Skip to main content
Foods logoLink to Foods
. 2024 Oct 31;13(21):3503. doi: 10.3390/foods13213503

Simultaneous Analysis of 504 Pesticide Multiresidues in Crops Using UHPLC-QTOF at MS1 and MS2 Levels

Mun-Ju Jeong 1,2, Su-Min Kim 2, Ye-Jin Lee 2, Yoon-Hee Lee 2, Hye-Ran Eun 2, Miok Eom 1, Gui-Hyun Jang 1, JuHee Lee 1, Hyeong-Wook Jo 3, Joon-Kwan Moon 4,*, Yongho Shin 2,*
Editor: Xinghua Zhou
PMCID: PMC11545108  PMID: 39517286

Abstract

A robust analytical method was developed for the simultaneous detection of 504 pesticide multiresidues in various crops using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF). The method integrates both MS1 and MS2 levels through sequential window acquisition of all theoretical mass spectra (SWATH) analysis, allowing for accurate mass measurements and the construction of a spectral library to enhance pesticide residue identification. An evaluation of the method was carried out according to international standards, including the FAO guidelines and SANTE/11312/2021. Validation across five representative crops—potato, cabbage, mandarin, brown rice, and soybean—demonstrated exceptional sensitivity, with over 80% of the analytes detected at trace levels (≤2.5 μg/kg). Moreover, an impressive 96.8% to 98.8% of the compounds demonstrated LOQs of ≤10 μg/kg. Most compounds exhibited excellent linearity (r2 ≥ 0.980) and satisfactory recovery rates at spiking levels of 0.01 and 0.1 mg/kg. Among 42 crop samples analyzed, pesticides were detected in 1 cabbage, 3 mandarin, and 6 rice samples, with a mass accuracy within ±5 ppm and a Fit score ≥ 70.8, confirming the method’s practical applicability and reliability. The detected residues ranged from 12.3 to 339.3 μg/kg, all below the established maximum residue limits (MRLs). This comprehensive approach offers an efficient, reliable, and scalable solution for pesticide multiresidue monitoring, supporting food safety programs and regulatory compliance.

Keywords: crop, HRMS, library, pesticide multiresidues, UHPLC-QTOF, food safety

1. Introduction

The widespread use of pesticides in agriculture has undeniably increased crop yields and protected plants from pests and diseases [1,2]. However, the residual presence of these chemicals in agricultural products poses significant concerns for human health and environmental safety, particularly regarding chronic health risks to consumers [3]. Modern agricultural practices often involve the simultaneous or sequential application of multiple pesticides to the same crop to control a variety of pests, weeds, and diseases. This leads to the presence of multiple pesticide residues in a single crop, underscoring the necessity of multiresidue analysis rather than testing individual compounds separately [4]. The globalization of the food supply chain further intensifies the need for the development of robust multiresidue pesticide analysis, as internationally traded crops must meet diverse regulatory requirements across different countries and regions [5]. Simultaneous multiresidue analysis is more efficient and cost-effective, allowing for the high-speed scanning, detection, and quantification of a wide spectrum of pesticides within a single analytical run [6]. This comprehensive approach is essential for rapidly and accurately assessing the overall exposure risk to consumers and for ensuring compliance with regulatory standards that establish maximum residue limits (MRLs) for a wide range of pesticides.

Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) is adept at analyzing a broad spectrum of substances, encompassing both polar and non-polar analytes. It is particularly effective for the separation and detection of organic compounds, including pesticides and their metabolites [7]. For highly selective trace analysis, UHPLC can be coupled with mass spectrometry (MS). Among the various MS techniques, high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) is the preferred method for both targeted and non-targeted screening of pesticide residues and their metabolites in food samples [8]. It offers several significant advantages that enhance the analysis of target compounds in food samples. HRMS provides exceptional mass accuracy and resolving power, enabling precise identification and differentiation of compounds with very similar mass-to-charge (m/z) ratios [9,10]. This high level of specificity minimizes the likelihood of false positives and ensures reliable detection of target analytes amidst complex sample matrices [11]. Additionally, recent advancements in HRMS have resulted in improved detecting sensitivity, allowing for the detection of trace levels of pesticide residues [12].

A commonly utilized MS technique for the simultaneous determination of hundreds of pesticides is the triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (TQ MS) [13]. When operated in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode, TQ MS selectively detects specific precursor and product ions, thereby enhancing both the selectivity and sensitivity for targeted compounds [14]. This makes TQ MS highly effective for quantitative analysis of known pesticides within complex sample matrices [15]. However, the MRM approach requires time-consuming establishment of individual MRM conditions for each analyte, and is inherently limited to predefined target analytes, which restricts its ability to identify unexpected or unknown compounds present in the samples [16]. In contrast, HRMS offers full-spectrum data acquisition, enabling target, suspect, and non-target screening of pesticide residues [8]. This comprehensive data collection allows for retrospective data analysis, meaning that analysts can revisit the acquired data to search for additional or emerging contaminants without the need to re-analyze the samples [17]. Such capability is particularly valuable for identifying previously unmonitored pesticide residues or novel contaminants that may arise over time. Overall, HRMS enhances the versatility and efficiency of pesticide residue analysis, making it a powerful tool for comprehensive food safety monitoring.

Quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (QTOF MS) delivers high resolution (>30,000 full width at half maximum, FWHM) and exceptional mass accuracy (within ±5 ppm), both of which are essential for isotope analysis in complex organic mixtures [18]. For the rapid and precise identification of pesticide residues, spectral library searching serves as a key tool. The characteristics of compounds in monitoring samples were meticulously verified against those in an in-house TOF library by evaluating parameters such as mass accuracy, isotope patterns, MS/MS fragmentation patterns, and library purity scores, thereby validating the reliability of library matching rates and ensuring the dependable identification of pesticide residues [19]. QTOF MS offers a cost-effective solution without compromising analytical performance, enhancing its practicality for both targeted and non-targeted pesticide residue analysis and supporting robust and scalable food safety programs.

The primary objective of this study was to develop a comprehensive method for the multiresidue analysis of pesticides in various agricultural products using UHPLC-QTOF. The method was evaluated by assessing the mass accuracy of isotopic species, distinguishing isomeric pesticides, and constructing a spectral library to enhance the reliability of pesticide identification. The validated method was applied to five representative crops, demonstrating its suitability for routine pesticide monitoring at trace levels. By expanding the number of target analytes to over 500, this study aims to broaden the scope of pesticide residue analysis, providing valuable insights for regulatory adherence and enhancing food safety.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Chemicals and Reagents

Individual pesticide standards (analytical grade) and stock solutions (100–1000 µg/mL) were obtained from Accustandard (New Haven, CT, USA), Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA), FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation (Osaka, Japan), LGC Standards (Wesel, Germany), HPC Standards (Cunnersdorf, Germany), and Toronto Research Chemicals (Toronto, ON, Canada). Ammonium formate (10 M, BioUltra grade) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA), while formic acid (≥99.0%) and methanol (LC-MS grade) were sourced from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Acetonitrile (HPLC grade) was acquired from Duksan Pure Chemical (Seoul, Republic of Korea), and LC-MS-grade water was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). The QuEChERS extraction pouch (EN 15662), containing 4 g MgSO4, 1 g NaCl, 1 g sodium citrate dihydrate (Na3Citrate·2H2O), and 0.5 g sodium hydrogen citrate sesquihydrate (Na2HCitrate·1.5H2O), as well as the Fruits and Veg EN d-SPE tube (150 mg MgSO4 and 25 mg primary secondary amine; PSA), were obtained from Agilent Technologies (Santa Clara, CA, USA).

2.2. Preparation of Multiresidue Working Solution and Matrix-Matched Standard Solution

Individual pesticide standards were dissolved in acetone, acetonitrile, or methanol using a volumetric flask to prepare stock solutions at a concentration of 1000 μg/mL, which were then transferred to 20 mL amber glass vials. Indaziflam (purity: 99.6%), lepimectin (98.0%), pyribencarb metabolite (pyribencarb Z; 97.7%), and tefuryltrione (99.7%) were each prepared at a concentration of 100 µg/mL. These solutions and commercial stock solutions were combined to create an intermediate mixed solution at a concentration of 10 µg/mL, containing approximately 100 analytes per group. By diluting these mixed solutions, a mixed working solution of 2 µg/mL was prepared. Subsequent dilutions were made using acetonitrile to achieve final concentrations of 200, 125, 100, 50, 25, 20, 12.5, 10, 5, 2.5, and 1.25 ng/mL. Matrix-matched standard solutions were prepared by mixing the extract from pesticide-free samples with the standard solution. All solutions prepared were stored at −20 °C until use.

2.3. Representative Crop Samples and Sample Preparation

For method validation, five representative crops—potato, Korean cabbage, mandarin, brown rice, and soybean—were purchased from local markets and online marketplaces in the Republic of Korea. To obtain control samples without pesticide residues, eco-friendly or pesticide-free labeled crops were prioritized. For the application of the multiresidue method, a total of 42 samples from various crops were collected from distribution channels, comprising 7 potato samples, 4 cabbage samples, 4 mandarin samples, 26 rice samples, and 1 bean sample.

All samples were finely chopped, thoroughly homogenized using dry ice in a blender, and stored at −20 °C until further use. The homogenized samples (10 g) were weighed and placed into 50 mL centrifuge tubes. For the brown rice, an additional 10 mL of distilled water was added, and the sample was moistened for 1 h (for beans, 5 g of sample was used and moistened with 10 mL of water). Afterward, 10 mL of acetonitrile was added to the tube, and the mixture was vortexed and extracted for 2 min at 1300 rpm using a high-speed shaker (Mini-G 1600, SPEX SamplePrep, Metuchen, NJ, USA). A QuEChERS EN 15662 pouch containing MgSO4, Na3Citrate·2H2O, and Na2HCitrate·1.5H2O was then added, followed by vortex extraction for another 2 min at 1300 rpm. The sample was centrifuged at 3500 rpm for 5 min using a LABOGENE 1248 centrifuge (LABOGENE, Lillerød, Denmark). Subsequently, 1 mL of the acetonitrile layer was transferred into a d-SPE tube containing 150 mg of MgSO4 and 25 mg of PSA, mixed for 1 min and centrifuged at 13,000 rpm for 5 min using a microcentrifuge (X15R, Hanil Science, Incheon, Republic of Korea). After the cleanup, matrix-matching was performed by mixing 300 µL of the sample extract with 300 µL of acetonitrile in an autosampler vial (for beans, matrix-matching was adjusted by mixing 500 µL of sample extract with 125 µL of acetonitrile).

2.4. UHPLC-QTOF Instrumental Conditions

Qualitative and quantitative analyses of multiresidues were performed using a Nexera X3 UHPLC system (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) coupled with an X500R QTOF mass spectrometer (AB SCIEX Co., Framingham, MA, USA). The UHPLC device included a solvent delivery pump (LC-40B), column oven (CTO-40C), system controller (SCL-40), and autosampler (SIL-40C). A Halo C18 column (2.1 × 150 mm, 2.7 μm particle size; Advanced Materials Technology, Wilmington, DE, USA) was used for compound separation, with the column oven set to 40 °C. The mobile phase consisted of the following two solutions: (A) 0.1% formic acid and 5 mM ammonium formate in water, and (B) 0.1% formic acid and 5 mM ammonium formate in methanol. Multiresidue separation was further facilitated by gradient elution, which dynamically adjusted the mobile phase composition. The gradient started at the 5% mobile phase B for 0.2 min, ramped to 50% B over 0.3 min, increased to 98% B over 13.5 min, and was maintained at 98% B for 3 min. The mobile phase rapidly decreased to 5% B within 0.1 min and held at 5% for 3.4 min to equilibrate the column. Each sample had a total run time of 20.5 min. The mobile phase flow rate was 0.2 mL/min, and the injection volume was 5 μL.

Ionization of analytes was performed using electrospray ionization (ESI) in both the positive and negative modes, depending on the molecular weight of the pesticide under analysis. The ion spray voltage (IS) was set to +5500 V in the positive mode and –4500 V in the negative mode. The ion source temperature was maintained at 550 °C, and gas pressures for curtain gas (CUR), collision-activated dissociation (CAD), and ion source gases 1 and 2 (GS1 and GS2) were set to 25, 10, 50, and 50 psi, respectively. The sequential window acquisition of all theoretical mass spectra (SWATH) mode was selected using the following parameters. For TOF MS (MS1), the mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) range was set from 100 to 1000, with a declustering potential (DP) of 80 V and a collision energy (CE) of 5 V. The accumulation time for each scan was 0.25 s. Time bins were summed across four channels (Channel 1 to 4). For the TOF MS/MS (MS2), the m/z range was from 50 to 1000, with an accumulation time of 0.25 s and a charge state of 1. A detailed breakdown of the mass table is provided in Table S1.

2.5. Verification of MS1 and MS2 Spectra and Construction of Pesticide Library Database

The MS1 spectra of target pesticides were acquired and compared using the X500R and LCMS-9030 (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) QTOF mass spectrometer. The X500R achieved a resolution of 42,000 FWHM at m/z 956, while the LCMS-9030 provided a resolution of 30,000 FWHM at m/z 1972 and 1626. To acquire MS2 spectra, the precursor ion at the monoisotopic mass was subjected to a product ion scan using the X500R, with a CE spread ranging from 5 to 55 V. The resulting library included detailed information on the compounds, such as their common name, CAS number, molecular formula, molecular weight, and monoisotopic mass.

2.6. Analytical Method Validation

The established method was validated by assessing parameters such as the limit of quantification (LOQ), linearity of calibration curve, accuracy and precision, and matrix effect. The LOQ was determined by confirming the minimum concentration at which the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) exceeded 10. The calibration curve was constructed using matrix-matched standard solutions and fitted using a linear regression with a weighting factor of 1/x. Linearity was assessed by calculating the correlation coefficient (r2). Accuracy and precision were evaluated by spiking samples with each analyte at concentrations of 10 and 100 μg/kg. The samples were then subjected to preparation using the established method, and the target analytes were analyzed to determine the recovery, which was calculated as the ratio of the measured value to the treated concentration (n = 3).

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Accurate Mass Measurement with the Major Isotopic Species in the MS1 Analysis

Mass spectra at the MS1 stage were obtained for the target set of 504 pesticides. All monoisotopic species and singly substituted carbon-13 (13C) isotopic species exhibited a mass accuracy within ±5 ppm, which is well within the acceptable range specified by the SANTE guidelines (SANTE/11312/2021) [20]. These results confirm that the HRMS performance meets the required precision and accuracy standards, ensuring reliable analysis of pesticide residues.

Some analytes containing heteroatoms, such as sulfur, showed mass accuracies exceeding ±5 ppm in heavier isotope species. For instance, benthiavalicarb-isopropyl (C18H24FN3O3S) has four major isotopic species (Table 1). Among these, the mass accuracies for the monoisotopic species and the singly substituted 13C species were between –0.16 ppm and +1.10 ppm, respectively, under 30,000 and 42,000 FWHM conditions, which are within acceptable limits. However, the mass accuracies for the singly substituted sulfur-34 (34S) species and double-substituted 13C species exceeded ±5 ppm, with values between –18.87 ppm and +11.61 ppm, respectively. This discrepancy arose because the theoretical m/z values of these two isotopes, 384.15532 and 384.16623, differed by only 0.01091, making them indistinguishable and resulting in their recognition as a single peak (Figure 1). Factors such as peak broadening, minor fluctuations in instrument calibration and stability further limit the effective resolution. Therefore, in the MS1 analysis using TOF instruments, special attention must be given to distinguishing isotopes of organic compounds containing heteroatoms, such as sulfur, chlorine, and bromine [21]. Higher-resolution instruments, such as an Orbitrap MS with a resolution of 240,000 or greater, can resolve these peaks, enabling a more precise molecular weight analysis [22].

Table 1.

Comparison of the theoretical and measured m/z values for benthiavalicarb-isopropyl with different isotopic substitutions and resolution details.

No. Isotopic Species Molecular Formula Theoretical m/z
[M+H]+
Resolution
(FWHM 1)
Measured m/z
[M+H]+
Mass Accuracy 2
(ppm)
1 Monoisotopic species 12C18H24FN3O332S 382.15952 30,000 3 382.15981 +0.76
42,000 3 382.15953 +0.03
2 Carbon-13, singly substituted 12C1713C1H24FN3O332S 383.16287 30,000 383.16281 –0.16
42,000 383.16329 +1.10
3 Sulfur-34, singly substituted 12C18H24FN3O334S 384.15532 30,000 384.15898 4 –18.87
42,000 384.15978 4 –16.79
4 Carbon-13, doubly substituted 12C1613C2H24FN3O332S 384.16623 30,000 384.15898 4 +9.53
42,000 384.15978 4 +11.61

1 Full width at half maximum. 2 (Mass accuracy) = [(theoretical m/z) − (measured m/z)]/(theoretical m/z) × 106. 3 30,000 FWHM was measured using an LCMS-9030 and 42,000 FWHM using an X500R. 4 The peaks of isotopes No. 3 and 4 in the mass spectra were not separated in both resolutions.

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Spectra of benthiavalicarb-isopropyl in two resolutions at (a) 30,000 and (b) 42,000 FWHM. Red-highlighted atoms represent substituted atoms from monoisotopic species, and the blue-labeled proton (H+) represents an ionization adduct.

Since the monoisotopic mass is defined as the sum of the atomic weights of the lightest isotopic atoms found in nature, it is unaffected by the overlap of other isotopic mass peaks, thereby avoiding m/z distortion. Therefore, the mass error for the monoisotopic species for the target analytes was within ±5 ppm. Consequently, precise quantitative analysis could be performed at the MS1 level using extracted ion chromatography (EIC) of the monoisotopic masses of target pesticides. At a resolution of 42,000 using X500R QTOF, it was sufficient to differentiate between the precursor ions ([M+H]+) of MGK-264 (theoretical m/z 276.19581) and ametoctradin (m/z 276.21827), which had a mass difference of only 0.02246 and a retention time (tR) difference of 0.07 min (Figure 2). When the low-mass accuracy was set to ±500 ppm, the two mixtures could not be distinguished on the chromatogram (Figure 2b). However, improving the mass accuracy to ±5 ppm enabled individual detection of each compound (Figure 2c,d).

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Differentiation of MGK-264 and ametoctradin using extracted ion chromatography (EIC) at high-mass resolution (42,000 FWHM): (a) spectra of MGK-264 and ametoctradin, showing ionization of the precursor ions ([M+H]+); (b) EIC showing the co-elution of these pesticides with low-mass accuracy (±500 ppm), resulting in no separation. The EICs of (c) MGK-264 and (d) ametoctradin at higher mass accuracies (±5 ppm), demonstrating clear separation between these analytes.

Hernandez et al. (2012) demonstrated that compounds with similar exact masses and tR values could be successfully separated by the precise mass measurements at the decimal level [23]. Similarly, Roy-Lachapelle et al. (2015) successfully separated analytes with an m/z difference of 0.0364 Da using the Orbitrap MS at a resolution of 17,500 FWHM [9]. Therefore, the QTOF MS utilized in this study proved well-suited for accurately identifying analytes with minute differences in m/z and tR. Details of the individual pesticide analysis in the MS1 are presented in Table S1.

3.2. Reliable Differentiation of Isomeric Pesticides Using MS2 Analysis and Spectral Library Database Construction for the Target Pesticides

Additional MS2 analyses provide a more reliable approach for chemical identification based on the monoisotopic mass [24]. Mass spectral interference occurs when two species with identical molecular formulas coelute in the column simultaneously. These isomeric compounds can be distinguished by obtaining a structure-specific ion spectrum at the MS2 level, using either product ion scans or MRM [25,26]. In this study, pebulate and vernolate were distinguished using this strategy. The theoretical m/z values for the precursor ions ([M+H]+) of both structural isomers (C10H21NOSH+) were identical at m/z 204.14166, with the same tR (11.25 min). The MS1 spectrum was insufficient for differentiation due to the overlap of the isotopic peaks. In contrast, distinct product ions were observed in the m/z range of 50–90 for the two analytes at the MS2 level (Figure 3). Nuñez et al. (2021) also utilized differences in the m/z values of 57, 72, and 86 in the m/z values for these two pesticides using a Q-Orbitrap, achieving successful differentiation [10].

Figure 3.

Figure 3

MS2 spectra of the isomeric pesticides (a) pebulate and (b) vernolate (black-colored), those of the mixed-pesticide solution in the potato sample (red-colored), and the Fit score results showing reliable differentiation using the spectral library database.

After registering this spectral information in the library database, SWATH analysis of the pesticide multiresidue mixture in crop samples produced high Fit scores of 94.3 and 98.9 (out of 100) for pebulate and vernolate, respectively, confirming successful qualitative differentiation. Using the MS2 data, additional MRM transitions can be constructed and used for individual quantitative analysis [26,27]. For each of the 504 pesticides, the library database was constructed by acquiring MS2 spectra with a CE spread between 5 to 55 V. It allows for the acquisition of a more comprehensive set of fragment and precursor ions for each compound compared to using a single CE. By capturing both high- and low-energy fragments, different fragmentation patterns are produced simultaneously. This ensures that the library database contains a rich and diverse spectral profile, which enhances the reliability of the compound matching and differentiation during subsequent analyses [28]. The constructed in-house library database is expected to be applicable for suspect and non-target analyses.

3.3. Method Validation in the Representative Crops

The established analytical method using UHPLC-QTOF was validated for the multiresidue analysis of 504 pesticides across the following five representative crops: potato, cabbage, mandarin, brown rice, and soybean. These crops represent diverse matrices—starch-rich (potato), high in dietary fiber and pigments (cabbage), rich in organic acids (mandarin), carbohydrate-dense with low moisture (brown rice), and high in proteins and fats (soybean)—which pose analytical challenges. This diversity necessitates a robust analytical method capable of handling various matrices. Validation parameters included the limit of quantification (LOQ), linear range and linearity (r2) of calibration curves, and recovery at fortification levels of 0.01 and 0.1 µg/kg. The validation results for individual pesticides are summarized in Table 2 and Table S2.

Table 2.

Limits of quantification (LOQs) and recovery rates at 10 µg/kg and 100 µg/kg for 504 pesticide multiresidues in five representative crops using UHPLC-QTOF.

