1978 Aug 15;89(1):274–278. doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(78)90750-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Weber K., Osborn M. The reliability of molecular weight determinations by dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. J Biol Chem. 1969 Aug 25;244(16):4406–4412. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wu K., Wang D., Feinman R. D. Inhibition of proteases by alpha 2-macroglobulin. The role of lysyl amino groups of trypsin in covalent complex formation. J Biol Chem. 1981 Oct 25;256(20):10409–10414. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Yamamoto K., Takamitsu S., Kanaoka Y. Fluorescent thiol reagents. XII. Fluorescent tracer method for protein SH groups using N-(7-dimethylamino-4-methyl coumarinyl) maleimide. An application to the proteins separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Anal Biochem. 1977 May 1;79(1-2):83–94. doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(77)90381-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Yung B. Y., Trowbridge C. G. Resolution of alpha and beta anhydrotrypsin by affinity chromatography. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1975 Aug 4;65(3):927–930. doi: 10.1016/s0006-291x(75)80474-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]