No. Compound Name Potato Cabbage Mandarin Brown Rice Soybean
LOQ
(μg/kg)
Recovery, % (RSD 1, %) LOQ
(μg/kg)
Recovery, % (RSD, %) LOQ
(μg/kg)
Recovery, % (RSD, %) LOQ
(μg/kg)
Recovery, % (RSD, %) LOQ
(μg/kg)
Recovery, % (RSD, %)
10 μg/kg 100 μg/kg 10 μg/kg 100 μg/kg 10 μg/kg 100 μg/kg 10 μg/kg 100 μg/kg 10 μg/kg 100 μg/kg
1 2,3,5-Trimethacarb 2.5 93.2 (7.8) 105.3 (1.0) 2.5 102.7 (2.5) 97.6 (5.9) 10.0 87.1 (7.1) 99.7 (0.2) 2.5 101.6 (4.0) 105.1 (3.5) 2.5 100.3 (1.6) 103.9 (2.6)
2 3,4,5-Trimethacarb 2.5 98.7 (1.3) 109.2 (3.0) 2.5 100.7 (1.0) 87.2 (4.5) 5.0 100.0 (5.3) 106.0 (1.4) 2.5 106.5 (4.0) 106.5 (0.9) 2.5 98.4 (2.3) 91.1 (1.1)
3 Acetamiprid 5.0 83.7 (3.9) 96.3 (0.9) 2.5 107.4 (2.2) 87.2 (6.7) 2.5 104.3 (2.8) 90.6 (12.5) 2.5 106.2 (5.5) 96.0 (1.7) 2.5 96.9 (1.5) 87.1 (3.9)
4 Acetochlor 2.5 115.2 (3.9) 109.6 (2.3) 2.5 88.2 (2.2) 99.9 (2.6) 2.5 107.8 (6.7) 99.3 (1.1) 2.5 94.2 (4.7) 101.8 (1.7) 2.5 110.3 (1.8) 96.7 (1.0)
5 Acibenzolar acid 2.5 41.6 (50.1) 36.6 (32.3) 2.5 19.7 (6.3) 41.5 (76.0) 2.5 17.0 (13.2) 36.4 (19.5) 2.5 19.5 (47.2) 30.7 (25.8) 5.0 7.4 (116.8) 21.2 (42.8)
6 Acibenzolar-S-methyl 2.5 100.5 (4.7) 107.5 (0.8) 2.5 96.8 (3.8) 95.4 (2.8) 2.5 99.3 (2.0) 101.1 (0.7) 2.5 95.3 (2.3) 99.1 (1.3) 2.5 77.7 (2.0) 83.2 (3.9)
7 Acrinathrin 2.5 82.9 (1.5) 108.5 (3.7) 2.5 77.0 (3.4) 93.3 (3.7) 2.5 74.7 (0.3) 97.4 (1.7) 2.5 85.3 (17.2) 84.5 (1.6) 2.5 62.3 (0.7) 83.3 (2.2)
8 AD-67 (MON-4660) 2.5 94.5 (4.2) 110.4 (2.2) 2.5 108.1 (4.2) 98.8 (7.1) 2.5 97.7 (5.0) 95.3 (3.9) 2.5 107.3 (3.4) 104.4 (1.8) 2.5 97.9 (4.1) 98.3 (2.1)
9 Alachlor 2.5 110.1 (4.0) 109.6 (2.3) 2.5 97.6 (1.9) 99.9 (2.5) 2.5 96.0 (6.6) 99.1 (1.1) 2.5 92.1 (4.9) 99.1 (5.9) 2.5 110.3 (1.7) 96.7 (1.0)
10 Aldoxycarb (aldicarb sulfone) 2.5 76.5 (9.2) 93.3 (1.3) 5.0 92.4 (3.8) 95.9 (3.8) 5.0 95.4 (6.9) 87.9 (2.1) 5.0 120.9 (3.0) 101.1 (4.2) 2.5 100.8 (4.2) 94.4 (2.0)
11 Allethrin 2.5 102.7 (10.8) 104.4 (1.1) 2.5 97.7 (3.7) 97.1 (1.8) 2.5 104.6 (1.1) 101.7 (0.5) 2.5 95.7 (8.5) 100.6 (4.0) 2.5 71.2 (5.5) 88.1 (4.5)
12 Allidochlor 2.5 98.0 (7.5) 104.5 (2.6) 2.5 115.2 (4.1) 101.7 (3.6) 2.5 95.9 (0.8) 86.8 (4.8) 2.5 95.7 (3.6) 102.5 (2.0) 2.5 104.4 (7.1) 97.5 (3.5)
13 Ametoctradin 2.5 80.2 (4.3) 108.3 (1.9) 2.5 103.4 (3.9) 96.9 (5.8) 2.5 103.7 (2.7) 87.0 (0.4) 2.5 101.6 (1.1) 99.6 (5.4) 2.5 91.3 (2.2) 97.9 (1.1)
14 Ametryn 2.5 110.8 (1.8) 106.8 (2.9) 2.5 87.9 (3.8) 92.6 (19.7) 2.5 102.7 (1.7) 103.0 (0.9) 2.5 88.5 (2.8) 100.3 (0.8) 2.5 109.0 (1.4) 97.0 (2.8)
15 Amisulbrom 2.5 103.9 (3.3) 105.8 (1.7) 2.5 99.8 (1.4) 95.8 (4.7) 2.5 97.3 (3.8) 100.4 (1.3) 2.5 97.8 (5.0) 101.5 (2.5) 2.5 92.6 (3.8) 95.6 (2.2)
16 Anilofos 2.5 96.9 (2.5) 110.8 (1.0) 2.5 106.9 (1.6) 99.6 (5.7) 2.5 90.0 (1.4) 101.6 (1.3) 2.5 108.0 (2.1) 95.0 (1.3) 2.5 90.3 (2.7) 96.0 (2.3)
17 Aramite 2.5 109.8 (20.2) 97.9 (6.7) 5.0 77.3 (4.1) 95.0 (4.8) 2.5 109.6 (0.8) 103.0 (0.6) 2.5 104.2 (2.0) 94.3 (5.2) 2.5 90.3 (2.0) 71.2 (6.1)
18 Aspon 2.5 109.2 (2.2) 108.0 (0.8) 2.5 84.4 (4.5) 96.3 (3.5) 2.5 91.3 (0.6) 101.7 (0.5) 2.5 84.3 (3.3) 98.7 (1.9) 2.5 74.6 (1.2) 75.8 (2.5)
19 Asulam 2.5 19.5 (81.3) 42.1 (25.6) 10.0 50.1 (7.3) 52.6 (61.9) 10.0 N.D. 2 48.6 (10.0) 5.0 N.D. 49.1 (13.7) 2.5 39.4 (12.4) 49.0 (25.1)
20 Atrazine 2.5 110.7 (16.2) 94.9 (1.8) 5.0 92.6 (1.8) 90.0 (3.7) 2.5 102.9 (3.4) 96.1 (0.8) 5.0 89.2 (5.3) 92.2 (1.3) 2.5 111.1 (1.3) 84.9 (3.1)
21 Avermectin B1a 2.5 98.6 (2.2) 103.6 (1.0) 2.5 94.0 (3.6) 90.1 (4.5) 5.0 94.8 (2.5) 100.6 (3.6) 2.5 95.1 (12.9) 99.3 (1.5) 10.0 112.7 (6.1) 99.1 (2.7)
22 Azaconazole 2.5 105.8 (11.5) 99.1 (0.3) 2.5 108.0 (1.9) 100.8 (2.6) 2.5 84.1 (1.5) 89.7 (2.9) 2.5 109.5 (3.7) 80.1 (1.9) 2.5 102.9 (1.4) 100.4 (1.1)
23 Azamethiphos 2.5 97.2 (2.6) 106.7 (2.0) 2.5 101.9 (2.3) 98.8 (4.6) 2.5 102.8 (0.4) 92.3 (1.2) 2.5 95.0 (3.0) 105.8 (0.5) 2.5 86.7 (0.9) 102.1 (3.2)
24 Azimsulfuron 2.5 86.3 (10.4) 84.3 (9.2) 2.5 76.2 (4.0) 83.3 (13.3) 2.5 73.3 (1.2) 80.8 (6.7) 2.5 86.8 (4.5) 84.5 (3.1) 2.5 71.3 (2.8) 85.4 (8.3)
25 Azinphos-ethyl 2.5 102.2 (4.0) 97.3 (1.4) 2.5 86.8 (3.5) 87.7 (3.7) 2.5 91.0 (0.5) 92.1 (1.0) 5.0 97.4 (4.9) 94.0 (1.7) 2.5 107.2 (3.1) 85.9 (0.1)
26 Azoxystrobin 2.5 93.0 (6.4) 109.5 (0.7) 2.5 102.1 (0.9) 96.7 (2.0) 2.5 102.2 (3.3) 104.0 (1.6) 2.5 104.7 (3.1) 98.1 (2.3) 2.5 100.1 (1.1) 94.6 (0.7)
27 Bendiocarb 2.5 92.8 (4.8) 94.8 (1.5) 20.0 N.D. 86.1 (4.8) 2.5 106.5 (1.8) 93.1 (0.8) 2.5 104.0 (5.7) 96.1 (0.7) 2.5 102.1 (2.4) 93.0 (2.4)
28 Benfuresate 2.5 113.3 (2.1) 99.4 (1.1) 2.5 106.2 (3.8) 91.2 (2.7) 2.5 108.9 (2.8) 92.5 (2.8) 2.5 109.0 (4.4) 96.5 (1.6) 2.5 107.7 (0.9) 105.0 (1.5)
29 Benodanil 5.0 89.6 (2.2) 97.6 (0.7) 2.5 90.9 (2.7) 89.2 (4.0) 2.5 91.5 (0.2) 90.3 (2.0) 5.0 105.9 (4.0) 91.8 (3.0) 2.5 104.0 (1.1) 90.2 (1.9)
30 Bensulide 2.5 96.7 (2.0) 110.0 (1.7) 2.5 99.6 (1.7) 99.4 (3.5) 2.5 104.1 (1.4) 100.1 (1.1) 2.5 108.9 (2.7) 103.7 (3.2) 5.0 108.5 (0.1) 104.1 (2.3)
31 Benthiavalicarb-isopropyl 2.5 97.1 (4.6) 112.8 (1.1) 2.5 99.9 (0.6) 97.1 (0.9) 2.5 102.7 (1.2) 101.7 (0.9) 2.5 102.4 (3.4) 99.9 (3.5) 2.5 101.7 (1.3) 96.0 (0.7)
32 Benzobicyclon 2.5 95.5 (7.3) 99.9 (5.8) 2.5 77.7 (3.1) 87.7 (11.2) 2.5 91.7 (1.3) 92.3 (4.2) 2.5 86.9 (11.1) 81.4 (12.8) 2.5 89.7 (1.6) 99.2 (2.2)
33 Benzoximate 2.5 97.9 (6.6) 101.6 (1.6) 2.5 102.6 (1.7) 98.3 (5.4) 2.5 88.7 (2.4) 101.1 (0.8) 2.5 102.3 (3.1) 95.8 (1.4) 5.0 55.2 (4.2) 74.3 (7.2)
34 Benzoylprop-ethyl 2.5 107.8 (11.3) 98.0 (1.8) 2.5 94.2 (2.1) 100.6 (5.2) 20.0 N.D. 105.3 (1.0) 2.5 100.6 (4.5) 101.1 (3.0) 2.5 108.6 (3.1) 88.4 (2.1)
35 Benzpyrimoxan 2.5 102.1 (4.7) 92.6 (2.7) 5.0 102.6 (3.9) 89.5 (6.1) 2.5 91.9 (1.4) 89.0 (1.7) 2.5 76.4 (4.9) 104.0 (1.2) 2.5 102.2 (2.6) 85.7 (1.0)
36 Benzyladenine 2.5 103.7 (6.3) 98.7 (1.2) 2.5 95.7 (7.6) 90.4 (6.5) 2.5 96.0 (5.8) 90.9 (4.1) 2.5 90.6 (5.9) 88.6 (6.8) 5.0 50.5 (7.3) 59.0 (7.9)
37 Bifenox 2.5 111.0 (2.7) 96.0 (2.2) 2.5 110.3 (3.7) 89.3 (2.8) 10.0 70.7 (24.0) 106.7 (3.6) 2.5 96.6 (12.1) 98.7 (0.3) 5.0 74.8 (8.1) 86.7 (6.2)
38 Bifenthrin 5.0 97.4 (3.4) 105.3 (1.2) 2.5 108.6 (8.4) 102.1 (0.2) 2.5 101.2 (4.4) 103.2 (1.1) 2.5 108.1 (9.9) 97.6 (1.0) 2.5 38.6 (5.0) 59.1 (1.9)
39 Bispyribac 2.5 68.8 (83.5) 46.4 (42.8) 2.5 5.1 (116.9) 87.2 (138.3) 10.0 N.D. 31.8 (29.9) 2.5 36.0 (40.0) 33.8 (47.3) 5.0 N.D. 34.4 (59.1)
40 Bistrifluron 2.5 110.6 (1.0) 105.9 (0.5) 2.5 108.6 (2.0) 103.3 (1.5) 2.5 94.9 (1.6) 89.8 (2.3) 2.5 97.7 (13.6) 104.7 (3.4) 2.5 96.9 (0.8) 103.9 (3.0)
41 Bitertanol 2.5 105.1 (3.9) 107.0 (1.8) 2.5 93.6 (1.2) 97.2 (1.4) 2.5 98.5 (2.1) 98.3 (0.5) 2.5 101.2 (2.3) 105.1 (2.7) 5.0 113.7 (0.6) 117.4 (3.5)
42 Bixafen 5.0 121.0 (2.2) 95.8 (1.0) 2.5 107.1 (2.5) 86.8 (3.6) 2.5 110.7 (4.7) 90.2 (2.4) 5.0 113.7 (2.2) 97.9 (2.4) 5.0 114.1 (1.5) 99.7 (1.8)
43 Boscalid 2.5 102.7 (3.4) 98.9 (1.7) 5.0 92.2 (3.3) 93.1 (1.6) 2.5 84.1 (2.8) 94.6 (1.6) 5.0 97.1 (2.9) 93.1 (0.9) 5.0 98.5 (1.4) 95.3 (1.6)
44 Bromacil 2.5 109.6 (3.5) 101.7 (2.9) 2.5 104.6 (3.2) 100.2 (3.7) 2.5 102.6 (4.2) 104.0 (3.0) 2.5 100.1 (2.6) 105.5 (4.2) 2.5 103.0 (11.3) 99.1 (5.1)
45 Bromobutide 5.0 101.5 (12.9) 97.3 (2.2) 2.5 121.5 (2.7) 87.8 (3.5) 2.5 102.2 (2.7) 84.3 (2.6) 2.5 96.5 (4.9) 92.6 (1.4) 2.5 109.3 (1.9) 85.2 (1.7)
46 Bupirimate 2.5 116.1 (3.9) 95.1 (2.8) 2.5 98.4 (2.5) 86.1 (1.9) 2.5 107.6 (3.3) 99.0 (0.8) 2.5 108.1 (2.5) 96.4 (0.6) 5.0 113.5 (1.4) 88.4 (3.9)
47 Buprofezin 2.5 115.1 (5.3) 104.5 (3.7) 2.5 84.0 (6.8) 96.2 (6.5) 2.5 71.8 (12.0) 97.4 (3.8) 2.5 110.4 (3.3) 93.9 (0.9) 2.5 67.0 (2.9) 62.1 (6.2)
48 Butachlor 2.5 93.4 (14.3) 104.3 (2.9) 2.5 102.4 (3.8) 97.1 (4.4) 5.0 94.1 (0.7) 100.9 (1.3) 2.5 92.2 (3.5) 94.3 (3.8) 2.5 72.7 (0.5) 72.2 (5.0)
49 Butafenacil 2.5 92.8 (3.8) 99.6 (3.5) 10.0 74.9 (7.6) 98.2 (4.5) 2.5 113.5 (1.5) 104.4 (0.9) 2.5 111.2 (3.8) 99.9 (2.0) 2.5 110.9 (0.9) 99.3 (1.3)
50 Butocarboxim 2.5 84.3 (3.4) 108.4 (1.0) 20.0 N.D. 96.4 (13.0) 2.5 102.0 (2.7) 85.0 (1.7) 20.0 N.D. 111.8 (4.2) 2.5 99.4 (1.1) 97.3 (4.5)
51 Butralin 2.5 107.0 (2.1) 108.5 (0.5) 2.5 93.3 (1.3) 97.7 (1.0) 2.5 85.2 (3.4) 96.0 (1.5) 2.5 110.7 (2.3) 91.4 (2.1) 2.5 84.8 (1.5) 77.9 (2.8)
52 Butylate 2.5 109.8 (1.2) 105.2 (1.2) 2.5 82.2 (1.2) 95.7 (2.1) 2.5 106.7 (1.8) 99.1 (0.4) 2.5 110.4 (1.4) 92.3 (2.1) 2.5 81.6 (3.3) 74.1 (2.7)
53 Cadusafos 2.5 116.1 (3.2) 97.3 (1.2) 2.5 85.2 (5.7) 89.5 (5.1) 2.5 94.4 (0.6) 103.6 (1.3) 2.5 95.1 (2.2) 104.2 (2.2) 2.5 107.5 (1.0) 95.2 (2.7)
54 Cafenstrole 2.5 103.3 (16.4) 108.5 (2.2) 2.5 106.1 (1.1) 99.9 (4.0) 2.5 92.4 (1.7) 95.2 (0.3) 2.5 74.8 (2.6) 98.9 (1.4) 5.0 110.2 (3.5) 94.8 (1.4)
55 Carbaryl 20.0 N.D. 108.7 (1.9) 2.5 95.3 (3.6) 99.8 (6.9) 20.0 N.D. 99.5 (4.5) 2.5 98.1 (5.1) 106.2 (4.8) 2.5 96.9 (1.7) 97.8 (3.2)
56 Carbendazim 2.5 110.5 (4.4) 109.6 (2.0) 2.5 97.1 (0.8) 99.8 (3.7) 20.0 N.D. 111.8 (6.6) 2.5 99.5 (4.9) 107.1 (3.1) 2.5 76.1 (6.8) 92.0 (4.8)
57 Carbetamide 2.5 107.2 (2.3) 108.7 (2.2) 2.5 97.2 (2.5) 97.7 (1.6) 2.5 109.0 (1.1) 94.3 (5.5) 2.5 100.6 (2.2) 105.9 (2.5) 2.5 85.7 (3.1) 92.5 (3.5)
58 Carbofuran 5.0 88.2 (5.3) 97.1 (1.9) 2.5 107.7 (0.9) 86.4 (6.4) 2.5 94.2 (3.9) 95.4 (0.3) 5.0 113.0 (3.4) 106.5 (0.9) 2.5 104.8 (1.5) 93.8 (2.2)
59 Carbofuran-3-hydroxy 5.0 103.6 (2.4) 96.8 (0.9) 2.5 102.1 (4.4) 101.8 (6.1) 5.0 90.2 (7.2) 106.7 (5.9) 2.5 102.7 (2.3) 99.3 (2.0) 2.5 99.3 (1.7) 92.8 (2.9)
60 Carbophenothion 2.5 94.3 (1.8) 105.3 (0.6) 2.5 100.1 (5.8) 94.4 (4.1) 2.5 98.5 (0.7) 98.5 (2.0) 2.5 79.1 (5.9) 93.3 (1.9) 5.0 59.7 (2.4) 66.3 (4.3)
61 Carboxin 2.5 73.2 (4.3) 90.5 (2.1) 2.5 86.1 (0.9) 100.2 (5.0) 2.5 76.7 (1.6) 98.9 (3.1) 2.5 78.2 (2.8) 98.8 (1.5) 25.0 N.D. 82.6 (3.9)
62 Carfentrazone-ethyl 2.5 84.7 (0.7) 93.3 (0.9) 2.5 106.2 (3.3) 100.9 (4.3) 2.5 87.2 (1.2) 103.8 (1.5) 2.5 85.2 (3.4) 87.9 (4.0) 2.5 97.3 (5.0) 104.2 (3.3)
63 Carpropamide 5.0 104.2 (3.9) 94.8 (1.2) 2.5 105.3 (0.7) 87.0 (4.9) 2.5 91.5 (0.2) 103.6 (1.2) 5.0 98.2 (2.4) 95.1 (3.3) 5.0 82.9 (1.6) 83.2 (1.9)
64 Chlorantraniliprole 2.5 88.0 (1.9) 94.3 (1.3) 2.5 110.2 (7.0) 93.2 (1.6) 2.5 87.7 (3.4) 99.1 (2.0) 2.5 107.1 (4.1) 105.3 (1.0) 2.5 106.1 (0.6) 106.8 (1.3)
65 Chlorbufam 2.5 109.9 (6.7) 96.1 (1.6) 5.0 85.2 (5.0) 83.4 (27.9) 20.0 N.D. 97.5 (6.9) 5.0 113.3 (18.6) 96.3 (1.0) 10.0 89.4 (7.6) 94.4 (5.1)
66 Chlorfenapyr 10.0 104.0 (10.7) 103.4 (4.0) 5.0 125.3 (6.3) 80.5 (21.0) 5.0 77.7 (5.6) 80.3 (2.8) 5.0 118.6 (9.5) 96.5 (3.9) 2.5 74.0 (10.8) 76.2 (5.5)
67 Chlorfenvinphos 2.5 86.9 (4.4) 93.4 (1.7) 2.5 101.8 (1.2) 99.0 (4.2) 2.5 94.2 (1.7) 103.1 (0.6) 2.5 101.6 (2.0) 96.7 (3.8) 2.5 96.0 (1.9) 99.7 (2.6)
68 Chlorfluazuron 2.5 94.1 (0.5) 76.9 (1.3) 2.5 94.7 (1.5) 96.8 (2.1) 2.5 92.9 (0.8) 96.9 (1.7) 5.0 89.1 (5.2) 98.2 (2.0) 2.5 73.6 (2.6) 80.3 (2.7)
69 Chlorflurenol-methyl 5.0 131.7 (4.2) 99.7 (2.0) 10.0 113.5 (2.5) 91.6 (16.6) 5.0 64.9 (4.4) 78.7 (1.2) 2.5 110.0 (2.8) 97.9 (1.7) 5.0 121.6 (1.8) 96.2 (3.6)
70 Chloridazon 5.0 100.2 (1.2) 94.7 (1.0) 2.5 107.1 (1.9) 85.0 (8.2) 2.5 91.7 (2.0) 86.1 (4.0) 5.0 91.6 (3.2) 92.9 (1.2) 5.0 71.2 (2.2) 78.0 (4.4)
71 Chlorimuron-ethyl 2.5 94.5 (20.2) 80.0 (13.0) 2.5 73.8 (3.9) 77.0 (29.4) 2.5 78.4 (0.7) 74.6 (4.2) 2.5 88.2 (11.3) 77.1 (7.2) 2.5 78.1 (3.7) 82.3 (16.0)
72 Chlorobenzuron 5.0 105.9 (0.9) 94.3 (2.1) 2.5 114.3 (2.7) 101.1 (4.3) 2.5 95.2 (12.0) 96.0 (3.3) 2.5 95.0 (2.5) 97.3 (3.7) 2.5 73.4 (5.0) 75.9 (2.8)
73 Chlorotoluron 2.5 95.1 (5.1) 107.9 (2.6) 2.5 107.8 (2.1) 95.4 (6.2) 2.5 95.1 (2.4) 107.0 (2.4) 2.5 105.5 (2.8) 94.9 (4.1) 2.5 104.5 (1.7) 109.4 (3.3)
74 Chloroxuron 2.5 107.1 (2.0) 93.5 (1.3) 2.5 103.6 (2.8) 91.9 (2.8) 2.5 89.6 (2.1) 105.4 (0.8) 2.5 105.3 (2.3) 96.0 (2.8) 5.0 90.6 (0.9) 87.5 (2.9)
75 Chlorpyrifos 2.5 111.7 (2.4) 100.7 (2.5) 2.5 108.6 (2.3) 93.4 (2.3) 2.5 82.7 (0.8) 98.4 (1.4) 2.5 103.5 (4.4) 89.0 (1.4) 2.5 73.6 (2.8) 66.9 (3.0)
76 Chlorpyrifos-methyl 2.5 110.6 (1.2) 103.0 (0.8) 2.5 93.7 (3.7) 93.7 (2.0) 2.5 87.3 (3.0) 98.8 (1.7) 2.5 106.3 (4.3) 92.7 (3.2) 2.5 83.1 (1.1) 76.4 (2.6)
77 Chlorthiophos 2.5 81.3 (1.3) 102.0 (1.5) 2.5 87.8 (3.2) 95.2 (3.4) 2.5 82.5 (2.6) 98.5 (1.4) 2.5 76.4 (6.9) 89.7 (2.1) 2.5 55.2 (0.7) 67.5 (2.8)
78 Chromafenozide 2.5 90.9 (4.2) 96.1 (0.4) 2.5 103.3 (2.5) 95.0 (3.6) 2.5 89.8 (3.7) 104.3 (0.9) 2.5 105.4 (4.0) 98.5 (1.6) 5.0 94.9 (1.2) 92.4 (1.4)
79 Cinmethylin 2.5 100.7 (2.2) 103.0 (1.7) 2.5 84.0 (14.9) 96.6 (5.7) 10.0 77.3 (8.7) 97.8 (1.2) 2.5 118.3 (5.9) 90.1 (2.4) 5.0 53.9 (28.1) 70.5 (5.3)
80 Clethodim 2.5 76.6 (10.0) 83.0 (6.1) 2.5 77.5 (1.1) 86.5 (13.1) 2.5 78.8 (1.5) 86.1 (1.5) 2.5 74.5 (3.1) 81.3 (4.4) 2.5 67.1 (1.0) 75.8 (4.8)
81 Clethodim sulfone 2.5 88.7 (17.2) 79.3 (11.6) 5.0 64.8 (6.9) 75.4 (28.9) 2.5 73.0 (1.9) 78.6 (2.8) 2.5 76.4 (1.8) 80.8 (6.7) 2.5 80.1 (2.5) 83.3 (9.4)
82 Clethodim sulfoxide 2.5 64.4 (30.5) 57.7 (16.8) 2.5 41.5 (5.4) 42.5 (9.4) 2.5 42.0 (12.8) 51.1 (7.0) 2.5 52.3 (6.5) 63.7 (7.0) 2.5 49.5 (6.6) 61.4 (22.0)
83 Clofentezine 2.5 98.3 (2.3) 92.0 (2.3) 2.5 100.1 (2.3) 100.6 (5.6) 2.5 102.5 (3.3) 100.1 (1.3) 2.5 96.4 (3.4) 101.3 (4.1) 2.5 14.6 (3.9) 17.5 (2.1)
84 Clomazone 2.5 110.1 (3.9) 97.3 (0.9) 2.5 104.1 (1.2) 87.1 (4.8) 2.5 86.5 (2.0) 97.7 (1.3) 2.5 109.4 (3.9) 94.6 (1.4) 2.5 100.0 (0.4) 89.9 (0.7)
85 Clomeprop 5.0 92.8 (7.2) 92.6 (2.2) 2.5 109.3 (3.3) 98.0 (3.2) 2.5 83.0 (0.3) 104.0 (1.3) 2.5 91.1 (0.9) 96.7 (3.4) 2.5 59.4 (2.2) 62.9 (7.8)
86 Coumaphos 2.5 105.3 (0.7) 94.2 (3.3) 5.0 92.0 (2.3) 91.4 (3.5) 2.5 99.1 (2.1) 101.5 (1.2) 5.0 105.0 (4.9) 93.1 (3.0) 5.0 108.2 (1.3) 89.6 (2.2)
87 Crufomate 5.0 103.4 (2.0) 93.7 (1.4) 2.5 102.1 (1.5) 86.5 (2.3) 2.5 95.6 (2.6) 105.2 (2.1) 2.5 107.4 (4.4) 92.2 (0.9) 2.5 103.2 (2.4) 92.4 (1.7)
88 Cyanazine 2.5 99.6 (4.0) 108.0 (5.5) 2.5 94.8 (1.6) 97.0 (1.9) 2.5 95.7 (3.1) 109.0 (3.2) 2.5 97.9 (7.4) 96.4 (3.3) 2.5 78.4 (8.3) 84.9 (2.3)
89 Cyanophos 2.5 137.5 (6.3) 92.7 (4.0) 2.5 134.7 (4.8) 101.7 (3.8) 10.0 86.5 (11.6) 107.8 (4.2) 2.5 115.1 (12.1) 104.9 (5.9) 5.0 111.4 (6.0) 90.1 (3.3)
90 Cyantraniliprole 2.5 103.7 (3.3) 104.9 (0.4) 2.5 99.1 (0.6) 98.3 (2.3) 2.5 102.3 (1.1) 97.3 (0.7) 2.5 99.8 (4.0) 99.6 (2.1) 2.5 100.3 (2.5) 103.3 (1.4)
91 Cyazofamid 2.5 91.6 (3.0) 93.4 (1.8) 2.5 106.8 (1.8) 85.2 (3.3) 2.5 95.2 (1.7) 102.4 (1.0) 5.0 104.4 (3.7) 92.5 (2.2) 2.5 107.2 (1.8) 91.6 (0.6)
92 Cyclaniliprole 2.5 90.8 (1.4) 108.3 (2.1) 2.5 102.7 (1.2) 99.0 (3.1) 2.5 89.6 (0.4) 104.6 (1.8) 5.0 106.7 (3.5) 98.7 (0.9) 2.5 102.4 (2.3) 97.7 (1.9)
93 Cycloate 2.5 97.9 (3.1) 106.9 (1.0) 2.5 97.7 (1.4) 95.2 (3.6) 2.5 100.7 (1.1) 99.5 (1.7) 2.5 93.4 (1.5) 92.6 (2.6) 5.0 66.0 (2.0) 71.0 (1.6)
94 Cycloprothrin 2.5 98.6 (0.6) 106.0 (1.1) 2.5 94.0 (2.5) 95.7 (2.2) 2.5 98.0 (3.5) 99.1 (0.9) 2.5 98.9 (4.1) 98.4 (1.0) 2.5 74.3 (2.5) 83.5 (1.5)
95 Cyclosulfamuron 2.5 96.1 (24.6) 89.4 (14.3) 2.5 70.5 (3.2) 77.8 (17.2) 2.5 71.7 (0.9) 81.4 (3.9) 2.5 90.1 (11.0) 83.6 (5.5) 2.5 72.2 (5.9) 84.9 (9.3)
96 Cyenopyrafen 2.5 95.8 (0.7) 106.6 (0.6) 2.5 93.0 (2.8) 94.6 (2.7) 2.5 103.4 (1.3) 101.1 (0.9) 2.5 96.8 (1.3) 90.3 (1.7) 2.5 82.1 (2.7) 93.1 (2.3)
97 Cyflufenamid 2.5 93.1 (3.5) 90.9 (2.0) 5.0 88.8 (3.0) 90.3 (2.8) 2.5 94.7 (0.6) 91.2 (1.4) 5.0 116.9 (4.3) 95.3 (2.8) 2.5 104.0 (1.3) 84.8 (5.1)
98 Cyflumetofen 2.5 104.8 (6.5) 105.3 (4.2) 5.0 99.0 (6.4) 91.2 (4.8) 2.5 99.4 (1.0) 100.9 (2.6) 5.0 76.7 (27.2) 78.4 (17.3) 10.0 72.2 (1.3) 94.6 (6.8)
99 Cyhalofop-butyl 20.0 N.D. 104.1 (0.6) 2.5 106.8 (5.0) 93.0 (0.7) 5.0 97.7 (2.5) 102.2 (1.7) 2.5 100.9 (10.8) 101.3 (4.6) 5.0 78.8 (5.8) 92.0 (2.0)
100 Cyhalothrin 2.5 60.6 (0.5) 100.5 (0.7) 2.5 62.4 (2.5) 76.9 (2.3) 2.5 61.9 (3.9) 98.9 (0.5) 5.0 63.9 (6.1) 74.8 (3.6) 2.5 44.6 (6.6) 60.6 (3.3)
101 Cymoxanil 2.5 96.7 (22.5) 102.8 (5.5) 2.5 102.0 (0.8) 97.0 (3.9) 10.0 93.4 (2.0) 91.1 (2.1) 2.5 97.9 (5.3) 100.7 (3.3) 5.0 86.8 (2.6) 97.2 (3.7)
102 Cyprazine 2.5 102.6 (8.4) 90.9 (2.0) 5.0 114.4 (2.8) 87.3 (4.7) 2.5 94.3 (3.3) 90.8 (2.3) 2.5 90.9 (5.9) 91.9 (0.6) 2.5 104.0 (0.9) 83.5 (2.7)
103 Cyproconazole 2.5 97.5 (3.2) 95.4 (1.0) 2.5 102.4 (2.8) 94.0 (2.7) 2.5 89.0 (3.2) 102.7 (0.8) 2.5 104.1 (4.9) 93.2 (1.6) 2.5 98.1 (2.4) 89.7 (2.1)
104 Cyprodinil 2.5 101.8 (2.6) 102.3 (2.3) 2.5 113.5 (2.5) 96.9 (5.9) 2.5 81.4 (2.8) 99.7 (0.8) 2.5 105.3 (1.8) 93.5 (2.4) 2.5 79.8 (2.0) 79.4 (3.6)
105 Cyromazine 2.5 36.9 (18.1) 50.0 (2.9) 5.0 52.5 (24.1) 60.3 (7.0) 10.0 37.8 (20.4) 39.3 (1.9) 2.5 26.1 (15.6) 34.1 (10.6) 5.0 N.D. 20.4 (11.0)
106 Daimuron (dymron) 2.5 100.3 (13.0) 85.4 (4.3) 2.5 105.7 (1.7) 85.2 (4.1) 2.5 88.0 (1.3) 103.2 (1.8) 2.5 113.0 (3.7) 92.1 (2.4) 5.0 90.2 (2.3) 86.5 (0.5)
107 Deltamethrin 2.5 66.6 (1.6) 94.2 (0.9) 2.5 86.9 (4.5) 70.3 (1.9) 2.5 92.6 (5.5) 96.2 (3.3) 10.0 94.2 (7.5) 71.6 (0.7) 2.5 60.9 (10.0) 55.2 (1.8)
108 Demeton-S 2.5 103.7 (3.5) 106.8 (1.0) 2.5 103.2 (2.7) 93.4 (5.1) 2.5 105.9 (3.8) 103.5 (3.2) 2.5 99.2 (3.7) 101.9 (2.8) 2.5 96.5 (2.1) 101.6 (2.0)
109 Demeton-S sulfone 2.5 106.8 (2.5) 96.3 (2.2) 5.0 94.7 (2.3) 102.0 (6.8) 2.5 91.5 (2.1) 106.0 (1.6) 5.0 106.1 (2.7) 100.2 (0.4) 2.5 104.0 (0.9) 99.3 (2.2)
110 Demeton-S sulfoxide 2.5 102.7 (13.9) 82.7 (0.4) 5.0 81.8 (2.0) 112.7 (26.2) 2.5 105.9 (6.1) 82.2 (4.4) 5.0 106.2 (6.0) 99.3 (5.0) 2.5 100.1 (1.7) 97.0 (3.1)
111 Demeton-S-methyl 20.0 N.D. 109.7 (1.2) 20.0 N.D. 98.8 (5.9) 20.0 N.D. 97.2 (2.8) 20.0 N.D. 106.3 (1.6) 25.0 N.D. 86.6 (2.8)
112 Demeton-S-methylsulfone 2.5 105.1 (4.4) 95.0 (1.1) 2.5 105.8 (0.4) 88.6 (5.2) 2.5 90.5 (3.7) 100.8 (3.0) 2.5 108.1 (3.3) 94.8 (2.9) 2.5 85.8 (1.0) 95.0 (2.6)
113 Desmetryn 2.5 103.3 (2.7) 104.1 (0.8) 2.5 116.9 (1.3) 97.8 (5.4) 2.5 85.6 (1.1) 99.6 (3.0) 2.5 87.2 (5.4) 99.9 (0.3) 2.5 104.9 (1.8) 96.9 (2.0)
114 Dialifor 2.5 93.5 (3.8) 92.6 (0.9) 5.0 77.9 (5.4) 85.3 (4.5) 2.5 97.4 (2.5) 89.4 (1.0) 2.5 114.9 (1.0) 83.5 (2.1) 2.5 106.3 (0.8) 89.5 (1.5)
115 Di-allate 2.5 99.1 (2.7) 102.6 (2.1) 2.5 105.7 (4.7) 94.9 (3.2) 2.5 101.8 (2.2) 97.0 (1.1) 2.5 100.2 (1.8) 89.9 (2.2) 2.5 70.3 (1.8) 71.8 (3.0)
116 Diazinon 2.5 114.9 (3.3) 102.7 (0.4) 2.5 109.6 (2.5) 95.9 (6.2) 2.5 88.2 (2.3) 101.2 (0.7) 2.5 110.9 (3.3) 95.1 (2.8) 2.5 89.8 (0.9) 86.0 (2.8)
117 Dichlobenil 5.0 109.9 (3.5) 97.4 (2.5) 10.0 103.4 (1.3) 98.9 (5.7) 10.0 86.8 (12.9) 102.1 (0.9) 10.0 75.5 (3.7) 91.7 (7.2) 5.0 89.9 (1.3) 86.7 (3.3)
118 Dichlofenthion 2.5 114.5 (1.5) 100.3 (4.8) 2.5 93.5 (8.5) 97.2 (1.5) 2.5 90.2 (6.9) 100.2 (3.4) 2.5 106.7 (7.1) 92.2 (3.9) 2.5 71.8 (5.3) 73.6 (3.1)
119 Dichlormid 2.5 104.6 (2.2) 106.1 (1.8) 2.5 82.5 (0.8) 98.0 (4.2) 2.5 96.5 (4.6) 103.5 (0.8) 2.5 118.2 (5.9) 104.3 (3.1) 2.5 104.7 (2.2) 96.6 (2.8)
120 Dichlorvos 20.0 N.D. 109.0 (0.4) 2.5 80.9 (3.4) 99.1 (5.6) 2.5 93.7 (1.3) 103.2 (3.1) 20.0 N.D. 84.6 (1.2) 25.0 N.D. 86.1 (2.2)
121 Diclobutrazol 2.5 121.5 (3.3) 102.1 (1.7) 5.0 78.9 (2.8) 92.1 (3.1) 2.5 100.8 (1.6) 100.8 (1.2) 5.0 104.0 (2.8) 97.4 (4.7) 2.5 103.4 (3.6) 93.4 (4.3)
122 Diclocymet 5.0 104.0 (2.5) 95.0 (1.5) 5.0 88.2 (2.3) 89.2 (3.6) 5.0 99.2 (1.6) 93.9 (0.7) 5.0 84.5 (3.5) 94.4 (2.4) 2.5 105.9 (1.0) 87.9 (1.4)
123 Diclofop-methyl 20.0 N.D. 92.8 (1.6) 5.0 113.4 (12.8) 101.1 (4.2) 10.0 71.2 (13.7) 108.2 (0.8) 5.0 86.1 (34.9) 101.7 (8.5) 2.5 60.4 (3.2) 70.6 (7.9)
124 Diclosulam 2.5 72.6 (24.3) 77.8 (17.1) 2.5 55.9 (6.0) 71.5 (27.2) 2.5 66.1 (5.6) 78.5 (6.8) 5.0 64.2 (19.0) 73.6 (4.6) 2.5 61.0 (5.4) 76.0 (11.8)
125 Dicrotophos 2.5 94.9 (4.5) 86.6 (2.8) 5.0 82.3 (1.6) 89.7 (7.2) 2.5 102.6 (8.0) 96.0 (1.9) 5.0 117.5 (4.5) 97.8 (7.5) 2.5 102.4 (0.6) 92.0 (3.6)
126 Dicyclanil 2.5 119.5 (11.2) 103.1 (12.9) 2.5 112.2 (1.0) 93.8 (8.0) 2.5 105.4 (22.7) 84.2 (8.4) 2.5 90.2 (9.1) 86.6 (18.3) 2.5 74.4 (1.1) 62.0 (4.4)
127 Diethatyl-ethyl 2.5 105.1 (1.9) 92.6 (2.0) 2.5 76.5 (4.9) 89.1 (4.5) 2.5 88.2 (3.8) 72.5 (2.0) 2.5 81.5 (3.5) 93.4 (2.3) 2.5 113.0 (1.6) 90.7 (2.9)
128 Diethofencarb 20.0 N.D. 93.6 (0.9) 5.0 104.8 (4.9) 92.4 (5.5) 2.5 93.3 (0.8) 93.0 (0.9) 2.5 89.0 (2.1) 91.9 (1.3) 5.0 112.1 (2.5) 93.6 (0.8)
129 Difenoconazole 2.5 110.7 (5.2) 94.1 (0.8) 5.0 75.2 (4.1) 92.5 (3.2) 2.5 90.3 (3.9) 100.8 (1.4) 5.0 111.3 (2.3) 92.1 (3.2) 2.5 109.4 (0.5) 98.2 (1.7)
130 Diflubenzuron 2.5 93.2 (3.2) 81.9 (1.6) 5.0 98.4 (3.1) 91.4 (3.6) 2.5 87.2 (8.5) 104.8 (1.2) 2.5 105.2 (2.1) 93.5 (2.9) 2.5 103.1 (1.7) 89.5 (1.9)
131 Diflufenican 2.5 100.9 (1.8) 96.9 (2.1) 5.0 109.5 (1.6) 93.6 (3.0) 2.5 99.4 (0.6) 100.7 (0.8) 2.5 106.6 (3.3) 89.9 (1.4) 2.5 95.0 (2.1) 89.1 (2.2)
132 Dimepiperate 2.5 99.1 (2.7) 107.6 (1.0) 2.5 100.3 (3.6) 96.7 (4.2) 2.5 101.2 (1.1) 99.0 (0.2) 2.5 93.4 (3.9) 90.9 (1.1) 5.0 59.7 (2.5) 63.9 (3.4)
133 Dimethametryn 2.5 109.2 (4.9) 104.1 (2.0) 2.5 102.1 (2.1) 94.3 (5.3) 2.5 104.6 (1.4) 98.0 (2.5) 2.5 99.3 (3.8) 96.1 (1.9) 2.5 82.6 (1.0) 85.3 (3.9)
134 Dimethenamid 2.5 100.6 (7.6) 90.8 (3.0) 2.5 88.4 (1.6) 85.4 (8.2) 2.5 97.3 (6.5) 91.7 (1.6) 2.5 95.6 (3.6) 92.8 (3.1) 2.5 110.6 (1.7) 86.2 (3.4)
135 Dimethoate 2.5 87.0 (6.2) 98.8 (1.4) 5.0 106.5 (3.0) 91.6 (8.8) 2.5 91.5 (2.0) 87.5 (5.6) 5.0 112.2 (3.7) 101.2 (3.0) 5.0 96.2 (1.4) 93.8 (3.0)
136 Dimethylvinphos 5.0 80.8 (4.3) 95.6 (1.8) 2.5 77.3 (4.0) 87.0 (3.5) 2.5 77.5 (4.2) 101.9 (2.5) 2.5 111.7 (2.7) 94.4 (1.1) 2.5 103.9 (1.9) 89.0 (1.6)
137 Dinitramine 2.5 85.9 (3.8) 101.5 (0.7) 2.5 88.0 (4.5) 99.8 (2.9) 2.5 88.8 (1.3) 102.1 (1.4) 2.5 87.3 (8.1) 97.0 (2.7) 2.5 94.7 (1.3) 83.6 (3.8)
138 Dioxathion 2.5 110.6 (11.1) 90.4 (1.3) 5.0 99.3 (8.2) 83.9 (2.7) 2.5 110.3 (4.8) 85.8 (3.8) 5.0 113.1 (7.1) 99.8 (3.5) 25.0 N.D. 78.5 (4.1)
139 Diphenamid 2.5 99.1 (2.4) 94.3 (2.1) 2.5 108.3 (3.0) 78.8 (22.8) 2.5 91.3 (2.1) 103.6 (0.5) 2.5 112.8 (2.2) 94.9 (0.4) 2.5 105.3 (1.1) 91.5 (2.8)
140 Disulfoton sulfone 2.5 89.7 (1.4) 97.4 (1.3) 2.5 105.4 (1.8) 90.1 (4.6) 2.5 90.9 (0.5) 110.0 (1.9) 5.0 103.9 (3.1) 97.6 (2.8) 5.0 106.6 (0.6) 103.0 (0.6)
141 Disulfoton sulfoxide 2.5 111.0 (4.8) 99.9 (2.0) 2.5 106.5 (2.7) 89.6 (3.7) 2.5 94.3 (3.4) 93.3 (0.2) 5.0 105.0 (4.8) 100.0 (1.2) 2.5 113.0 (1.5) 103.7 (1.8)
142 Dithiopyr 2.5 103.8 (2.3) 104.5 (2.6) 2.5 89.8 (6.1) 86.0 (15.8) 2.5 90.3 (2.3) 101.6 (0.9) 2.5 112.5 (5.5) 98.2 (2.4) 2.5 103.1 (2.2) 93.8 (2.8)
143 Diuron 5.0 104.4 (4.3) 94.4 (1.8) 2.5 80.2 (1.7) 85.4 (4.1) 2.5 93.1 (1.3) 91.0 (2.0) 5.0 101.9 (4.2) 90.8 (1.9) 2.5 104.1 (1.0) 87.2 (1.1)
144 DNOC 2.5 88.8 (10.5) 89.8 (6.3) 2.5 84.1 (0.8) 92.3 (7.8) 2.5 90.7 (1.0) 96.3 (1.7) 2.5 81.5 (4.6) 85.0 (3.4) 2.5 80.5 (1.8) 89.0 (3.9)
145 Dodine 2.5 113.6 (1.8) 74.1 (4.1) 5.0 126.2 (1.7) 84.1 (5.6) 5.0 112.7 (1.4) 88.8 (3.3) 5.0 98.2 (3.6) 70.2 (4.2) 2.5 66.0 (2.5) 49.8 (2.1)
146 Edifenphos 5.0 86.7 (1.5) 91.6 (1.3) 5.0 76.1 (6.0) 87.0 (5.8) 2.5 97.7 (2.3) 89.1 (2.0) 5.0 96.0 (3.1) 89.8 (4.0) 2.5 87.2 (3.3) 91.8 (2.3)
147 Emamectin B1a 2.5 93.9 (1.4) 107.4 (1.2) 2.5 87.3 (2.8) 96.7 (6.7) 2.5 93.3 (1.2) 100.9 (0.4) 2.5 87.7 (2.0) 100.9 (2.7) 2.5 74.8 (1.3) 94.0 (3.0)
148 Epoxiconazole 2.5 95.8 (2.1) 92.4 (2.2) 5.0 105.9 (1.3) 88.6 (3.1) 2.5 86.2 (1.3) 104.2 (1.0) 5.0 97.7 (1.6) 94.4 (1.5) 5.0 109.3 (1.7) 93.4 (1.4)
149 EPTC 2.5 107.4 (4.3) 104.3 (1.3) 2.5 83.7 (1.9) 96.3 (2.1) 2.5 90.5 (2.0) 100.1 (1.8) 2.5 102.6 (2.7) 93.6 (2.4) 2.5 82.5 (3.7) 79.1 (1.6)
150 Esprocarb 2.5 99.8 (8.8) 96.3 (2.0) 2.5 105.1 (3.5) 95.4 (5.0) 2.5 107.4 (2.9) 101.5 (0.8) 2.5 100.5 (3.8) 93.5 (4.9) 2.5 55.3 (5.4) 66.7 (7.6)
151 Etaconazole 2.5 113.1 (1.4) 95.4 (0.9) 2.5 101.1 (1.7) 87.5 (3.0) 2.5 92.8 (3.7) 105.2 (0.8) 2.5 113.5 (2.4) 93.3 (1.0) 2.5 103.9 (1.1) 92.1 (2.3)
152 Ethaboxam 2.5 96.7 (2.4) 95.4 (0.8) 5.0 110.0 (1.4) 90.6 (2.5) 2.5 94.1 (2.3) 105.1 (0.8) 5.0 112.4 (2.6) 94.6 (2.2) 5.0 108.2 (0.2) 103.9 (1.7)
153 Ethametsulfuron-methyl 2.5 66.5 (34.9) 61.7 (24.9) 2.5 41.7 (6.7) 63.0 (45.3) 5.0 42.9 (4.2) 62.4 (6.8) 2.5 65.2 (25.3) 68.2 (12.3) 2.5 48.6 (8.1) 69.8 (26.8)
154 Ethiofencarb 2.5 105.9 (3.2) 104.9 (2.0) 2.5 104.9 (3.6) 89.8 (3.7) 5.0 65.6 (14.2) 102.8 (0.7) 2.5 102.4 (6.0) 99.4 (2.2) 2.5 95.7 (2.0) 94.5 (2.9)
155 Ethion 2.5 96.0 (2.5) 107.1 (0.2) 2.5 105.8 (4.3) 94.8 (5.0) 2.5 91.6 (1.6) 97.2 (0.6) 2.5 85.3 (2.1) 96.8 (2.4) 2.5 71.0 (1.2) 76.7 (2.4)
156 Ethofumesate 2.5 102.7 (0.8) 95.9 (1.4) 2.5 76.0 (5.1) 99.0 (4.8) 2.5 81.3 (2.1) 104.7 (1.6) 2.5 80.2 (5.3) 103.6 (2.1) 2.5 113.2 (2.8) 105.0 (3.5)
157 Ethofumesate metabolite (NC 20645) 2.5 87.0 (4.8) 91.8 (0.8) 2.5 93.2 (2.0) 112.4 (26.0) 2.5 99.8 (5.9) 82.6 (4.5) 2.5 104.4 (2.3) 83.2 (8.2) 2.5 97.2 (2.1) 96.6 (3.2)
158 Ethoprophos (ethoprop) 5.0 100.3 (5.5) 94.2 (2.4) 2.5 91.8 (1.7) 84.0 (2.5) 2.5 92.5 (1.7) 93.3 (0.9) 2.5 96.3 (2.3) 91.8 (0.2) 2.5 114.5 (1.8) 87.0 (2.6)
159 Ethychlozate 2.5 91.4 (2.6) 107.7 (1.5) 2.5 101.9 (2.5) 99.4 (2.7) 2.5 102.8 (2.0) 104.0 (2.8) 2.5 106.6 (3.9) 92.1 (0.8) 25.0 N.D. 84.7 (1.9)
160 Etofenprox 2.5 89.7 (2.2) 101.1 (0.8) 2.5 93.2 (2.9) 96.6 (1.9) 2.5 97.3 (0.4) 99.8 (1.2) 2.5 90.9 (4.0) 91.9 (2.1) 2.5 47.3 (1.3) 56.7 (2.7)
161 Etrimfos 2.5 105.1 (4.3) 107.9 (1.2) 2.5 101.1 (0.7) 97.7 (5.1) 2.5 104.8 (1.8) 101.2 (1.9) 2.5 99.9 (3.0) 92.6 (3.9) 2.5 83.3 (1.2) 90.0 (1.3)
162 Famoxadone 2.5 94.9 (2.6) 107.7 (2.1) 5.0 92.0 (0.9) 98.1 (4.7) 2.5 95.7 (3.7) 103.0 (1.8) 2.5 98.4 (3.0) 102.0 (3.7) 2.5 98.9 (2.2) 103.3 (1.6)
163 Fenamidone 2.5 104.9 (7.0) 112.3 (1.7) 2.5 101.1 (2.0) 101.9 (3.1) 2.5 89.9 (2.0) 99.9 (2.1) 2.5 113.1 (2.3) 90.6 (3.7) 2.5 95.8 (2.2) 99.7 (1.9)
164 Fenamiphos 2.5 92.5 (0.7) 90.4 (1.5) 2.5 106.2 (2.4) 89.1 (3.3) 2.5 91.8 (2.8) 105.8 (1.5) 5.0 104.7 (2.9) 94.4 (1.1) 2.5 106.6 (2.7) 94.9 (1.9)
165 Fenarimol 2.5 107.7 (0.2) 103.2 (1.0) 2.5 99.9 (3.6) 94.9 (3.7) 2.5 104.7 (1.7) 100.6 (0.8) 2.5 107.1 (0.5) 91.5 (2.1) 2.5 96.8 (3.0) 93.0 (2.7)
166 Fenazaquin 2.5 100.7 (2.4) 102.5 (2.8) 2.5 98.7 (3.7) 91.7 (3.6) 2.5 99.2 (0.3) 98.1 (1.5) 2.5 89.9 (11.1) 89.9 (3.5) 2.5 48.4 (4.5) 59.1 (3.2)
167 Fenbuconazole 2.5 95.7 (1.4) 88.8 (3.1) 2.5 103.7 (2.8) 97.4 (2.6) 2.5 93.3 (4.0) 100.7 (2.1) 2.5 109.9 (3.0) 96.6 (2.1) 2.5 110.3 (2.5) 105.2 (1.9)
168 Fenfuram 2.5 99.4 (2.8) 92.3 (0.9) 2.5 88.6 (2.1) 98.4 (3.8) 2.5 83.8 (2.2) 95.3 (1.8) 2.5 90.4 (6.8) 97.3 (1.9) 2.5 105.2 (1.2) 100.9 (3.4)
169 Fenhexamid 2.5 93.9 (9.4) 94.3 (4.6) 2.5 83.3 (1.7) 88.9 (7.7) 2.5 97.0 (2.6) 95.8 (0.5) 2.5 94.8 (3.0) 93.5 (1.5) 2.5 80.3 (2.9) 86.5 (3.1)
170 Fenobucarb 2.5 97.8 (5.3) 94.7 (1.7) 2.5 104.4 (4.4) 89.7 (6.4) 2.5 86.5 (1.6) 104.2 (0.4) 2.5 85.0 (4.8) 102.7 (1.5) 2.5 106.9 (2.3) 104.4 (1.6)
171 Fenothiocarb 2.5 101.0 (3.4) 93.2 (1.9) 2.5 105.8 (2.4) 88.4 (4.5) 2.5 86.0 (0.4) 102.0 (1.7) 2.5 105.5 (3.1) 90.9 (2.3) 2.5 92.5 (2.0) 96.1 (2.6)
172 Fenoxanil 2.5 100.0 (1.9) 93.7 (0.7) 2.5 104.3 (3.6) 89.9 (3.5) 2.5 95.9 (2.1) 92.1 (1.2) 2.5 82.4 (3.4) 102.3 (1.3) 2.5 106.6 (3.1) 90.2 (2.0)
173 Fenoxaprop-ethyl 2.5 62.2 (2.2) 88.1 (1.6) 2.5 107.9 (3.2) 98.8 (3.7) 2.5 92.5 (0.8) 93.0 (1.0) 2.5 102.4 (1.5) 90.6 (2.1) 2.5 87.2 (1.1) 93.9 (2.5)
174 Fenoxycarb 2.5 108.6 (1.8) 103.4 (0.7) 2.5 109.3 (1.8) 99.6 (3.7) 2.5 83.3 (1.5) 102.8 (1.0) 2.5 108.6 (2.9) 91.5 (3.4) 2.5 101.0 (1.9) 91.4 (1.0)
175 Fenpropathrin 2.5 109.2 (0.6) 104.4 (1.3) 2.5 107.5 (3.1) 97.9 (1.8) 2.5 83.6 (0.9) 98.9 (1.2) 2.5 105.8 (2.4) 96.8 (1.9) 2.5 76.9 (1.4) 80.2 (2.5)
176 Fenpropimorph 2.5 83.6 (6.0) 102.8 (1.2) 2.5 108.2 (2.9) 96.6 (6.0) 2.5 82.6 (1.8) 101.3 (1.0) 2.5 104.4 (2.4) 93.5 (2.1) 2.5 76.1 (0.9) 75.6 (0.3)
177 Fenpyrazamine 2.5 89.4 (4.2) 86.4 (3.6) 2.5 104.0 (1.9) 84.9 (3.5) 2.5 91.5 (3.6) 100.0 (1.4) 2.5 111.4 (5.0) 95.3 (3.3) 2.5 100.4 (1.1) 101.5 (2.4)
178 Fenpyroximate 2.5 103.0 (1.4) 107.4 (0.5) 2.5 97.3 (2.4) 96.9 (1.8) 2.5 102.4 (1.1) 102.7 (1.8) 2.5 94.0 (3.0) 95.3 (1.1) 2.5 75.7 (1.5) 87.1 (2.4)
179 Fensulfothion 5.0 88.8 (1.7) 97.2 (1.1) 2.5 103.7 (1.1) 88.0 (1.4) 2.5 90.8 (1.4) 91.6 (1.8) 2.5 111.1 (4.4) 94.2 (1.4) 5.0 103.1 (1.4) 96.8 (1.8)
180 Fenthion 2.5 97.7 (3.2) 91.4 (1.6) 2.5 106.1 (1.2) 88.9 (3.0) 2.5 80.4 (0.7) 85.9 (1.2) 2.5 106.7 (5.0) 86.3 (3.5) 2.5 92.5 (2.0) 88.3 (1.7)
181 Fentrazamide 2.5 91.3 (3.6) 93.0 (0.8) 2.5 106.5 (2.0) 90.0 (4.5) 2.5 85.4 (2.6) 100.1 (2.6) 2.5 112.5 (2.9) 93.5 (1.7) 2.5 96.3 (1.9) 102.0 (3.6)
182 Ferimzone 2.5 97.7 (5.4) 93.9 (1.6) 2.5 106.2 (1.8) 97.7 (4.7) 2.5 102.4 (1.7) 91.5 (3.5) 2.5 105.7 (2.2) 95.6 (1.2) 2.5 102.1 (1.0) 106.3 (1.2)
183 Fipronil 5.0 108.6 (3.5) 94.5 (1.5) 5.0 98.1 (7.9) 95.5 (4.2) 20.0 N.D. 85.8 (4.8) 2.5 114.2 (15.1) 91.9 (6.3) 5.0 107.3 (6.7) 92.6 (1.0)
184 Flamprop-isopropyl 2.5 110.3 (2.5) 93.4 (2.8) 2.5 84.7 (1.3) 89.6 (3.0) 2.5 88.3 (1.0) 102.1 (0.7) 2.5 93.4 (2.5) 92.0 (2.9) 2.5 110.2 (2.6) 89.8 (1.7)
185 Flazasulfuron 2.5 77.1 (26.5) 61.3 (20.0) 2.5 55.9 (6.7) 60.7 (36.6) 2.5 65.1 (1.6) 63.1 (5.4) 5.0 72.7 (24.1) 62.9 (8.6) 2.5 55.9 (8.2) 62.5 (23.5)
186 Flonicamid 2.5 104.8 (2.0) 106.2 (0.5) 2.5 108.4 (3.4) 102.0 (2.6) 2.5 95.0 (6.8) 99.9 (2.7) 2.5 104.7 (3.9) 105.3 (1.2) 5.0 63.4 (1.5) 74.1 (3.2)
187 Florpyrauxifen 2.5 32.0 (70.9) 20.4 (45.2) 2.5 9.3 (95.7) 24.3 (112.9) 10.0 23.7 (21.1) 16.8 (36.7) 2.5 14.0 (63.8) 21.1 (48.8) 10.0 39.2 (13.6) 16.4 (50.3)
188 Fluacrypyrim 2.5 107.8 (2.3) 109.8 (0.5) 2.5 99.8 (3.3) 98.5 (5.1) 2.5 103.0 (1.8) 100.2 (1.3) 2.5 106.6 (1.2) 105.2 (1.8) 2.5 92.1 (2.1) 97.0 (1.9)
189 Fluazifop Butyl 2.5 68.2 (4.1) 96.2 (3.1) 2.5 102.4 (2.7) 96.0 (4.3) 2.5 105.8 (1.3) 100.9 (0.9) 2.5 107.3 (1.4) 99.5 (2.8) 2.5 89.9 (1.6) 97.5 (2.0)
190 Fluazinam 2.5 94.1 (1.3) 101.3 (1.0) 2.5 89.7 (2.2) 98.3 (0.3) 2.5 100.9 (0.7) 103.2 (2.5) 2.5 92.6 (3.1) 97.7 (0.9) 2.5 85.7 (0.6) 92.8 (2.5)
191 Flubendiamide 2.5 92.8 (4.0) 102.7 (1.8) 2.5 98.1 (4.1) 88.2 (0.5) 2.5 84.9 (2.2) 85.7 (0.7) 5.0 112.2 (4.2) 100.4 (0.9) 2.5 124.3 (2.5) 113.8 (0.7)
192 Flucetosulfuron 2.5 94.3 (15.7) 81.1 (11.9) 2.5 77.5 (3.8) 80.9 (30.6) 2.5 80.1 (4.7) 79.0 (6.0) 2.5 97.8 (9.0) 80.5 (5.9) 2.5 76.3 (1.9) 78.1 (11.4)
193 Flucythrinate 2.5 103.0 (1.3) 108.4 (0.8) 2.5 97.8 (2.7) 96.8 (2.1) 2.5 100.0 (0.8) 99.8 (0.7) 2.5 99.7 (3.1) 100.3 (2.4) 2.5 84.9 (2.1) 94.1 (0.9)
194 Fludioxonil 5.0 99.1 (6.4) 94.5 (2.3) 5.0 95.0 (2.1) 83.9 (9.4) 2.5 93.5 (1.3) 82.9 (3.1) 2.5 109.5 (3.8) 89.8 (3.1) 2.5 99.4 (2.3) 86.9 (2.4)
195 Flufenacet 5.0 106.9 (2.4) 92.6 (1.1) 5.0 98.7 (2.4) 87.5 (2.7) 2.5 88.6 (4.7) 83.6 (0.5) 5.0 109.2 (2.8) 96.9 (0.3) 2.5 104.0 (1.6) 89.3 (3.8)
196 Flufenoxuron 2.5 102.1 (2.5) 105.8 (0.4) 2.5 98.4 (3.6) 96.3 (2.5) 2.5 97.6 (2.7) 99.6 (1.5) 2.5 90.6 (4.4) 94.4 (6.1) 2.5 85.3 (1.9) 95.9 (1.7)
197 Flufenpyr-ethyl 20.0 N.D. 66.3 (1.4) 2.5 102.7 (1.6) 89.5 (2.5) 2.5 96.9 (1.3) 104.1 (1.0) 2.5 109.1 (2.0) 93.9 (2.3) 2.5 108.4 (1.1) 94.4 (2.1)
198 Flumetralin 2.5 91.6 (1.9) 104.6 (1.4) 5.0 96.4 (8.3) 100.6 (2.3) 10.0 92.7 (6.2) 101.0 (1.4) 20.0 N.D. 91.1 (2.7) 10.0 63.0 (9.0) 81.3 (0.2)
199 Flumioxazin 2.5 90.7 (1.5) 90.7 (1.6) 5.0 102.3 (1.7) 83.0 (40.9) 10.0 90.9 (1.8) 103.2 (1.5) 2.5 108.0 (1.0) 97.1 (1.3) 2.5 103.2 (2.0) 96.1 (1.0)
200 Fluometuron 5.0 103.3 (2.4) 96.8 (1.5) 2.5 105.9 (2.9) 85.4 (4.6) 2.5 83.7 (5.6) 84.7 (1.0) 2.5 108.6 (4.6) 90.5 (2.4) 2.5 106.4 (1.2) 95.5 (3.3)
201 Fluopicolide 2.5 86.3 (0.8) 95.7 (0.7) 2.5 101.7 (2.6) 87.3 (3.4) 2.5 87.9 (3.9) 93.2 (0.3) 2.5 107.8 (3.0) 93.4 (2.8) 2.5 100.1 (0.4) 90.2 (3.3)
202 Fluopyram 2.5 103.5 (4.6) 92.7 (0.9) 2.5 93.4 (3.1) 85.9 (4.2) 2.5 100.4 (2.2) 88.3 (0.2) 2.5 87.1 (5.2) 93.9 (1.7) 2.5 111.6 (1.1) 90.4 (1.7)
203 Flupoxam 2.5 106.8 (0.6) 107.6 (1.4) 2.5 97.5 (2.6) 97.0 (3.5) 2.5 102.9 (4.2) 99.8 (0.3) 2.5 103.7 (1.9) 100.2 (3.3) 2.5 107.1 (1.5) 106.3 (1.9)
204 Flupyradifurone 2.5 81.2 (2.1) 96.6 (0.4) 2.5 105.2 (3.5) 93.1 (2.8) 2.5 104.4 (4.9) 93.1 (9.3) 2.5 108.0 (2.0) 95.8 (1.7) 2.5 111.3 (2.0) 100.2 (1.1)
205 Fluquinconazole 2.5 87.9 (3.6) 96.3 (1.2) 2.5 105.6 (1.5) 98.8 (3.8) 2.5 77.1 (12.1) 102.2 (1.3) 2.5 113.7 (1.5) 100.5 (1.9) 2.5 101.0 (1.9) 98.1 (2.5)
206 Fluridone 2.5 86.2 (3.1) 92.0 (1.5) 2.5 106.8 (0.3) 88.6 (15.6) 2.5 96.7 (4.2) 103.6 (1.1) 2.5 106.1 (3.0) 92.6 (2.9) 2.5 101.1 (0.9) 89.8 (2.0)
207 Flurochloridone 2.5 102.6 (1.4) 95.5 (0.5) 2.5 104.5 (1.1) 87.0 (3.8) 2.5 97.9 (1.0) 105.0 (0.3) 2.5 92.8 (3.6) 92.4 (2.0) 2.5 101.9 (1.7) 86.8 (2.6)
208 Flurtamone 2.5 101.5 (3.3) 93.7 (1.8) 5.0 110.4 (4.2) 89.4 (6.8) 5.0 101.7 (2.5) 95.1 (1.5) 2.5 100.1 (3.1) 95.1 (2.0) 5.0 113.8 (2.0) 89.7 (0.5)
209 Flusilazole 2.5 111.3 (2.4) 91.9 (1.2) 2.5 92.6 (3.6) 86.9 (3.2) 2.5 101.9 (0.4) 92.2 (1.1) 2.5 89.5 (5.5) 92.4 (0.8) 2.5 110.5 (2.0) 89.0 (1.7)
210 Flusulfamide 2.5 96.1 (1.9) 91.0 (1.0) 5.0 98.9 (3.2) 92.7 (1.8) 2.5 92.1 (0.6) 97.4 (2.4) 2.5 106.8 (2.7) 106.0 (1.0) 2.5 80.7 (1.5) 114.1 (2.7)
211 Fluthiacet-methyl 20.0 N.D. 78.6 (2.4) 2.5 94.1 (2.0) 90.7 (3.7) 2.5 88.8 (1.7) 96.0 (5.9) 2.5 90.7 (0.6) 99.4 (5.1) 2.5 102.4 (2.2) 106.3 (1.4)
212 Flutianil 5.0 84.2 (3.2) 92.0 (1.7) 5.0 104.9 (2.6) 88.2 (4.3) 2.5 83.0 (0.9) 90.3 (2.8) 5.0 97.5 (3.2) 99.2 (3.3) 5.0 112.6 (2.3) 94.4 (2.0)
213 Flutolanil 5.0 101.6 (6.1) 91.1 (0.2) 5.0 98.1 (0.9) 86.5 (4.5) 2.5 92.5 (1.1) 86.9 (4.2) 5.0 105.8 (3.7) 96.6 (2.6) 5.0 100.8 (3.2) 90.4 (1.4)
214 Flutriafol 2.5 108.9 (2.2) 103.2 (2.3) 2.5 106.3 (2.6) 98.1 (1.1) 2.5 83.5 (3.4) 99.1 (0.8) 2.5 102.0 (4.4) 101.0 (3.0) 2.5 103.4 (1.1) 106.8 (0.5)
215 Fluvalinate 2.5 107.4 (1.2) 103.8 (1.8) 2.5 102.0 (3.5) 93.6 (1.0) 2.5 101.2 (4.1) 100.1 (0.7) 2.5 109.9 (3.2) 98.6 (2.6) 5.0 65.3 (4.2) 67.0 (1.5)
216 Fluxametamide 2.5 92.2 (2.7) 90.6 (0.8) 2.5 95.4 (1.9) 89.7 (0.4) 2.5 94.5 (2.2) 94.8 (2.6) 2.5 99.4 (12.4) 100.9 (1.5) 2.5 96.1 (2.6) 81.1 (3.6)
217 Fluxapyroxad 2.5 101.3 (2.7) 92.4 (1.5) 2.5 87.5 (4.1) 84.5 (4.1) 2.5 85.0 (3.0) 90.9 (1.4) 2.5 90.2 (4.1) 90.8 (2.6) 5.0 113.1 (1.3) 94.2 (2.4)
218 Fomesafen 2.5 90.5 (4.6) 90.2 (3.6) 2.5 84.9 (2.6) 86.3 (7.7) 2.5 87.5 (6.2) 93.7 (2.8) 2.5 86.8 (1.9) 89.2 (1.5) 2.5 88.7 (2.3) 92.4 (2.8)
219 Fonofos 2.5 104.2 (3.9) 107.6 (0.8) 2.5 100.7 (3.6) 97.4 (4.0) 2.5 100.9 (2.1) 99.4 (1.5) 2.5 96.7 (4.6) 94.7 (2.6) 2.5 75.2 (1.3) 77.5 (1.0)
220 Foramsulfuron 2.5 37.4 (40.7) 35.5 (29.0) 2.5 19.9 (15.5) 42.1 (71.4) 2.5 20.9 (2.3) 34.5 (17.6) 2.5 36.2 (32.4) 41.1 (17.2) 2.5 6.3 (23.4) 35.5 (37.8)
221 Forchlorfenuron 2.5 88.2 (4.3) 104.4 (2.7) 2.5 101.9 (3.3) 96.7 (1.9) 2.5 102.2 (3.2) 99.7 (2.2) 2.5 101.3 (3.2) 96.7 (1.9) 2.5 89.4 (1.3) 97.0 (2.1)
222 Fosthiazate 2.5 75.2 (3.8) 105.8 (1.0) 2.5 104.2 (1.0) 88.0 (3.8) 2.5 90.9 (2.6) 102.8 (0.9) 2.5 105.4 (3.8) 104.5 (1.6) 2.5 106.1 (1.4) 99.5 (2.9)
223 Furathiocarb 2.5 102.4 (2.4) 106.1 (3.3) 2.5 94.7 (2.1) 96.1 (4.3) 2.5 101.8 (0.7) 100.8 (0.1) 2.5 80.1 (1.3) 82.1 (2.5) 2.5 84.1 (1.6) 89.6 (2.3)
224 GPTC (isofetamid metabolite) 2.5 94.1 (11.9) 74.4 (7.6) 2.5 87.1 (11.6) 80.6 (11.0) 10.0 87.4 (5.3) 84.4 (2.1) 2.5 87.1 (20.5) 71.5 (19.0) 5.0 76.2 (2.4) 61.7 (20.6)
225 Halfenprox 2.5 91.4 (3.7) 99.0 (1.1) 2.5 92.9 (5.2) 94.2 (1.8) 2.5 86.9 (5.0) 89.4 (12.2) 2.5 88.0 (2.7) 97.0 (4.4) 2.5 40.5 (3.2) 50.3 (3.1)
226 Halosulfuron-methyl 2.5 86.3 (7.8) 93.4 (5.0) 2.5 79.6 (2.5) 91.3 (5.4) 2.5 80.1 (3.3) 93.0 (2.9) 2.5 77.9 (3.4) 90.8 (3.2) 2.5 78.9 (2.5) 96.9 (4.2)
227 Heptenophos 20.0 N.D. 87.4 (1.5) 2.5 92.0 (2.4) 88.1 (4.3) 2.5 82.5 (4.0) 104.5 (1.8) 2.5 91.0 (3.7) 101.6 (2.1) 2.5 83.8 (1.1) 91.3 (1.8)
228 Hexaconazole 2.5 79.6 (6.9) 72.4 (2.9) 2.5 106.8 (2.3) 98.8 (4.7) 2.5 106.9 (0.8) 102.0 (0.6) 2.5 104.2 (1.8) 102.5 (1.7) 2.5 106.2 (3.4) 104.9 (2.5)
229 Hexaflumuron 2.5 90.8 (5.1) 103.8 (2.8) 2.5 109.2 (3.2) 95.1 (3.7) 2.5 102.0 (2.0) 104.7 (1.3) 2.5 103.8 (9.1) 102.8 (0.7) 2.5 96.1 (1.2) 98.6 (3.1)
230 Hexazinone 5.0 103.5 (2.6) 92.5 (1.7) 5.0 101.2 (2.6) 87.9 (5.2) 2.5 109.3 (2.2) 92.4 (0.5) 2.5 109.7 (1.8) 104.0 (1.5) 2.5 101.4 (0.4) 88.6 (1.7)
231 Hexythiazox 2.5 105.7 (0.8) 103.8 (1.6) 2.5 101.5 (2.1) 95.2 (3.1) 2.5 102.2 (2.8) 98.4 (1.6) 2.5 97.1 (3.5) 89.4 (3.1) 5.0 66.0 (1.8) 68.2 (2.2)
232 Imazalil 2.5 99.8 (2.4) 100.5 (1.3) 2.5 106.3 (2.7) 95.6 (5.8) 2.5 105.2 (0.1) 102.1 (1.3) 2.5 95.7 (3.9) 98.0 (0.8) 2.5 74.4 (2.5) 80.8 (4.7)
233 Imazamethabenz-methyl 2.5 98.9 (4.0) 97.1 (1.5) 5.0 110.4 (0.8) 88.8 (4.8) 2.5 99.6 (0.5) 95.4 (1.8) 2.5 126.8 (3.6) 105.7 (1.1) 5.0 110.6 (0.0) 92.6 (3.9)
234 Imazamox 2.5 17.2 (86.7) 18.0 (40.4) 2.5 N.D. 23.3 (105.5) 2.5 3.2 (6.3) 17.7 (28.5) 2.5 9.6 (81.6) 21.6 (44.3) 2.5 N.D. 15.1 (57.4)
235 Imazamox metabolite (M720H001) 2.5 28.6 (16.5) 7.4 (37.7) 2.5 N.D. 12.3 (98.8) 20.0 N.D. 14.4 (17.3) 2.5 22.2 (6.4) 8.4 (42.8) 10.0 52.2 (16.0) 8.0 (24.1)
236 Imazapic 2.5 8.9 (86.8) 15.9 (37.5) 2.5 N.D. 22.6 (105.3) 2.5 N.D. 16.7 (27.4) 2.5 5.1 (86.8) 20.4 (44.3) 5.0 N.D. 10.7 (74.4)
237 Imazaquin 2.5 17.0 (85.6) 16.5 (46.1) 2.5 N.D. 22.7 (115.4) 2.5 N.D. 15.0 (37.3) 2.5 7.8 (86.6) 19.1 (53.5) 2.5 N.D. 13.7 (62.0)
238 Imazethapyr 2.5 8.3 (87.3) 21.2 (27.1) 2.5 0.9 (134.5) 26.1 (100.1) 2.5 N.D. 19.4 (29.1) 2.5 11.3 (64.5) 23.7 (43.4) 2.5 N.D. 11.4 (53.3)
239 Imazosulfuron 2.5 91.8 (22.2) 75.7 (16.9) 2.5 70.9 (2.7) 67.6 (29.7) 5.0 65.2 (2.8) 64.0 (7.4) 2.5 83.0 (12.9) 70.7 (9.9) 2.5 74.9 (5.6) 68.3 (18.8)
240 Imibenconazole 2.5 83.2 (26.0) 89.8 (6.7) 2.5 101.3 (3.6) 93.4 (4.0) 2.5 99.3 (3.0) 99.2 (0.1) 2.5 91.0 (5.6) 91.3 (7.5) 2.5 74.3 (4.9) 77.2 (6.2)
241 Imicyafos 5.0 97.3 (4.3) 95.6 (3.7) 2.5 106.3 (2.3) 86.8 (2.3) 2.5 112.5 (1.4) 90.4 (4.8) 2.5 113.8 (3.8) 105.4 (2.2) 2.5 93.8 (2.9) 100.3 (1.0)
242 Imidacloprid 2.5 96.4 (1.3) 104.6 (0.3) 2.5 107.1 (2.7) 90.9 (3.3) 2.5 108.7 (10.4) 89.0 (8.5) 2.5 100.0 (3.2) 100.9 (1.6) 2.5 93.9 (3.2) 88.6 (4.5)
243 Inabenfide 2.5 86.2 (8.6) 103.6 (4.1) 2.5 97.0 (1.7) 91.2 (8.2) 5.0 95.6 (1.7) 99.0 (3.6) 2.5 100.7 (1.5) 94.7 (3.2) 5.0 95.4 (3.6) 95.9 (2.2)
244 Indanofan 2.5 114.2 (3.0) 97.2 (1.6) 2.5 108.0 (2.2) 88.2 (2.7) 2.5 102.9 (1.8) 100.9 (1.6) 2.5 90.7 (5.4) 105.7 (1.1) 2.5 95.3 (2.6) 83.8 (1.0)
245 Indaziflam 20.0 N.D. 90.2 (2.2) 20.0 N.D. 84.0 (2.0) 20.0 N.D. 104.4 (0.4) 20.0 N.D. 103.4 (0.9) 25.0 N.D. 84.8 (3.9)
246 Indoxacarb 2.5 84.1 (1.7) 106.0 (1.1) 2.5 100.6 (3.1) 96.9 (4.4) 2.5 105.4 (1.7) 101.3 (0.2) 2.5 110.9 (5.2) 100.1 (2.7) 2.5 108.3 (0.9) 107.6 (2.0)
247 Ipconazole 2.5 88.1 (1.6) 104.4 (2.8) 2.5 102.9 (2.4) 95.5 (5.2) 2.5 105.3 (2.0) 99.4 (0.6) 2.5 101.1 (2.4) 94.3 (2.9) 2.5 92.0 (2.8) 91.5 (0.9)
248 Ipfencarbazone 2.5 80.4 (3.3) 90.9 (1.4) 5.0 99.5 (2.3) 89.4 (4.2) 2.5 79.3 (2.0) 102.6 (1.1) 2.5 83.1 (1.8) 89.3 (2.6) 2.5 100.6 (2.7) 89.6 (1.0)
249 Iprobenfos 5.0 79.7 (6.8) 96.0 (1.3) 5.0 105.3 (1.7) 89.0 (5.0) 2.5 88.6 (3.3) 90.7 (1.3) 2.5 97.8 (2.1) 108.0 (2.6) 5.0 107.1 (4.3) 93.8 (2.3)
250 Iprovalicarb 2.5 121.4 (3.5) 108.6 (2.8) 2.5 109.3 (2.4) 88.9 (28.1) 2.5 110.7 (2.0) 104.1 (0.4) 2.5 115.9 (3.0) 104.1 (1.6) 2.5 111.0 (2.8) 110.1 (0.9)
251 Isazofos 2.5 90.7 (5.2) 95.9 (3.3) 2.5 104.0 (1.4) 84.5 (3.1) 2.5 83.7 (1.5) 91.9 (0.7) 2.5 80.9 (1.8) 97.5 (2.9) 2.5 104.5 (1.7) 105.0 (2.3)
252 Isofenphos 2.5 105.0 (6.4) 103.6 (2.2) 2.5 107.9 (1.4) 97.2 (6.8) 2.5 86.0 (4.9) 99.7 (1.6) 2.5 107.6 (5.8) 97.0 (3.0) 2.5 84.6 (3.1) 82.8 (6.4)
253 Isofenphos-methyl 2.5 104.9 (6.9) 103.6 (2.2) 2.5 95.5 (6.0) 94.8 (7.4) 5.0 92.9 (6.7) 100.9 (0.5) 2.5 86.5 (6.9) 92.8 (3.5) 2.5 50.6 (12.4) 64.8 (6.5)
254 Isoprocarb 2.5 116.4 (5.4) 108.6 (1.3) 2.5 106.1 (2.7) 97.1 (3.7) 5.0 72.6 (3.9) 105.1 (0.5) 2.5 107.8 (8.5) 101.4 (1.6) 2.5 106.8 (2.4) 106.4 (2.3)
255 Isopropalin 2.5 110.5 (2.6) 104.0 (1.2) 2.5 106.3 (1.5) 92.1 (2.3) 2.5 95.8 (1.9) 100.3 (1.2) 2.5 106.3 (12.7) 92.3 (1.8) 2.5 72.2 (3.4) 74.2 (1.6)
256 Isoprothiolane 2.5 101.3 (9.7) 95.5 (1.4) 2.5 89.8 (4.4) 87.4 (5.3) 2.5 95.2 (2.1) 104.9 (2.7) 2.5 100.2 (4.1) 89.9 (2.1) 5.0 110.4 (2.1) 87.6 (2.0)
257 Isoproturon 2.5 82.3 (8.8) 101.9 (2.9) 2.5 107.9 (3.0) 86.5 (3.0) 2.5 102.1 (1.9) 95.9 (2.2) 2.5 109.5 (2.3) 104.5 (1.0) 2.5 103.1 (0.7) 90.4 (3.0)
258 Isopyrazam 20.0 N.D. 79.8 (0.6) 2.5 105.3 (3.8) 88.5 (5.8) 2.5 87.0 (7.9) 91.9 (1.1) 2.5 97.3 (1.8) 101.3 (2.8) 5.0 136.8 (1.0) 95.3 (2.0)
259 Isotianil 2.5 104.7 (2.8) 96.3 (0.9) 2.5 89.4 (7.6) 88.0 (5.4) 20.0 N.D. 101.6 (3.9) 2.5 99.3 (12.7) 84.7 (4.0) 2.5 96.7 (2.4) 95.6 (3.0)
260 Isouron 2.5 100.7 (5.3) 94.5 (1.3) 2.5 94.5 (3.5) 97.7 (7.6) 5.0 97.5 (0.8) 91.6 (1.4) 2.5 94.5 (4.9) 108.7 (1.7) 2.5 107.5 (0.8) 98.9 (5.1)
261 Isoxaben 2.5 79.8 (1.5) 104.1 (0.7) 2.5 103.9 (2.3) 86.1 (3.7) 2.5 95.8 (1.4) 99.1 (0.8) 2.5 89.3 (4.0) 106.0 (1.6) 5.0 100.4 (1.0) 93.4 (2.3)
262 Isoxadifen 2.5 43.5 (44.3) 28.1 (44.6) 2.5 23.2 (7.3) 32.7 (98.3) 10.0 32.8 (1.7) 26.0 (27.1) 2.5 N.D. 26.4 (45.9) 5.0 34.9 (14.6) 20.5 (49.6)
263 Isoxadifen-ethyl 5.0 91.7 (3.6) 90.6 (1.0) 2.5 86.1 (3.2) 85.3 (4.4) 2.5 73.3 (2.7) 88.7 (2.5) 2.5 77.2 (4.0) 85.8 (5.3) 2.5 105.8 (2.4) 89.1 (1.3)
264 Isoxathion 2.5 105.3 (10.7) 102.5 (3.5) 2.5 106.7 (3.1) 86.2 (3.9) 2.5 102.6 (1.6) 103.8 (0.9) 2.5 102.0 (1.4) 94.4 (2.7) 2.5 82.6 (2.7) 91.7 (4.4)
265 Ivermectin B1a 2.5 106.6 (2.4) 111.6 (1.3) 5.0 110.7 (4.7) 98.8 (4.2) 5.0 111.8 (4.7) 104.5 (2.3) 10.0 131.7 (9.1) 102.3 (1.9) 25.0 N.D. 96.0 (2.9)
266 Kresoxim-methyl 2.5 105.3 (3.1) 92.9 (1.8) 2.5 89.5 (5.4) 87.5 (5.9) 2.5 94.0 (1.8) 90.7 (1.7) 2.5 101.0 (0.2) 84.3 (4.4) 2.5 82.9 (5.0) 73.6 (2.8)
267 Lancotrione 2.5 39.7 (86.9) 29.9 (54.4) 2.5 3.3 (99.3) 38.5 (124.0) 10.0 N.D. 26.3 (26.9) 2.5 30.1 (78.2) 44.0 (40.8) 2.5 N.D. 26.5 (70.8)
268 Lenacil 2.5 116.2 (4.9) 106.1 (2.4) 2.5 108.8 (6.5) 88.8 (2.8) 5.0 85.3 (20.7) 100.6 (8.2) 2.5 101.1 (4.6) 100.3 (2.9) 2.5 101.2 (2.6) 104.7 (1.7)
269 Leptophos 2.5 86.0 (5.6) 99.0 (4.3) 5.0 100.1 (9.8) 95.6 (1.7) 20.0 N.D. 105.3 (8.5) 20.0 N.D. 79.1 (12.0) 10.0 43.1 (4.5) 57.3 (2.9)
270 Linuron 2.5 82.6 (9.3) 102.7 (1.3) 2.5 105.3 (1.4) 83.0 (16.0) 2.5 96.3 (2.8) 102.3 (0.6) 2.5 95.2 (2.8) 104.0 (1.8) 2.5 100.0 (1.3) 99.2 (4.1)
271 Lufenuron 2.5 82.6 (26.5) 91.7 (5.4) 2.5 108.4 (3.0) 91.7 (2.2) 2.5 105.9 (2.6) 106.6 (2.2) 2.5 96.4 (18.4) 96.1 (6.7) 2.5 72.4 (4.6) 88.8 (5.9)
272 Malaoxon 2.5 83.3 (4.2) 93.9 (1.6) 2.5 107.3 (1.7) 88.7 (2.8) 2.5 95.6 (2.7) 104.8 (1.3) 2.5 93.8 (5.2) 94.4 (1.2) 2.5 101.1 (0.8) 98.3 (3.4)
273 Malathion 2.5 105.8 (5.5) 91.2 (1.7) 2.5 105.6 (2.3) 85.0 (4.1) 2.5 108.4 (0.7) 93.9 (1.5) 2.5 107.0 (2.1) 95.9 (2.9) 2.5 105.8 (1.5) 91.2 (2.7)
274 Mandestrobin 2.5 88.4 (6.9) 104.2 (1.3) 2.5 108.2 (1.1) 98.6 (5.0) 2.5 107.3 (1.5) 101.7 (2.7) 2.5 96.7 (4.4) 103.1 (4.2) 2.5 102.3 (1.6) 103.4 (1.3)
275 Mandipropamid 2.5 86.7 (3.8) 88.1 (3.7) 2.5 105.0 (0.9) 90.0 (1.9) 2.5 92.0 (1.8) 105.0 (1.8) 2.5 107.0 (2.1) 96.5 (2.2) 5.0 109.2 (0.3) 100.5 (1.0)
276 Mecarbam 2.5 86.9 (4.6) 106.4 (0.8) 2.5 106.4 (2.3) 97.6 (4.1) 2.5 85.9 (4.0) 86.9 (0.4) 2.5 89.2 (3.6) 104.9 (0.9) 2.5 103.4 (1.9) 103.7 (3.3)
277 Mefenacet 2.5 98.8 (5.9) 105.7 (1.4) 2.5 105.5 (1.1) 84.8 (5.6) 2.5 109.8 (1.2) 101.1 (1.3) 2.5 88.3 (7.1) 105.8 (1.7) 2.5 100.6 (1.2) 102.2 (0.6)
278 Mefenpyr-diethyl 2.5 92.5 (4.2) 107.0 (2.7) 5.0 83.3 (2.1) 94.7 (6.5) 2.5 91.9 (2.5) 101.1 (0.8) 2.5 94.2 (2.4) 99.5 (2.5) 2.5 103.1 (3.6) 97.7 (3.0)
279 Mefentrifluconazole 2.5 106.8 (2.6) 102.2 (1.1) 2.5 105.0 (2.8) 97.3 (4.6) 2.5 105.2 (3.3) 103.7 (0.4) 2.5 102.2 (2.4) 100.8 (2.8) 2.5 105.7 (0.4) 105.8 (1.6)
280 Mepanipyrim 2.5 102.3 (5.2) 93.2 (2.8) 2.5 103.2 (2.1) 85.1 (4.7) 2.5 73.5 (2.2) 88.6 (1.1) 2.5 106.7 (3.7) 90.8 (0.9) 2.5 84.1 (2.0) 75.5 (1.3)
281 Mephosfolan 2.5 90.3 (4.6) 102.5 (2.5) 2.5 105.4 (2.5) 86.9 (4.7) 2.5 96.0 (2.6) 104.7 (1.4) 2.5 92.4 (2.7) 107.3 (0.6) 2.5 107.5 (0.6) 106.7 (3.2)
282 Mepronil 5.0 104.3 (5.3) 95.0 (1.2) 5.0 98.5 (0.3) 86.7 (2.6) 2.5 83.3 (2.1) 89.8 (0.7) 2.5 113.3 (4.0) 92.0 (3.6) 2.5 101.6 (1.5) 85.7 (3.2)
283 Mesosulfuron-methyl 2.5 75.1 (26.4) 70.2 (18.7) 2.5 55.2 (10.4) 68.1 (29.8) 5.0 59.1 (4.6) 63.8 (7.8) 2.5 82.3 (18.8) 76.1 (7.9) 2.5 62.5 (7.5) 67.3 (18.1)
284 Mesotrione 2.5 N.D. 31.4 (38.2) 2.5 7.8 (21.5) 40.4 (95.3) 5.0 20.9 (14.9) 33.2 (17.4) 2.5 32.9 (28.4) 45.2 (33.2) 5.0 23.7 (2.0) 26.5 (46.7)
285 Metaflumizone 2.5 95.6 (0.5) 98.4 (1.5) 2.5 96.5 (2.1) 94.2 (4.1) 2.5 93.5 (1.1) 97.4 (0.6) 2.5 93.5 (3.4) 95.9 (3.8) 2.5 97.6 (1.3) 100.6 (1.2)
286 Metamifop 2.5 74.2 (3.7) 104.9 (1.3) 2.5 103.5 (2.4) 98.1 (4.5) 2.5 94.5 (1.6) 96.1 (0.6) 2.5 104.7 (2.3) 102.9 (2.1) 2.5 94.1 (1.3) 101.4 (2.5)
287 Metamitron 5.0 99.7 (2.8) 91.3 (2.2) 2.5 107.6 (2.4) 88.3 (11.0) 2.5 86.2 (2.9) 86.0 (4.4) 2.5 100.4 (3.9) 91.3 (2.8) 2.5 80.0 (0.7) 77.1 (5.7)
288 Metazosulfuron 2.5 97.1 (16.0) 89.4 (11.3) 2.5 107.1 (5.2) 81.5 (9.7) 2.5 88.6 (4.6) 83.9 (4.0) 2.5 112.2 (9.4) 81.1 (4.6) 2.5 114.5 (4.5) 87.4 (8.5)
289 Metconazole 2.5 87.9 (3.3) 106.4 (1.4) 2.5 105.9 (3.0) 95.9 (3.1) 2.5 108.7 (0.6) 101.1 (0.3) 2.5 103.3 (3.0) 104.3 (2.7) 2.5 101.1 (2.5) 104.6 (0.9)
290 Methabenzthiazuron 5.0 101.8 (4.9) 92.8 (1.6) 2.5 107.6 (1.8) 86.0 (3.3) 2.5 96.0 (2.3) 88.1 (0.7) 2.5 102.0 (4.4) 90.7 (0.9) 2.5 101.5 (2.0) 102.0 (2.1)
291 Methacrifos 2.5 95.9 (3.6) 106.5 (2.7) 5.0 116.4 (4.6) 77.9 (41.7) 10.0 107.6 (7.1) 101.9 (3.9) 2.5 118.1 (4.6) 105.6 (1.7) 5.0 116.7 (1.3) 95.2 (2.4)
292 Methidathion 5.0 91.1 (5.2) 95.5 (1.7) 2.5 107.4 (3.3) 72.5 (37.3) 2.5 111.2 (4.3) 104.9 (1.6) 2.5 89.1 (3.8) 92.0 (1.3) 5.0 109.1 (2.8) 87.6 (2.6)
293 Methiocarb 2.5 107.3 (3.0) 103.5 (3.1) 2.5 101.0 (3.0) 86.9 (21.1) 2.5 104.7 (16.6) 98.2 (4.4) 2.5 108.0 (5.3) 106.3 (2.1) 2.5 96.3 (2.6) 96.2 (3.6)
294 Methoprotryn 2.5 94.7 (3.3) 94.7 (2.9) 2.5 91.0 (2.8) 86.9 (28.5) 5.0 101.2 (1.5) 94.5 (1.4) 2.5 99.7 (3.3) 102.0 (0.6) 2.5 110.9 (2.0) 89.2 (3.1)
295 Methoxyfenozide 2.5 89.3 (5.5) 91.6 (0.6) 2.5 103.8 (3.3) 85.8 (4.2) 2.5 104.8 (1.2) 93.2 (1.2) 2.5 95.3 (4.1) 96.0 (2.6) 2.5 106.8 (1.3) 94.6 (2.9)
296 Metolachlor 2.5 97.2 (5.0) 104.8 (2.2) 2.5 89.8 (2.4) 98.0 (3.8) 2.5 96.5 (0.8) 100.4 (2.5) 2.5 94.8 (5.1) 99.6 (2.2) 2.5 108.1 (1.7) 93.2 (2.9)
297 Metolcarb 2.5 109.6 (8.0) 104.4 (0.4) 2.5 102.5 (1.2) 99.4 (3.4) 10.0 81.6 (8.2) 105.5 (2.1) 2.5 100.4 (1.8) 102.8 (3.1) 2.5 81.3 (1.0) 105.8 (3.2)
298 Metominostrobin 2.5 75.6 (6.7) 92.0 (1.2) 2.5 108.5 (3.0) 86.9 (4.9) 2.5 90.2 (1.6) 93.2 (1.0) 2.5 85.7 (5.1) 95.4 (2.2) 2.5 104.3 (0.8) 92.9 (1.7)
299 Metosulam 2.5 51.9 (39.6) 55.0 (26.9) 2.5 29.1 (5.5) 58.2 (55.9) 2.5 36.4 (4.2) 53.5 (12.5) 2.5 51.2 (30.5) 59.7 (15.1) 2.5 31.9 (13.1) 65.1 (31.4)
300 Metrafenone 2.5 105.1 (0.4) 103.8 (1.6) 2.5 100.1 (4.3) 97.8 (5.0) 2.5 106.0 (0.7) 101.6 (1.6) 2.5 97.3 (3.0) 99.7 (3.4) 2.5 85.6 (1.9) 90.2 (1.6)
301 Metribuzin 2.5 111.4 (6.0) 93.5 (2.2) 2.5 92.0 (4.2) 89.0 (5.6) 5.0 77.5 (3.3) 90.7 (1.5) 2.5 91.5 (6.1) 93.2 (0.8) 2.5 81.8 (2.0) 73.7 (4.1)
302 Mevinphos 2.5 100.1 (8.6) 97.6 (4.2) 2.5 103.7 (1.0) 98.3 (6.0) 2.5 91.6 (1.9) 102.7 (2.4) 2.5 76.8 (4.3) 102.0 (2.0) 2.5 48.7 (4.6) 101.2 (3.1)
303 MGK-264 2.5 115.9 (6.1) 94.9 (1.7) 2.5 80.7 (7.4) 99.0 (3.9) 2.5 100.8 (1.3) 104.0 (0.9) 2.5 102.0 (2.1) 96.7 (3.0) 2.5 97.8 (3.0) 88.3 (2.9)
304 Milbemectin A4 5.0 83.8 (18.4) 101.1 (5.8) 5.0 88.5 (17.9) 96.5 (7.4) 20.0 N.D. 93.4 (5.7) 5.0 95.8 (5.9) 96.2 (3.4) 25.0 N.D. 87.1 (5.2)
305 Molinate 2.5 101.5 (5.2) 109.5 (1.4) 2.5 98.3 (1.4) 97.3 (2.7) 2.5 102.4 (0.6) 99.9 (0.7) 2.5 98.9 (0.6) 96.7 (2.0) 2.5 80.9 (2.0) 84.8 (4.9)
306 Monocrotophos 2.5 106.9 (8.3) 89.0 (30.3) 2.5 110.7 (1.7) 95.9 (7.3) 2.5 102.6 (22.9) 92.8 (3.8) 2.5 101.7 (9.9) 104.9 (8.3) 2.5 84.7 (1.5) 74.3 (31.0)
307 Monolinuron 5.0 85.8 (4.3) 97.5 (1.8) 5.0 94.0 (1.8) 89.4 (5.1) 2.5 98.9 (2.5) 93.1 (1.3) 2.5 106.1 (6.2) 92.4 (1.3) 5.0 121.7 (1.7) 95.9 (2.3)
308 Myclobutanil 5.0 97.8 (1.7) 100.1 (2.3) 5.0 106.3 (3.5) 96.7 (5.0) 2.5 101.5 (3.5) 95.4 (0.0) 2.5 89.9 (5.2) 86.5 (1.1) 5.0 116.8 (2.4) 95.0 (1.0)
309 Naftalofos 2.5 100.4 (3.5) 105.8 (0.7) 2.5 86.3 (1.9) 98.5 (5.1) 2.5 101.3 (1.8) 94.3 (1.5) 2.5 96.9 (2.1) 104.0 (1.6) 25.0 N.D. 101.7 (3.6)
310 Napropamide 5.0 104.6 (4.2) 93.4 (3.1) 2.5 105.1 (2.5) 86.2 (3.3) 2.5 89.9 (0.9) 102.5 (2.2) 2.5 105.3 (2.1) 95.7 (2.3) 2.5 106.4 (2.3) 105.0 (1.2)
311 Neburon 5.0 106.6 (2.4) 92.3 (2.7) 5.0 96.0 (3.4) 86.6 (4.5) 5.0 104.0 (3.2) 90.8 (1.2) 5.0 101.4 (2.2) 92.6 (2.7) 5.0 81.7 (2.7) 87.4 (3.0)
312 Nicosulfuron 2.5 44.5 (28.7) 40.6 (21.7) 2.5 30.1 (5.8) 44.3 (47.7) 5.0 39.1 (5.4) 38.4 (12.2) 2.5 48.2 (16.9) 46.1 (16.9) 5.0 23.2 (14.7) 36.5 (34.1)
313 Nitenpyram 2.5 88.2 (5.1) 89.7 (2.1) 2.5 101.9 (3.8) 98.2 (2.0) 2.5 102.9 (2.2) 94.0 (4.0) 2.5 102.2 (2.9) 87.2 (2.7) 2.5 56.0 (1.9) 45.7 (40.1)
314 Norea (noruron) 2.5 104.5 (4.2) 91.2 (3.9) 2.5 101.8 (3.0) 87.1 (15.9) 2.5 88.7 (1.1) 101.4 (1.7) 2.5 109.7 (5.7) 100.6 (2.2) 2.5 96.4 (2.4) 98.5 (3.3)
315 Norflurazon 2.5 87.6 (4.4) 90.5 (1.6) 2.5 106.6 (1.6) 99.9 (4.6) 2.5 99.6 (2.1) 95.0 (1.6) 2.5 108.1 (4.0) 93.8 (2.6) 2.5 100.3 (0.4) 92.0 (1.6)
316 Novaluron 2.5 103.9 (1.5) 102.7 (3.7) 2.5 100.5 (2.7) 93.0 (13.0) 2.5 95.3 (2.4) 100.1 (1.4) 2.5 95.8 (4.6) 100.2 (3.2) 2.5 96.3 (1.3) 104.0 (3.0)
317 Nuarimol 2.5 108.2 (5.8) 106.7 (3.1) 2.5 90.9 (2.1) 98.9 (3.0) 2.5 99.3 (0.3) 99.7 (2.4) 2.5 113.2 (0.1) 97.0 (2.8) 5.0 114.5 (2.3) 98.0 (3.6)
318 Ofurace 5.0 105.5 (4.3) 93.3 (1.6) 5.0 101.2 (2.0) 89.0 (4.3) 2.5 97.8 (1.3) 93.6 (1.1) 5.0 105.8 (3.4) 94.2 (0.9) 2.5 102.7 (0.9) 90.7 (3.0)
319 Omethoate 2.5 92.8 (18.0) 73.9 (1.0) 5.0 102.8 (10.0) 94.6 (11.3) 2.5 107.8 (16.2) 75.2 (3.9) 2.5 88.0 (22.9) 87.1 (18.6) 5.0 60.1 (2.0) 77.4 (10.0)
320 Orthosulfamuron 2.5 80.5 (15.6) 77.4 (12.6) 2.5 65.3 (5.9) 77.7 (17.8) 2.5 64.6 (1.8) 75.9 (8.1) 2.5 82.2 (9.0) 80.5 (3.5) 2.5 61.8 (5.1) 77.9 (11.8)
321 Orysastrobin 2.5 105.2 (6.7) 103.6 (1.4) 2.5 99.2 (2.6) 95.6 (5.3) 2.5 105.4 (0.4) 105.4 (2.1) 2.5 86.4 (4.2) 89.3 (2.9) 2.5 100.3 (1.3) 97.8 (2.6)
322 Orysastrobin metabolite (F001) 2.5 93.7 (3.9) 105.0 (2.3) 2.5 103.2 (2.2) 98.1 (3.1) 2.5 90.4 (2.8) 92.0 (0.8) 2.5 106.6 (2.9) 106.5 (2.3) 2.5 107.2 (1.7) 111.4 (0.5)
323 Oryzalin 2.5 112.0 (4.2) 103.7 (4.8) 2.5 109.2 (2.9) 105.4 (3.2) 2.5 106.0 (1.2) 102.8 (1.2) 2.5 115.1 (2.3) 108.4 (2.7) 2.5 116.5 (1.5) 114.3 (2.8)
324 Oxadiargyl 2.5 88.8 (2.6) 95.9 (1.1) 2.5 105.6 (2.5) 100.9 (4.0) 2.5 89.8 (0.6) 91.4 (0.3) 2.5 92.3 (1.3) 85.4 (3.6) 2.5 101.2 (2.3) 95.4 (1.4)
325 Oxadiazon 2.5 104.4 (3.2) 95.9 (1.4) 2.5 97.2 (3.6) 99.8 (2.5) 2.5 86.0 (1.9) 106.9 (0.5) 2.5 92.7 (2.9) 97.5 (3.6) 2.5 91.6 (3.6) 87.0 (2.8)
326 Oxadixyl 2.5 91.4 (1.8) 107.3 (0.6) 5.0 106.6 (0.7) 91.1 (4.5) 2.5 96.4 (1.7) 105.6 (2.0) 2.5 85.1 (2.2) 105.4 (2.6) 2.5 104.5 (0.5) 97.3 (2.2)
327 Oxathiapiprolin 2.5 87.2 (5.2) 107.2 (4.2) 2.5 95.9 (1.1) 100.9 (4.7) 2.5 105.6 (2.7) 99.7 (1.6) 2.5 104.9 (1.7) 106.7 (3.4) 2.5 107.7 (1.9) 106.1 (4.2)
328 Oxaziclomefone 2.5 82.7 (3.4) 105.7 (0.8) 2.5 104.7 (2.7) 97.7 (4.8) 2.5 102.1 (1.5) 100.4 (0.5) 2.5 102.8 (2.1) 99.2 (2.2) 2.5 77.4 (1.3) 87.3 (3.5)
329 Oxycarboxin 2.5 106.5 (3.3) 103.1 (2.0) 2.5 103.4 (1.4) 102.7 (2.6) 2.5 104.7 (0.4) 93.4 (2.0) 2.5 103.6 (2.0) 94.4 (2.3) 5.0 103.4 (2.6) 106.5 (1.5)
330 Oxydemeton-methyl 2.5 97.5 (11.4) 81.7 (1.0) 2.5 100.9 (12.4) 98.8 (13.4) 2.5 85.7 (3.2) 98.5 (3.1) 2.5 108.5 (10.7) 100.8 (12.3) 5.0 73.3 (1.5) 78.7 (4.1)
331 Oxyfluorfen 5.0 110.4 (3.8) 96.5 (1.7) 5.0 121.7 (8.9) 89.2 (4.4) 10.0 77.2 (7.2) 96.6 (10.7) 2.5 113.8 (6.5) 97.1 (1.2) 5.0 86.4 (6.4) 93.2 (4.7)
332 Paclobutrazol 2.5 110.5 (1.6) 95.7 (0.9) 2.5 94.7 (4.9) 88.7 (4.0) 2.5 91.6 (3.8) 104.7 (2.7) 2.5 95.3 (2.9) 91.6 (2.2) 2.5 107.7 (1.1) 89.9 (2.6)
333 Parathion 2.5 105.4 (5.4) 90.1 (2.7) 2.5 101.7 (5.1) 93.1 (7.7) 10.0 87.4 (9.6) 76.0 (7.0) 20.0 N.D. 90.1 (7.7) 5.0 66.1 (11.4) 72.3 (3.8)
334 Parathion-methyl 2.5 87.6 (3.8) 98.0 (1.7) 2.5 91.7 (6.5) 87.9 (3.9) 5.0 79.6 (4.9) 98.8 (1.9) 2.5 105.6 (2.3) 108.4 (2.7) 2.5 59.7 (7.6) 77.6 (3.8)
335 Pebulate 2.5 98.8 (2.8) 103.1 (1.2) 2.5 96.0 (1.7) 95.6 (3.9) 2.5 99.2 (1.0) 100.7 (0.6) 2.5 96.1 (1.9) 95.1 (2.2) 2.5 71.1 (1.1) 77.0 (2.0)
336 Penconazole 2.5 99.4 (0.5) 95.6 (1.7) 2.5 105.4 (3.7) 87.9 (5.1) 2.5 88.0 (5.1) 89.3 (2.1) 2.5 81.5 (5.3) 94.1 (3.2) 2.5 84.9 (4.9) 78.3 (1.4)
337 Pencycuron 2.5 90.5 (2.8) 106.4 (0.9) 2.5 101.8 (5.0) 96.6 (5.0) 2.5 94.8 (0.7) 102.6 (2.3) 2.5 102.3 (0.4) 99.7 (2.7) 2.5 83.8 (1.1) 92.2 (0.6)
338 Pendimethalin 2.5 113.0 (3.0) 106.9 (1.0) 2.5 109.7 (3.5) 94.8 (1.6) 5.0 89.2 (0.3) 95.7 (1.4) 2.5 106.2 (4.0) 91.3 (2.7) 2.5 74.2 (2.6) 74.9 (1.3)
339 Penflufen 2.5 98.9 (4.1) 92.3 (1.0) 5.0 87.5 (3.3) 88.8 (4.7) 2.5 84.3 (1.9) 90.1 (3.1) 2.5 101.3 (3.8) 92.0 (5.6) 2.5 113.7 (1.8) 87.7 (2.5)
340 Penoxsulam 2.5 78.6 (25.9) 75.5 (16.7) 2.5 56.0 (6.9) 76.2 (38.4) 5.0 60.9 (2.9) 73.8 (6.7) 2.5 76.1 (19.0) 82.3 (9.2) 2.5 72.9 (8.6) 106.1 (14.1)
341 Penthiopyrad 5.0 102.0 (1.7) 93.0 (2.0) 5.0 80.6 (6.0) 86.8 (5.2) 2.5 88.0 (8.3) 89.4 (1.4) 2.5 90.6 (5.2) 88.6 (2.8) 2.5 102.0 (4.5) 79.2 (2.5)
342 Pentoxazone 2.5 125.4 (1.6) 112.1 (2.5) 2.5 123.3 (9.7) 100.2 (1.5) 20.0 N.D. 99.6 (2.7) 2.5 107.6 (2.7) 97.7 (5.5) 5.0 78.9 (5.7) 89.7 (4.6)
343 Permethrin 2.5 101.3 (2.9) 103.9 (1.8) 5.0 104.2 (6.8) 98.7 (4.1) 2.5 99.9 (3.4) 95.6 (0.5) 5.0 94.5 (19.7) 92.7 (4.9) 2.5 52.4 (0.6) 58.6 (2.7)
344 Phenothrin 2.5 81.9 (4.5) 102.7 (1.3) 2.5 98.5 (3.5) 96.0 (1.7) 2.5 95.4 (2.5) 100.8 (0.3) 2.5 96.1 (16.1) 96.0 (4.4) 2.5 45.8 (3.8) 59.4 (3.0)
345 Phenthoate 5.0 89.7 (5.9) 92.8 (1.4) 5.0 76.8 (2.7) 88.8 (4.8) 2.5 89.1 (1.2) 89.5 (0.9) 2.5 89.7 (2.6) 89.3 (3.0) 2.5 100.4 (3.0) 79.8 (1.9)
346 Phorate oxon 5.0 102.3 (2.3) 92.4 (1.5) 5.0 101.3 (3.0) 69.9 (41.5) 2.5 93.4 (3.9) 93.2 (1.5) 2.5 108.9 (3.5) 95.3 (1.0) 5.0 92.0 (2.8) 93.0 (3.2)
347 Phorate oxon sulfone 5.0 99.9 (3.4) 94.9 (2.3) 2.5 105.5 (2.5) 99.9 (6.4) 2.5 102.5 (0.8) 96.6 (1.4) 20.0 N.D. 100.6 (0.5) 2.5 90.2 (1.2) 97.0 (3.0)
348 Phorate oxon sulfoxide 5.0 71.2 (5.8) 90.7 (6.1) 2.5 103.4 (2.1) 96.8 (7.9) 2.5 91.5 (1.5) 91.0 (4.8) 5.0 97.5 (17.2) 102.9 (5.0) 2.5 115.8 (1.4) 116.8 (18.4)
349 Phorate sulfone 5.0 104.5 (1.6) 94.7 (1.0) 2.5 101.4 (2.1) 89.9 (2.7) 2.5 103.4 (3.2) 95.8 (3.1) 2.5 108.8 (3.9) 96.1 (3.3) 2.5 104.5 (0.6) 98.0 (0.5)
350 Phorate sulfoxide 5.0 87.0 (7.6) 95.0 (1.8) 2.5 103.8 (2.5) 88.3 (3.7) 2.5 100.9 (1.5) 83.5 (0.5) 2.5 92.2 (5.3) 99.4 (1.6) 2.5 105.0 (1.9) 97.0 (2.4)
351 Phosalone 2.5 85.4 (3.4) 95.2 (0.9) 5.0 90.8 (3.6) 92.5 (5.9) 5.0 101.8 (1.5) 92.8 (1.5) 2.5 99.1 (4.9) 90.4 (3.7) 2.5 103.8 (3.6) 91.1 (5.8)
352 Phosfolan 2.5 99.0 (13.3) 86.3 (4.5) 2.5 106.6 (1.9) 95.7 (4.7) 2.5 98.1 (2.2) 106.4 (1.9) 2.5 90.2 (2.7) 104.1 (1.7) 2.5 95.2 (0.3) 92.3 (2.5)
353 Phosmet 20.0 N.D. 93.4 (1.5) 20.0 N.D. 93.0 (2.5) 20.0 N.D. 103.0 (2.1) 20.0 N.D. 85.9 (1.8) 25.0 N.D. 97.4 (1.6)
354 Phosphamidon 2.5 101.1 (3.4) 98.4 (0.5) 5.0 97.0 (3.1) 91.8 (4.7) 5.0 109.4 (1.6) 92.6 (1.6) 2.5 104.7 (1.5) 105.9 (3.6) 5.0 113.8 (0.7) 98.7 (2.4)
355 Phoxim 2.5 103.8 (10.0) 102.4 (2.8) 2.5 104.2 (1.9) 99.2 (6.3) 2.5 106.6 (1.0) 103.6 (1.1) 2.5 86.2 (4.8) 103.6 (1.5) 2.5 86.0 (3.3) 96.3 (2.8)
356 Picarbutrazox 2.5 108.4 (2.1) 102.8 (3.7) 2.5 98.1 (2.7) 96.5 (6.4) 2.5 103.0 (1.5) 104.1 (0.4) 2.5 103.3 (2.1) 101.9 (0.1) 2.5 99.0 (1.3) 106.0 (1.6)
357 Picolinafen 2.5 92.2 (5.4) 84.6 (2.4) 2.5 104.9 (3.7) 86.9 (5.3) 2.5 106.3 (0.7) 93.5 (1.8) 2.5 101.6 (2.0) 100.4 (1.7) 2.5 68.7 (1.8) 81.4 (6.1)
358 Picoxystrobin 5.0 104.9 (3.0) 98.0 (2.0) 2.5 99.2 (1.6) 98.7 (3.3) 2.5 87.5 (3.4) 101.3 (1.6) 2.5 95.7 (2.6) 101.2 (2.0) 2.5 111.1 (1.9) 92.7 (1.8)
359 Pinoxaden 20.0 N.D. 90.0 (1.4) 2.5 97.7 (1.5) 87.6 (7.0) 2.5 94.2 (1.2) 99.0 (1.6) 2.5 15.8 (10.2) 21.0 (9.4) 2.5 19.5 (3.1) 24.7 (2.3)
360 Pinoxaden metabolite (SYN 505164) 2.5 114.8 (1.5) 103.6 (1.0) 2.5 109.5 (2.0) 98.1 (3.0) 5.0 110.3 (1.4) 98.8 (0.8) 2.5 111.4 (2.6) 106.0 (1.3) 2.5 110.1 (1.4) 108.2 (1.9)
361 Piperonyl butoxide 2.5 116.3 (3.7) 97.8 (1.9) 2.5 114.0 (3.8) 95.8 (2.7) 2.5 118.9 (0.7) 100.5 (0.7) 2.5 112.6 (3.2) 96.2 (2.7) 2.5 85.2 (4.0) 79.6 (3.3)
362 Piperophos 2.5 84.1 (4.6) 104.6 (2.3) 2.5 102.0 (4.2) 94.6 (6.0) 2.5 106.9 (3.1) 101.7 (0.9) 2.5 91.8 (4.0) 102.1 (2.7) 2.5 89.4 (1.5) 97.1 (2.9)
363 Pirimicarb 2.5 105.6 (3.6) 107.2 (2.0) 2.5 94.3 (1.8) 99.2 (7.0) 2.5 79.1 (2.2) 103.2 (0.5) 2.5 84.6 (4.1) 103.1 (1.7) 2.5 106.6 (0.3) 90.2 (3.0)
364 Pirimiphos-ethyl 2.5 99.6 (20.5) 91.0 (9.6) 2.5 92.5 (6.4) 92.8 (5.9) 2.5 89.5 (1.3) 100.3 (1.1) 2.5 89.7 (10.7) 87.2 (8.9) 2.5 65.2 (4.2) 57.9 (9.8)
365 Pirimiphos-methyl 2.5 102.4 (6.4) 103.2 (1.1) 2.5 78.0 (3.6) 97.9 (7.1) 2.5 93.4 (1.4) 101.8 (2.8) 2.5 94.8 (1.8) 96.6 (2.2) 2.5 84.4 (1.5) 79.0 (4.9)
366 Pretilachlor 2.5 106.9 (2.5) 108.3 (1.4) 2.5 102.9 (3.8) 93.8 (10.9) 2.5 105.7 (2.3) 101.2 (0.4) 2.5 100.3 (1.9) 98.1 (2.7) 2.5 80.3 (3.3) 84.3 (3.5)
367 Probenazole 2.5 49.3 (35.2) 57.4 (17.3) 2.5 42.2 (4.7) 52.3 (69.0) 5.0 42.1 (3.3) 73.5 (4.6) 2.5 55.7 (15.5) 16.5 (68.8) 2.5 24.1 (22.0) 47.1 (12.7)
368 Prochloraz metabolite (BTS 44595) 2.5 112.8 (2.3) 95.5 (1.5) 2.5 107.0 (1.8) 101.5 (3.4) 2.5 81.6 (8.1) 102.1 (1.7) 2.5 103.5 (4.2) 90.8 (2.0) 2.5 107.3 (1.4) 98.6 (2.3)
369 Procymidone 5.0 113.4 (2.4) 93.0 (1.6) 5.0 105.7 (9.1) 92.9 (4.5) 20.0 N.D. 100.1 (7.2) 2.5 106.6 (8.2) 93.9 (1.6) 5.0 101.0 (1.2) 86.3 (0.5)
370 Prodiamine 5.0 95.7 (14.7) 93.8 (2.7) 2.5 86.1 (7.5) 96.5 (2.6) 2.5 86.1 (4.2) 98.8 (0.5) 2.5 103.2 (6.0) 96.2 (3.8) 5.0 118.4 (5.1) 76.9 (6.1)
371 Profenofos 2.5 103.5 (3.5) 109.2 (1.1) 2.5 81.9 (4.3) 87.0 (4.0) 2.5 103.2 (1.0) 94.1 (0.9) 2.5 79.6 (3.0) 98.5 (1.9) 2.5 92.4 (0.3) 89.2 (2.8)
372 Prohydrojasmon 5.0 116.9 (1.9) 96.9 (1.8) 2.5 96.2 (3.3) 89.5 (4.1) 2.5 82.5 (3.6) 89.5 (0.3) 2.5 90.9 (5.0) 88.4 (3.2) 2.5 110.7 (1.9) 82.8 (1.3)
373 Promecarb 2.5 82.7 (7.4) 104.0 (0.9) 2.5 107.9 (1.4) 98.5 (5.7) 2.5 97.6 (5.5) 98.3 (2.4) 2.5 88.4 (5.1) 106.2 (0.8) 2.5 103.2 (2.4) 103.5 (4.5)
374 Prometryn 2.5 110.2 (8.0) 106.0 (1.4) 2.5 106.3 (3.8) 96.3 (3.7) 2.5 111.7 (0.9) 104.9 (1.7) 2.5 106.6 (2.7) 99.7 (2.7) 2.5 93.2 (1.5) 93.9 (3.3)
375 Propachlor 2.5 104.5 (7.9) 95.0 (2.4) 2.5 86.8 (4.2) 87.2 (3.7) 2.5 97.2 (1.5) 92.0 (2.4) 2.5 96.5 (2.9) 104.0 (1.0) 2.5 113.1 (1.1) 90.2 (2.8)
376 Propamocarb 2.5 95.3 (15.7) 72.8 (1.3) 2.5 100.0 (20.3) 107.7 (17.4) 5.0 104.9 (16.2) 74.3 (1.8) 2.5 100.9 (20.6) 98.4 (16.9) 2.5 60.6 (7.7) 82.8 (12.7)
377 Propanil 2.5 98.5 (4.0) 94.1 (1.6) 5.0 105.6 (2.5) 84.7 (30.2) 2.5 101.7 (2.6) 92.8 (4.0) 2.5 99.9 (6.4) 92.8 (1.8) 2.5 110.7 (1.3) 97.8 (2.7)
378 Propargite 2.5 101.9 (2.1) 102.5 (0.4) 2.5 97.9 (4.2) 97.3 (3.8) 2.5 101.1 (2.1) 100.0 (2.2) 2.5 95.5 (1.9) 96.0 (4.9) 5.0 66.7 (2.3) 73.3 (2.4)
379 Propazine 2.5 101.6 (9.7) 93.6 (3.4) 2.5 107.9 (1.6) 83.3 (30.8) 2.5 94.8 (1.2) 102.1 (1.8) 2.5 92.7 (7.1) 104.3 (1.7) 2.5 89.4 (1.5) 94.5 (5.4)
380 Propetamphos 2.5 103.9 (4.0) 96.4 (1.1) 2.5 82.7 (1.8) 86.1 (3.4) 2.5 83.6 (15.2) 103.1 (2.0) 2.5 98.5 (3.4) 94.9 (1.1) 2.5 116.4 (1.7) 89.2 (1.7)
381 Propiconazole 2.5 96.0 (3.2) 98.5 (2.2) 5.0 106.9 (1.7) 91.9 (3.9) 2.5 104.8 (1.4) 100.7 (0.2) 2.5 99.0 (1.9) 101.4 (3.6) 2.5 112.9 (0.2) 100.6 (1.2)
382 Propisochlor 2.5 89.8 (4.1) 94.9 (0.8) 2.5 81.8 (2.8) 88.8 (4.9) 5.0 83.1 (4.2) 91.5 (0.6) 2.5 82.5 (4.5) 102.9 (3.5) 2.5 93.8 (1.6) 92.1 (1.9)
383 Propoxur 2.5 110.1 (3.8) 93.7 (2.0) 2.5 105.1 (1.2) 88.1 (5.9) 10.0 94.1 (4.1) 104.6 (1.6) 2.5 113.6 (2.9) 96.0 (1.3) 2.5 112.7 (2.3) 94.3 (3.2)
384 Propyrisulfuron 2.5 84.9 (37.9) 75.4 (23.4) 2.5 49.9 (7.7) 66.6 (29.5) 2.5 54.3 (2.7) 65.9 (7.2) 2.5 69.3 (17.6) 70.9 (10.5) 2.5 48.9 (7.5) 70.7 (19.7)
385 Proquinazid 2.5 98.3 (5.0) 101.0 (0.2) 2.5 94.2 (3.3) 90.4 (0.6) 2.5 99.4 (1.3) 98.1 (2.3) 2.5 86.4 (2.4) 84.7 (3.2) 2.5 46.1 (1.9) 53.4 (1.6)
386 Prosulfocarb 2.5 106.5 (3.7) 103.0 (0.3) 2.5 103.2 (4.0) 97.6 (3.8) 2.5 94.7 (1.6) 102.5 (1.0) 2.5 99.6 (1.6) 97.0 (2.3) 2.5 72.2 (2.0) 81.4 (2.9)
387 Prothiofos 2.5 102.5 (1.2) 102.1 (2.5) 2.5 99.6 (1.1) 96.7 (0.9) 5.0 99.5 (5.5) 101.6 (2.8) 5.0 89.1 (9.2) 81.9 (4.0) 2.5 53.6 (3.4) 60.8 (3.0)
388 Pydiflumetofen 2.5 95.5 (3.0) 107.5 (1.2) 2.5 106.8 (2.5) 100.3 (4.4) 2.5 107.6 (1.4) 91.8 (0.5) 2.5 107.5 (2.8) 102.1 (5.1) 2.5 95.2 (2.0) 89.5 (0.9)
389 Pyflubumide 2.5 103.7 (1.6) 104.3 (0.8) 2.5 95.1 (3.2) 97.0 (4.0) 2.5 100.1 (0.6) 99.9 (1.7) 2.5 104.7 (3.1) 104.8 (2.5) 2.5 85.2 (2.3) 97.6 (2.1)
390 Pyflubumide-NH 2.5 103.8 (0.3) 103.0 (1.5) 2.5 95.6 (3.2) 96.8 (3.8) 2.5 98.9 (2.1) 100.8 (1.2) 2.5 99.6 (3.4) 103.0 (3.0) 2.5 97.6 (1.3) 107.7 (3.0)
391 Pyracarbolid 2.5 108.8 (3.5) 92.9 (1.9) 2.5 90.7 (4.5) 84.4 (6.0) 2.5 91.2 (0.2) 86.7 (0.8) 2.5 115.4 (4.0) 93.0 (0.8) 2.5 81.1 (2.0) 76.8 (5.4)
392 Pyraclofos 2.5 86.3 (1.9) 97.0 (0.4) 2.5 108.6 (2.9) 90.4 (2.5) 2.5 98.9 (2.3) 97.7 (0.6) 2.5 94.7 (2.4) 94.7 (4.9) 2.5 106.1 (2.1) 93.0 (1.6)
393 Pyraclonil 2.5 92.5 (1.4) 92.2 (1.7) 2.5 104.4 (2.1) 89.6 (2.5) 2.5 97.5 (4.4) 106.5 (2.2) 2.5 86.9 (3.9) 96.4 (2.8) 5.0 103.5 (0.6) 103.3 (2.0)
394 Pyraclostrobin 2.5 103.9 (5.3) 103.6 (1.7) 2.5 100.9 (1.4) 99.7 (5.8) 2.5 104.2 (0.1) 103.9 (1.4) 2.5 105.3 (4.5) 104.1 (1.3) 2.5 86.3 (3.8) 95.5 (3.8)
395 Pyraflufen-ethyl 2.5 N.D. 45.7 (2.0) 2.5 89.6 (1.3) 87.9 (3.7) 2.5 88.3 (0.8) 90.5 (1.0) 2.5 117.4 (1.6) 92.3 (2.7) 2.5 112.8 (2.3) 92.8 (1.5)
396 Pyraziflumid 5.0 81.3 (5.0) 92.0 (1.6) 2.5 104.4 (0.5) 86.5 (2.7) 2.5 107.3 (1.2) 105.6 (2.2) 2.5 93.8 (3.5) 93.3 (1.5) 2.5 101.6 (2.1) 88.2 (1.1)
397 Pyrazosulfuron-ethyl 2.5 88.6 (7.6) 97.2 (4.9) 2.5 78.2 (1.5) 90.5 (4.9) 2.5 76.5 (2.4) 93.5 (3.5) 2.5 81.1 (3.3) 93.1 (3.0) 2.5 75.7 (2.4) 96.4 (3.7)
398 Pyrazoxyfen 2.5 92.8 (1.7) 108.2 (1.1) 2.5 104.7 (1.6) 101.7 (3.7) 2.5 94.2 (3.9) 102.7 (1.1) 2.5 108.0 (1.5) 94.3 (2.5) 2.5 96.5 (1.8) 92.2 (1.8)
399 Pyribencarb E 2.5 110.9 (3.5) 109.0 (1.7) 2.5 103.9 (1.3) 95.3 (3.1) 2.5 106.0 (1.3) 99.6 (1.7) 2.5 110.2 (2.7) 107.3 (1.2) 5.0 102.0 (0.9) 103.1 (3.4)
400 Pyribencarb Z (KIE-9749) 2.5 116.5 (3.0) 107.7 (1.8) 2.5 108.9 (0.8) 95.2 (5.6) 2.5 116.1 (2.2) 92.7 (1.7) 2.5 116.4 (3.0) 93.1 (31.8) 2.5 108.1 (1.3) 81.6 (28.2)
401 Pyribenzoxim 2.5 88.1 (2.9) 107.6 (1.4) 2.5 99.9 (3.7) 99.1 (3.5) 2.5 93.5 (2.2) 90.7 (2.0) 2.5 93.1 (5.2) 109.0 (3.3) 2.5 101.9 (1.5) 112.7 (2.3)
402 Pyributicarb 2.5 105.7 (4.0) 93.7 (2.6) 2.5 107.1 (4.9) 98.5 (3.2) 2.5 89.6 (2.2) 101.2 (2.0) 2.5 100.1 (1.2) 99.0 (3.9) 5.0 57.8 (2.3) 71.3 (1.9)
403 Pyridaben 2.5 111.7 (1.8) 106.8 (3.7) 2.5 89.3 (3.7) 96.1 (6.7) 2.5 97.1 (0.9) 96.8 (2.5) 2.5 94.0 (18.4) 102.1 (15.1) 2.5 56.3 (2.0) 64.1 (3.1)
404 Pyridalyl 2.5 106.8 (8.5) 99.7 (2.1) 2.5 105.0 (5.6) 95.8 (3.3) 2.5 99.9 (7.8) 91.2 (1.5) 2.5 106.1 (4.3) 92.4 (1.4) 2.5 41.4 (3.9) 47.8 (2.7)
405 Pyridaphenthion 2.5 90.0 (1.7) 107.7 (3.0) 2.5 105.3 (1.8) 98.2 (4.1) 2.5 102.5 (0.6) 100.7 (1.5) 2.5 96.9 (3.7) 97.2 (2.0) 2.5 98.9 (0.8) 90.8 (1.8)
406 Pyrifenox 5.0 100.7 (5.3) 91.4 (1.9) 5.0 104.7 (1.8) 86.3 (4.1) 2.5 99.6 (1.8) 86.6 (1.7) 2.5 98.4 (3.0) 91.0 (1.6) 2.5 98.8 (2.2) 78.7 (1.4)
407 Pyrifluquinazon 2.5 82.4 (1.7) 104.2 (1.0) 2.5 98.1 (0.4) 96.7 (2.9) 2.5 104.7 (2.4) 100.2 (1.8) 2.5 104.4 (0.8) 101.1 (3.4) 2.5 96.8 (0.6) 94.5 (1.1)
408 Pyriftalid 5.0 107.7 (5.3) 95.8 (1.5) 2.5 87.5 (1.2) 98.7 (3.6) 5.0 88.5 (0.8) 93.9 (3.8) 2.5 114.0 (10.7) 107.2 (3.2) 2.5 104.7 (1.8) 92.1 (0.8)
409 Pyrimethanil 2.5 97.4 (3.6) 104.4 (0.4) 2.5 82.8 (5.1) 96.3 (7.0) 2.5 89.4 (1.0) 101.6 (1.9) 2.5 107.4 (3.1) 96.0 (1.6) 2.5 91.7 (2.6) 90.0 (2.1)
410 Pyrimethanil-5-hydroxy 5.0 99.7 (4.9) 90.4 (1.6) 2.5 96.4 (3.5) 86.4 (9.0) 2.5 101.1 (5.3) 98.9 (1.6) 2.5 92.1 (4.9) 82.8 (1.4) 2.5 N.D. 24.7 (4.1)
411 Pyrimidifen 5.0 90.9 (8.7) 87.9 (3.2) 2.5 95.5 (7.2) 98.1 (5.3) 2.5 96.6 (3.6) 101.6 (1.5) 2.5 98.9 (3.0) 96.3 (2.3) 2.5 59.7 (4.0) 62.7 (7.2)
412 Pyriminobac-methyl 2.5 110.5 (5.2) 95.7 (0.9) 2.5 81.2 (1.1) 86.2 (5.4) 2.5 91.9 (12.1) 93.3 (1.7) 2.5 76.8 (5.5) 107.3 (1.3) 2.5 102.8 (0.9) 91.9 (1.8)
413 Pyrimisulfan 2.5 103.0 (15.9) 95.6 (8.8) 2.5 82.9 (3.0) 90.6 (11.5) 2.5 91.6 (1.3) 96.4 (4.5) 2.5 96.6 (3.7) 94.8 (3.3) 2.5 96.2 (2.9) 104.7 (4.1)
414 Pyriofenone 2.5 91.5 (2.8) 109.1 (1.7) 2.5 105.3 (2.6) 100.1 (4.6) 2.5 98.8 (2.6) 104.2 (0.9) 2.5 98.6 (2.3) 87.1 (5.1) 2.5 86.9 (1.4) 81.8 (0.9)
415 Pyriproxyfen 2.5 102.1 (3.0) 101.1 (3.7) 2.5 99.8 (4.6) 97.3 (6.2) 2.5 105.1 (2.6) 101.3 (0.2) 2.5 94.3 (2.5) 95.9 (2.5) 2.5 58.7 (1.6) 73.1 (3.2)
416 Pyroquilon 2.5 94.9 (6.4) 107.1 (0.4) 2.5 106.8 (1.5) 89.4 (5.9) 5.0 101.7 (0.5) 92.2 (0.5) 2.5 106.9 (4.4) 91.5 (1.0) 2.5 95.0 (2.4) 100.8 (2.6)
417 Quinalphos 2.5 90.7 (2.0) 91.8 (1.4) 2.5 79.0 (3.6) 87.2 (4.3) 2.5 77.4 (1.5) 87.9 (3.5) 2.5 85.7 (6.1) 103.8 (4.8) 2.5 92.3 (2.2) 94.3 (2.4)
418 Quinclorac methyl ester 2.5 96.4 (3.2) 97.6 (1.0) 2.5 93.6 (2.3) 101.8 (4.7) 2.5 103.9 (0.9) 91.6 (1.8) 2.5 117.0 (3.7) 104.2 (1.7) 2.5 99.8 (2.5) 95.0 (1.0)
419 Quinoclamine 2.5 89.2 (6.8) 104.2 (1.3) 2.5 106.8 (1.3) 89.5 (6.3) 2.5 104.0 (2.7) 89.6 (1.2) 2.5 105.8 (3.8) 98.7 (1.9) 2.5 52.9 (4.4) 76.9 (4.7)
420 Quinoxyfen 2.5 93.9 (3.2) 102.3 (0.9) 2.5 90.2 (5.2) 93.4 (5.3) 2.5 78.1 (0.8) 89.3 (2.1) 2.5 102.0 (3.0) 87.3 (2.2) 2.5 60.4 (1.1) 57.5 (2.8)
421 Quizalofop-ethyl 2.5 69.7 (2.6) 105.5 (2.3) 2.5 103.8 (7.4) 87.0 (2.6) 5.0 94.3 (1.5) 95.1 (1.3) 2.5 106.7 (7.1) 98.6 (2.7) 2.5 84.6 (3.1) 90.2 (2.0)
422 Resmethrin 2.5 83.8 (1.6) 97.1 (2.4) 2.5 92.4 (4.5) 95.6 (2.3) 2.5 75.8 (2.3) 87.1 (1.6) 2.5 79.3 (3.6) 70.7 (3.4) 2.5 48.5 (1.5) 63.2 (3.1)
423 Rimsulfuron 2.5 67.5 (27.0) 68.1 (17.6) 2.5 53.2 (6.7) 70.2 (34.7) 2.5 53.4 (1.7) 58.8 (6.6) 2.5 73.7 (19.5) 74.2 (10.1) 2.5 38.9 (19.6) 74.9 (17.3)
424 Saflufenacil 2.5 87.5 (14.0) 86.2 (7.6) 2.5 76.0 (4.1) 83.6 (16.1) 5.0 71.9 (4.7) 89.7 (4.1) 2.5 86.3 (8.0) 88.9 (4.7) 2.5 75.2 (7.5) 92.0 (7.1)
425 Sedaxane 5.0 106.8 (4.1) 94.0 (2.0) 2.5 105.0 (1.8) 84.9 (4.5) 2.5 96.4 (0.9) 90.3 (0.6) 2.5 115.6 (4.4) 95.3 (2.2) 2.5 108.5 (0.8) 107.9 (1.8)
426 Sethoxydim 2.5 75.5 (5.1) 86.5 (2.9) 2.5 83.1 (1.9) 86.1 (5.7) 2.5 89.8 (1.1) 92.3 (2.4) 2.5 80.8 (5.5) 83.2 (1.9) 5.0 47.0 (6.5) 71.6 (3.2)
427 Simazine 5.0 106.8 (6.6) 94.8 (1.4) 2.5 107.2 (1.6) 86.4 (7.1) 2.5 110.1 (2.6) 90.4 (2.0) 2.5 104.8 (2.5) 90.6 (2.4) 2.5 92.1 (1.2) 98.3 (1.8)
428 Simeconazole 2.5 101.1 (3.6) 95.4 (1.8) 2.5 80.0 (4.6) 97.0 (3.0) 2.5 78.8 (3.9) 101.6 (1.3) 2.5 94.7 (3.1) 108.2 (1.5) 2.5 112.6 (3.5) 91.2 (2.5)
429 Simetryn 2.5 104.7 (2.5) 104.1 (0.8) 2.5 92.2 (1.8) 97.8 (5.4) 2.5 90.3 (1.3) 99.6 (3.0) 2.5 93.7 (4.8) 99.9 (0.3) 2.5 105.0 (1.8) 96.9 (1.9)
430 Spinetoram-J 2.5 96.8 (11.2) 102.0 (2.9) 2.5 98.1 (1.3) 102.2 (3.8) 2.5 104.0 (1.6) 105.1 (1.0) 2.5 101.4 (1.3) 111.8 (2.2) 2.5 74.6 (3.1) 91.7 (5.8)
431 Spinetoram-L 2.5 102.5 (2.2) 103.3 (0.7) 2.5 96.1 (4.6) 98.2 (4.3) 2.5 100.4 (1.8) 100.2 (0.1) 2.5 95.5 (2.0) 98.8 (3.0) 2.5 79.3 (0.4) 83.9 (3.0)
432 Spinosyn A 2.5 101.4 (3.7) 102.1 (1.7) 2.5 95.9 (2.2) 99.4 (5.1) 2.5 99.6 (1.4) 103.3 (1.6) 2.5 99.2 (1.7) 103.3 (3.5) 2.5 77.7 (4.7) 91.2 (2.2)
433 Spinosyn D 2.5 101.7 (6.5) 103.3 (2.4) 2.5 99.6 (1.9) 99.8 (4.7) 2.5 103.4 (1.3) 103.1 (0.6) 2.5 101.5 (5.3) 106.6 (2.4) 2.5 73.5 (3.1) 89.2 (4.9)
434 Spirodiclofen 2.5 75.1 (0.3) 90.5 (1.4) 2.5 84.9 (3.0) 92.4 (4.7) 2.5 96.3 (1.6) 101.8 (1.7) 2.5 82.4 (10.2) 80.1 (4.7) 2.5 68.0 (1.5) 74.7 (1.7)
435 Spiromesifen 20 N.D. 104.8 (1.0) 20 N.D. 93.4 (1.2) 20 N.D. 98.8 (0.4) 20 N.D. 97.5 (2.6) 25 N.D. 76.5 (1.6)
436 Spirotetramat 2.5 100.5 (5.5) 101.9 (2.5) 2.5 96.1 (1.5) 97.2 (6.0) 2.5 101.5 (1.8) 98.4 (3.1) 2.5 62.1 (1.3) 68.1 (4.4) 2.5 90.2 (0.6) 93.7 (2.0)
437 Spiroxamine 2.5 109.4 (3.1) 105.5 (0.3) 2.5 105.9 (2.8) 97.4 (4.2) 2.5 97.2 (1.0) 100.0 (1.4) 2.5 107.8 (3.1) 100.9 (2.1) 2.5 62.1 (0.6) 72.1 (3.5)
438 Sulfentrazone 2.5 90.1 (6.8) 90.7 (5.9) 2.5 82.9 (3.6) 92.1 (13.3) 2.5 93.5 (2.8) 97.3 (3.6) 2.5 95.3 (6.2) 97.6 (4.3) 5.0 63.5 (12.0) 85.5 (1.0)
439 Sulfotep 2.5 104.0 (2.7) 108.1 (1.4) 2.5 87.1 (5.6) 97.8 (5.9) 2.5 95.2 (3.7) 100.6 (2.5) 2.5 78.7 (3.9) 102.2 (3.3) 2.5 96.3 (2.9) 89.1 (3.3)
440 Sulfoxaflor 5.0 106.7 (4.5) 94.8 (2.7) 5.0 100.8 (1.3) 92.1 (7.7) 2.5 96.2 (3.3) 90.9 (3.7) 2.5 107.9 (3.0) 97.5 (1.4) 2.5 100.4 (1.8) 93.3 (3.0)
441 Sulprofos 2.5 88.9 (2.0) 101.9 (0.4) 2.5 97.2 (4.2) 97.1 (2.3) 2.5 104.0 (2.7) 102.4 (1.6) 2.5 91.5 (4.3) 92.3 (4.6) 2.5 63.6 (0.7) 74.8 (2.0)
442 TCMTB 2.5 94.3 (4.0) 103.0 (1.7) 2.5 104.8 (1.0) 91.5 (17.1) 2.5 103.6 (4.2) 101.9 (2.1) 2.5 29.9 (2.0) 34.5 (2.1) 2.5 23.7 (5.0) 49.4 (4.7)
443 Tebuconazole 2.5 101.2 (2.1) 95.9 (1.0) 5.0 104.9 (2.4) 90.6 (3.8) 5.0 91.4 (3.8) 92.7 (1.3) 2.5 95.9 (2.7) 93.7 (2.0) 2.5 111.0 (1.0) 91.8 (1.2)
444 Tebufenozide 2.5 106.6 (4.2) 104.6 (1.1) 2.5 102.5 (3.3) 106.5 (1.9) 2.5 100.0 (0.6) 105.0 (2.8) 2.5 116.5 (1.3) 111.7 (2.3) 2.5 98.0 (2.5) 100.1 (1.2)
445 Tebufenpyrad 2.5 97.2 (6.0) 92.9 (1.6) 2.5 90.4 (5.4) 97.2 (3.5) 2.5 89.9 (2.2) 101.3 (1.5) 2.5 110.4 (1.7) 95.6 (2.3) 2.5 84.8 (4.8) 80.3 (5.6)
446 Tebufloquin 2.5 91.4 (0.9) 104.1 (1.5) 2.5 103.0 (2.1) 97.2 (6.8) 2.5 95.6 (3.4) 91.1 (1.5) 2.5 97.7 (1.7) 96.8 (3.5) 2.5 78.3 (2.0) 88.0 (2.5)
447 Tebufloquin metabolite (M1) 5.0 106.7 (4.2) 92.9 (1.0) 2.5 107.7 (3.9) 98.1 (6.0) 2.5 101.6 (1.5) 96.1 (1.8) 2.5 91.5 (3.5) 102.9 (2.3) 2.5 98.3 (2.0) 89.7 (2.7)
448 Tebupirimfos 2.5 88.0 (10.5) 101.7 (3.0) 2.5 86.7 (5.6) 94.2 (2.1) 2.5 88.6 (0.8) 98.9 (0.8) 2.5 104.9 (5.2) 94.3 (4.3) 2.5 73.3 (2.0) 74.7 (4.8)
449 Tebuthiuron 5.0 103.7 (3.8) 92.3 (1.9) 2.5 107.3 (2.8) 86.5 (4.1) 2.5 90.7 (1.6) 91.1 (1.0) 2.5 104.4 (5.2) 90.5 (0.4) 5.0 59.1 (2.0) 70.7 (4.8)
450 Teflubenzuron 2.5 89.2 (6.4) 106.1 (0.1) 2.5 94.2 (3.0) 97.0 (3.2) 2.5 98.5 (1.9) 85.8 (2.2) 2.5 106.3 (7.4) 102.2 (0.6) 2.5 94.1 (8.6) 90.3 (1.0)
451 Tefuryltrione 2.5 66.5 (67.0) 26.3 (49.6) 2.5 9.9 (44.8) 31.3 (115.4) 2.5 30.7 (2.5) 25.9 (21.4) 2.5 68.8 (51.6) 38.5 (38.3) 2.5 8.0 (21.8) 19.2 (65.3)
452 TEPP 20.0 N.D. 94.7 (1.3) 2.5 85.8 (5.1) 91.7 (3.7) 2.5 95.3 (1.7) 101.6 (3.5) 20.0 N.D. 86.0 (2.3) 25.0 N.D. 88.9 (1.4)
453 Tepraloxydim 2.5 71.6 (14.3) 71.3 (9.1) 2.5 72.4 (3.3) 82.1 (19.5) 5.0 84.8 (9.0) 86.2 (10.2) 2.5 84.4 (17.1) 63.1 (5.7) 2.5 77.8 (2.1) 82.1 (10.5)
454 Terbacil 2.5 110.9 (1.5) 101.9 (1.5) 2.5 109.3 (1.5) 98.7 (1.9) 2.5 112.6 (0.4) 96.0 (4.0) 2.5 106.8 (1.6) 98.5 (3.2) 2.5 87.4 (3.8) 88.3 (3.9)
455 Terbufos 2.5 80.2 (20.1) 99.0 (3.7) 2.5 97.2 (5.0) 96.9 (3.3) 10.0 84.5 (3.5) 103.2 (2.1) 5.0 96.7 (12.2) 93.1 (7.2) 10.0 18.6 (35.0) 64.8 (8.8)
456 Terbufos oxon 2.5 93.0 (5.3) 88.0 (2.1) 2.5 107.0 (3.2) 99.0 (4.1) 2.5 104.4 (13.1) 98.0 (12.7) 2.5 109.0 (3.5) 94.5 (0.7) 2.5 102.9 (2.6) 90.8 (1.9)
457 Terbufos oxon sulfone 2.5 103.0 (6.0) 108.5 (4.8) 2.5 100.5 (2.9) 101.2 (2.8) 2.5 97.0 (1.5) 94.4 (4.9) 2.5 78.3 (3.0) 103.8 (1.8) 2.5 84.3 (5.4) 98.4 (2.8)
458 Terbufos oxon sulfoxide 2.5 106.6 (5.0) 100.9 (2.3) 2.5 99.6 (1.1) 94.8 (5.5) 2.5 98.1 (2.6) 103.2 (0.2) 2.5 99.3 (3.4) 105.5 (2.5) 2.5 99.1 (1.5) 98.1 (2.1)
459 Terbufos sulfone 5.0 103.4 (3.9) 93.5 (1.2) 2.5 103.9 (3.2) 88.7 (4.3) 2.5 109.4 (0.4) 93.8 (1.3) 2.5 95.0 (4.6) 107.2 (1.9) 2.5 104.9 (1.8) 92.4 (2.8)
460 Terbufos sulfoxide 2.5 101.5 (3.3) 94.0 (1.3) 2.5 107.6 (2.1) 100.8 (3.4) 2.5 93.1 (2.0) 93.5 (2.0) 2.5 82.8 (3.8) 106.1 (1.7) 2.5 105.3 (2.5) 95.4 (2.2)
461 Terbuthylazine 5.0 99.3 (7.8) 89.5 (2.5) 5.0 99.8 (1.0) 85.2 (9.3) 2.5 91.7 (1.4) 90.5 (1.0) 2.5 95.5 (3.8) 103.3 (2.7) 2.5 91.6 (2.8) 80.2 (5.0)
462 Terbutryn 2.5 104.3 (12.1) 101.1 (4.8) 2.5 87.2 (2.4) 97.7 (6.1) 2.5 85.5 (3.2) 98.3 (0.9) 2.5 106.9 (4.6) 98.8 (1.8) 2.5 89.8 (2.2) 90.9 (0.1)
463 Tetrachlorvinphos 5.0 96.5 (2.3) 94.4 (1.9) 5.0 80.8 (4.1) 88.3 (4.5) 2.5 71.5 (3.5) 89.5 (0.8) 2.5 73.7 (3.2) 93.0 (2.6) 2.5 102.9 (2.1) 90.0 (1.6)
464 Tetraconazole 2.5 91.4 (4.2) 96.1 (2.2) 2.5 79.5 (4.2) 98.9 (2.0) 2.5 83.6 (3.9) 103.6 (0.2) 2.5 84.3 (4.1) 107.8 (2.0) 2.5 107.8 (2.2) 93.1 (2.9)
465 Tetramethrin 2.5 94.9 (1.5) 93.3 (0.6) 2.5 81.2 (3.9) 89.2 (2.4) 2.5 95.7 (3.6) 90.1 (1.0) 2.5 79.4 (8.1) 97.8 (2.2) 2.5 102.6 (3.4) 93.1 (1.6)
466 Tetraniliprole 2.5 87.1 (2.5) 105.6 (2.4) 2.5 97.6 (1.3) 99.1 (3.0) 2.5 102.3 (2.6) 104.2 (0.4) 2.5 101.2 (6.2) 102.6 (3.1) 2.5 107.2 (1.7) 104.0 (1.9)
467 Thenylchlor 2.5 91.1 (3.1) 104.2 (0.9) 2.5 103.1 (4.3) 97.8 (4.7) 2.5 107.8 (2.9) 103.6 (1.1) 2.5 90.4 (3.2) 103.7 (1.8) 2.5 95.3 (2.0) 100.3 (1.2)
468 Thiabendazole 2.5 84.1 (5.5) 103.7 (2.1) 2.5 104.6 (2.1) 91.1 (12.1) 2.5 107.1 (2.2) 105.3 (5.4) 2.5 93.3 (4.6) 90.5 (4.0) 2.5 65.8 (3.3) 75.5 (6.5)
469 Thiacloprid 5.0 102.7 (1.9) 93.6 (2.1) 5.0 99.9 (3.3) 88.5 (7.5) 2.5 95.2 (1.6) 91.6 (2.8) 2.5 110.1 (2.4) 93.6 (0.4) 2.5 100.8 (0.4) 92.5 (4.1)
470 Thiamethoxam 5.0 102.5 (1.8) 95.6 (1.3) 2.5 105.3 (1.6) 89.9 (1.7) 2.5 101.8 (5.1) 84.2 (5.1) 2.5 101.3 (4.7) 89.8 (1.9) 2.5 53.3 (2.6) 52.4 (6.3)
471 Thiazopyr 5.0 107.5 (1.4) 93.2 (1.8) 5.0 98.6 (2.6) 89.3 (4.9) 2.5 92.6 (2.2) 90.5 (2.3) 2.5 92.8 (5.9) 93.3 (2.8) 2.5 89.7 (2.8) 81.9 (2.5)
472 Thidiazuron 2.5 110.8 (7.2) 88.7 (2.0) 2.5 93.0 (2.2) 92.7 (5.1) 10.0 92.0 (1.4) 100.2 (4.4) 2.5 100.6 (11.5) 86.3 (1.6) 5.0 94.4 (2.9) 90.1 (1.7)
473 Thifensulfuron-methyl 2.5 63.1 (10.0) 71.1 (7.0) 2.5 58.0 (3.7) 70.7 (21.9) 2.5 53.9 (1.9) 66.9 (8.1) 2.5 66.4 (7.8) 70.5 (8.1) 2.5 41.0 (7.2) 64.2 (12.4)
474 Thifluzamide 5.0 96.1 (4.6) 97.7 (2.2) 5.0 118.3 (0.6) 90.1 (2.3) 2.5 97.9 (3.1) 90.7 (3.2) 2.5 92.6 (5.8) 104.3 (1.0) 2.5 116.1 (2.7) 89.5 (3.2)
475 Thiobencarb 5.0 97.6 (3.2) 95.7 (1.3) 2.5 102.5 (3.9) 98.9 (4.1) 2.5 91.5 (1.0) 91.3 (1.6) 2.5 101.2 (2.1) 97.1 (2.6) 2.5 78.8 (1.0) 85.7 (1.1)
476 Thiometon 2.5 106.8 (3.3) 94.5 (1.2) 5.0 84.7 (11.4) 89.6 (5.2) 20.0 N.D. 108.8 (4.8) 2.5 97.2 (9.7) 80.7 (5.1) 10.0 92.1 (4.0) 105.6 (4.8)
477 Tiadinil 2.5 94.3 (3.0) 107.9 (1.0) 2.5 103.6 (1.7) 100.0 (3.7) 2.5 105.3 (3.3) 103.7 (0.9) 2.5 105.7 (3.0) 102.3 (2.4) 2.5 94.6 (4.8) 96.6 (1.8)
478 Tolclofos-methyl 2.5 96.7 (1.5) 106.3 (0.6) 2.5 89.5 (5.5) 96.9 (3.5) 2.5 91.2 (3.4) 99.6 (1.9) 2.5 84.7 (6.1) 97.4 (3.8) 2.5 87.8 (3.7) 82.1 (1.1)
479 Tolfenpyrad 2.5 88.6 (16.2) 92.0 (6.3) 2.5 94.5 (2.9) 98.4 (1.5) 2.5 101.4 (1.6) 101.3 (0.2) 2.5 97.4 (5.9) 93.4 (7.4) 2.5 65.0 (3.5) 72.6 (8.4)
480 Tralkoxydim 2.5 84.1 (8.3) 85.0 (4.0) 2.5 78.7 (2.1) 84.4 (10.2) 2.5 89.3 (0.7) 88.4 (1.5) 2.5 82.5 (1.7) 81.2 (3.1) 2.5 58.5 (1.9) 68.7 (2.9)
481 Triadimefon 5.0 100.1 (1.3) 100.3 (3.7) 5.0 84.0 (1.7) 90.4 (3.9) 5.0 96.1 (2.9) 93.2 (1.5) 2.5 90.8 (6.8) 106.1 (1.0) 5.0 111.2 (2.2) 91.4 (1.7)
482 Triadimenol 2.5 104.0 (10.1) 109.6 (3.4) 2.5 78.2 (4.8) 98.5 (0.8) 5.0 61.6 (9.1) 100.7 (0.4) 2.5 90.3 (5.9) 71.8 (3.7) 5.0 113.3 (6.7) 97.5 (1.3)
483 Triafamone 5.0 105.5 (2.6) 94.3 (2.2) 2.5 104.0 (1.0) 89.2 (5.3) 2.5 95.0 (1.0) 89.3 (0.3) 2.5 106.9 (2.4) 94.1 (2.4) 2.5 102.6 (1.1) 96.6 (2.4)
484 Tri-allate 2.5 94.9 (4.0) 105.5 (0.8) 2.5 96.5 (4.4) 94.0 (2.7) 2.5 95.8 (2.2) 97.3 (1.1) 2.5 83.2 (6.2) 89.5 (3.7) 2.5 60.0 (1.9) 63.3 (3.3)
485 Triasulfuron 2.5 59.0 (16.8) 67.9 (9.3) 2.5 49.8 (4.4) 65.8 (31.4) 5.0 48.3 (2.6) 62.8 (6.5) 2.5 66.9 (10.9) 68.4 (10.7) 2.5 37.2 (13.5) 54.3 (15.1)
486 Triazamate 5.0 100.9 (4.8) 93.9 (1.4) 2.5 105.2 (1.5) 99.2 (3.3) 2.5 94.6 (1.1) 93.7 (2.4) 2.5 81.1 (3.4) 102.0 (1.7) 2.5 96.8 (2.1) 89.2 (0.9)
487 Triazophos 5.0 91.6 (4.1) 96.0 (1.7) 5.0 101.8 (1.4) 85.6 (4.9) 2.5 95.5 (1.7) 102.0 (1.8) 2.5 120.7 (1.8) 94.1 (1.8) 2.5 105.4 (1.4) 87.1 (2.5)
488 Tribufos 5.0 103.1 (1.2) 97.2 (2.6) 2.5 90.3 (2.3) 96.0 (4.8) 2.5 103.2 (1.4) 98.8 (1.0) 2.5 85.2 (15.7) 86.2 (14.9) 2.5 57.0 (2.4) 58.7 (3.3)
489 Tricyclazole 2.5 101.0 (12.1) 88.3 (2.5) 2.5 107.6 (1.4) 96.5 (4.0) 2.5 91.8 (3.1) 102.2 (1.3) 2.5 100.7 (4.4) 93.1 (0.3) 2.5 84.9 (1.1) 95.9 (4.1)
490 Trifloxystrobin 2.5 96.5 (2.6) 107.4 (0.9) 2.5 107.2 (4.2) 96.6 (5.2) 2.5 93.6 (1.7) 100.4 (2.1) 2.5 111.3 (1.6) 100.5 (2.8) 2.5 94.1 (1.6) 95.1 (2.1)
491 Trifloxysulfuron 2.5 60.7 (31.5) 58.6 (23.0) 2.5 39.1 (11.2) 59.6 (40.1) 2.5 48.9 (2.7) 62.9 (8.6) 2.5 61.1 (25.6) 64.7 (10.9) 2.5 39.1 (7.6) 64.6 (27.9)
492 Triflumizole 2.5 98.4 (3.7) 107.6 (1.6) 5.0 109.8 (2.0) 90.5 (3.2) 2.5 101.1 (1.8) 99.0 (0.3) 2.5 116.6 (2.9) 98.6 (1.6) 2.5 94.8 (1.4) 88.3 (3.6)
493 Triflumuron 2.5 92.1 (6.3) 106.6 (0.9) 2.5 102.6 (2.5) 90.1 (2.7) 2.5 94.0 (1.8) 93.3 (0.6) 2.5 104.2 (0.7) 93.6 (2.6) 2.5 95.6 (2.5) 89.4 (1.6)
494 Triflusulfuron metabolite (IN-M7222) 2.5 127.9 (4.8) 105.2 (3.7) 2.5 122.7 (2.8) 90.3 (7.5) 2.5 110.2 (3.4) 96.1 (3.8) 2.5 110.7 (5.0) 95.6 (4.1) 2.5 74.7 (1.3) 75.3 (6.4)
495 Trinexapac-ethyl 2.5 29.2 (79.8) 32.6 (44.1) 2.5 0.4 (173.2) 37.6 (98.8) 2.5 17.5 (8.6) 34.4 (18.7) 2.5 32.8 (54.0) 46.2 (29.1) 2.5 1.7 (77.5) 31.0 (49.3)
496 Triticonazole 2.5 94.2 (0.5) 105.3 (1.7) 2.5 103.7 (4.6) 96.5 (2.3) 2.5 96.6 (3.4) 91.2 (1.6) 2.5 108.9 (2.2) 102.7 (1.6) 2.5 103.9 (1.0) 94.8 (2.8)
497 Tritosulfuron metabolite (M635H004) 2.5 88.9 (5.2) 103.5 (0.9) 2.5 97.3 (7.4) 101.4 (4.2) 2.5 94.1 (1.6) 99.9 (1.4) 2.5 111.2 (3.4) 104.9 (1.7) 2.5 98.7 (1.1) 96.3 (2.3)
498 TZ-1E (picarbutrazox metabolite) 2.5 91.0 (2.8) 106.4 (2.4) 2.5 100.7 (0.6) 98.4 (3.8) 5.0 95.3 (3.4) 99.6 (2.2) 2.5 87.7 (3.9) 96.2 (2.9) 2.5 103.2 (2.9) 99.9 (0.5)
499 Uniconazole 2.5 94.3 (3.0) 102.6 (1.3) 2.5 104.3 (3.5) 98.1 (3.6) 2.5 88.3 (1.7) 87.2 (0.2) 2.5 110.9 (4.7) 101.6 (1.4) 2.5 98.7 (1.6) 103.5 (0.7)
500 Valifenalate 2.5 107.5 (6.3) 95.1 (1.5) 2.5 101.7 (2.1) 89.8 (3.2) 2.5 90.9 (4.2) 92.6 (1.6) 2.5 94.8 (6.0) 95.0 (2.4) 2.5 107.7 (1.8) 97.5 (1.4)
501 Vamidothion 2.5 99.8 (4.0) 90.9 (1.3) 2.5 101.5 (3.2) 99.7 (9.6) 2.5 93.0 (2.3) 90.8 (5.4) 2.5 102.1 (3.3) 89.3 (5.9) 2.5 96.1 (2.3) 104.3 (2.8)
502 Vernolate 2.5 98.8 (2.8) 103.0 (1.2) 2.5 95.2 (1.4) 92.4 (3.9) 2.5 99.1 (1.0) 100.7 (0.6) 2.5 96.0 (1.7) 95.1 (2.3) 2.5 71.1 (1.1) 77.0 (2.0)
503 XMC 2.5 108.2 (1.9) 96.8 (0.6) 2.5 100.5 (4.4) 90.9 (4.6) 5.0 105.2 (3.0) 105.5 (0.6) 2.5 99.1 (8.9) 103.4 (2.5) 2.5 95.5 (1.2) 97.9 (3.2)
504 Zoxamide 2.5 92.8 (2.7) 95.5 (1.3) 2.5 86.8 (3.5) 99.8 (4.8) 2.5 90.6 (1.8) 91.3 (1.3) 5.0 105.3 (3.3) 89.2 (3.9) 2.5 106.4 (1.5) 97.8 (1.8)

1 Relative standard deviation. 2 Not detectable.

3.3.1. LOQ

The LOQ was determined as the minimum concentration of the matrix-matched standard that achieved an S/N of ≥10. The observed LOQ range for the target analytes in the five crops was 2.5–25 µg/kg (Table 2 and Table 3). Among these, 404–440 compounds had an LOQ of 2.5 µg/kg, indicating that over 80% of the analytes demonstrated the highest sensitivity in the analytical method. The sensitivity verified in our method is comparable to or greater than those achieved in recent studies using TQ MS in the MRM mode for the multiresidue analysis of over 100 compounds [15,29,30,31]. Unlike TQ MS, which requires the time-consuming establishment of individual MRM conditions for each pesticide, QTOF MS enables high-selectivity analysis at the full-spectrum data acquisition (MS1) level, thereby saving time.

Table 3.

Distribution of the limits of quantitation (LOQs) for multiresidues in representative crops.

LOQ
(μg/kg)
Number of Pesticides (Percentage)
Potato Cabbage Mandarin Brown Rice Soybean
2.5 413 (81.9%) 415 (82.2%) 418 (82.9%) 440 (87.1%) 404 (80.2%)
5.0 75 (14.9%) 79 (15.7%) 47 (9.3%) 50 (9.9%) 79 (15.6%)
10 1 (0.2%) 4 (0.8%) 23 (4.6%) 3 (0.6%) 9 (1.8%)
20–25 15 (3.0%) 6 (1.2%) 16 (3.2%) 11 (2.2%) 12 (2.4%)
Sum 504 (100%) 504 (100%) 504 (100%) 504 (100%) 504 (100%)

Additionally, 488–498 (96.8–98.8%) compounds showed an LOQ of ≤10 µg/kg (Table 3), meeting the LOQ requirement of 10 µg/kg (0.01 mg/kg) for the study of pesticide residue, as stipulated by the FAO guidelines [32]. Thus, QTOF MS was confirmed to be suitable for trace-level analysis. Sivaperumal et al. (2015) achieved LOQs below 11.8 µg/kg for 60 pesticides in fruits and vegetables using UPLC-QTOF [33]. In our study, the target analytes were expanded to over 500 pesticides. This comprehensive approach allows for the simultaneous monitoring of a much wider range of pesticides, which improves the detection of potential contaminants in agricultural products. The inclusion of a larger number of compounds also increases the applicability of the analytical method, making it more valuable for regulatory compliance and food safety assessments.

3.3.2. Linearity of Calibration Curve

The linearity of the calibration curve was assessed using the correlation coefficient (r2). In the representative crops, the target pesticides exhibited r2 greater than 0.940 (Table S2 and Table 4). Among these, 392 to 429 compounds (77.8% to 85.1%) demonstrated excellent linearity with r2 ≥ 0.990 (Table 4). Furthermore, 501 to 504 compounds achieved linearity, with r2 ≥ 0.980, meeting the linearity requirements for multiresidue analytical methods [34,35]. Good linearity in the QTOF MS indicates that the instrument provides consistent and reliable quantification across the concentration range for a large number of analytes. This is particularly important in multiresidue analysis because it ensures accurate quantification of trace-level pesticides in various matrices [36,37]. The high linearity reflects the ability of QTOF MS to produce reproducible ionization and detection of compounds over a wide dynamic range.

Table 4.

Distribution of correlation coefficients (r2) for multiresidues in representative crops.

r 2 Number of Pesticides (Percentage)
Potato Cabbage Mandarin Brown Rice Soybean
≥0.990 412 (81.7%) 406 (80.6%) 429 (85.1%) 428 (84.9%) 392 (77.8%)
0.980–0.990 91 (18.0%) 98 (19.4%) 73 (14.5%) 76 (15.0%) 109 (21.6%)
0.940–0.980 1 (0.2%) 0 (0.0%) 2 (0.4%) 0 (0.0%) 3 (0.6%)
Sum 504 (100%) 504 (100%) 504 (100%) 504 (100%) 504 (100%)

Certain compounds such as carbendazim, carbofuran-3-hydroxy, GPTC (isofetamid metabolite), NC 20645 (ethofumesate metabolite), imazapic, and phorate oxon sulfoxide exhibited slightly lower linearity, with r2 values ranging from 0.94 to 0.98 in some crops (Table S2). These compounds are relatively polar pesticides, making them more susceptible to matrix effects, such as ion suppression caused by co-eluting matrix components [38,39]. These factors can contribute to deviations from linearity in the calibration curve. To address these issues, further optimization of chromatographic conditions or sample preparation methods may be necessary for these polar pesticides. Additionally, incorporating appropriate internal standards can help compensate for linearities and improve the quantification accuracy for these challenging compounds [40].

3.3.3. Recovery

The accuracy and precision of the analytical method were evaluated through recovery tests (Table 2). In multiresidue methods for crops, individual pesticide recoveries are typically confirmed at fortification levels of 10 and 100 µg/kg [4,41,42]. Among the five representative crops, four—potato, cabbage, mandarin, and brown rice—had 437 to 476 analytes achieving recovery rates between 70% and 120%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) below 20%, thereby meeting the acceptable accuracy and precision ranges specified in the SANTE guidelines (Table 5) [20]. In soybean, 394 to 434 components (78.2–86.1%) met these criteria. These results demonstrate that the developed analytical method is robust and reliable across different crop matrices, ensuring accurate quantification of a wide range of pesticides. The high percentage of pesticides meeting the acceptable recovery range in most crops underscores the method’s effectiveness.

Table 5.

Distribution of recovery ranges at fortification levels of 10 and 100 µg/kg for 504 pesticide multiresidues in representative crops.

Recovery
(%)
RSD 1
(%)
Number of Pesticides (Percentage)
Potato Cabbage Mandarin Brown Rice Soybean
10 μg/kg 100 μg/kg 10 μg/kg 100 μg/kg 10 μg/kg 100 μg/kg 10 μg/kg 100 μg/kg 10 μg/kg 100 μg/kg
N.D. 2 17 (3.4%) 0 (0.0%) 10 (2.0%) 0 (0.0%) 22 (4.4%) 0 (0.0%) 13 (2.6%) 0 (0.0%) 20 (4.0%) 0 (0.0%)
<30 all 7 (1.4%) 9 (1.8%) 11 (2.2%) 6 (1.2%) 6 (1.2%) 9 (1.8%) 10 (2.0%) 9 (1.8%) 11 (2.2%) 15 (3.0%)
30–70 ≤20 8 (1.6%) 7 (1.4%) 17 (3.4%) 2 (0.4%) 22 (4.4%) 18 (3.6%) 9 (1.8%) 13 (2.6%) 74 (14.7%) 41 (8.1%)
>20 14 (2.8%) 11 (2.2%) 1 (0.2%) 19 (3.8%) 1 (0.2%) 1 (0.2%) 9 (1.8%) 6 (1.2%) 1 (0.2%) 12 (2.4%)
70–120 ≤20 437 (86.7%) 475 (94.2%) 457 (90.7%) 456 (90.5%) 449 (89.1%) 476 (94.4%) 453 (89.9%) 475 (94.2%) 394 (78.2%) 434 (86.1%)
>20 14 (2.8%) 2 (0.4%) 1 (0.2%) 21 (4.2%) 4 (0.8%) 0 (0.0%) 6 (1.2%) 1 (0.2%) 0 (0.0%) 2 (0.4%)
120–140 ≤20 7 (1.4%) 0 (0.0%) 7 (1.4%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 4 (0.8%) 0 (0.0%) 4 (0.8%) 0 (0.0%)
Sum 504 (100%) 504 (100%) 504 (100%) 504 (100%) 504 (100%) 504 (100%) 504 (100%) 504 (100%) 504 (100%) 504 (100%)

1 Relative standard deviation. 2 Not detectable.

A slightly lower number of satisfactory analytes were observed in soybean. Pesticides with recoveries below 70% in soybean—while generally acceptable in other crops—were predominantly nonpolar pesticides with high log p-values, such as pyrethroids and aliphatic organophosphates (Figure 4). This result may be attributed to the strong affinity between these pesticides and the lipid-rich matrix of soybean. Non-polar pesticides tend to adsorb into the fat components of the crop, resulting in reduced extraction efficiency [43,44]. These findings highlight the need for further method optimization or additional clean-up steps when analyzing high-fat samples like soybean to ensure accurate quantification of non-polar pesticides [44,45].

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Recovery rates (100 µg/kg) of different pesticides across various crop matrices, showing those with recoveries below 70% in soybean, whereas generally acceptable in other crops.

Pesticides containing acidic moieties, such as carboxylic acids or sulfonamides, as well as those belonging to the triketone class, exhibited recovery rates below 70% across all crops (Table S3). This reduction in recovery is attributed to the use of PSA during the sample clean-up step. PSA is known for effectively removing organic fatty acids and sugars, which can lead to the adsorption of these acidic pesticides onto the sorbent material, thereby decreasing their recovery rates [46,47]. Therefore, when analyzing pesticides from these categories, it is advisable to omit PSA from the clean-up process [45,48]. The results indicate that the observed low recoveries are due to the sample preparation procedure rather than the TOF MS system.

The SANTE guidelines allow for a broader recovery range of 30–140% for screening purposes, provided that the reproducibility is consistent with RSDs below 20% [20]. Applying these criteria, 452–494 pesticides—accounting for over 90% of the analytes—met these expanded recovery and precision standards across all representative crops. These findings reinforce the applicability of the analytical method for comprehensive and rapid pesticide screening, making it suitable for on-site use.

3.4. Application of the QTOF Method Using SWATH Analysis

The established analytical method was successfully applied to 42 crop samples obtained from distribution channels, including 7 potatoes, 4 cabbages, 4 mandarins, 26 rice, and 1 bean. Utilizing SWATH analysis, the MS1 and MS2 analyses were conducted simultaneously at HRMS levels, thereby enhancing qualitative performance [49]. Selectivity in MS1 was improved by maintaining mass accuracy within ±5 ppm. In MS2, the Fit score was evaluated through library searching, which enhances compound identification accuracy by ensuring that fragmentation patterns closely match those in the spectral library.

Pesticides were determined in one cabbage, three mandarins, and six rice samples (Table 6). The Fit scores ranged from 70.8 to 100, surpassing the acceptable threshold of 70 points [50,51]. Notably, up to seven pesticides were identified in a single sample, highlighting the value of multiresidue analysis for its ability to detect multiple contaminants in a single run. The residual amounts were significantly lower than the MRLs for all detected pesticides in crops. In conclusion, the QTOF multiresidue method utilizing SWATH analysis rapidly detected and identified hundreds of pesticide residues in food samples with high sensitivity and reliability. This method provides a reliable tool for ensuring food safety and monitoring pesticide residues in various agricultural products.

Table 6.

Residue analysis of pesticides in agricultural products using the QTOF method.

Crop Numberof Sample Compound
Name
Fit
Score
Residue
(μg/kg)
MRL
(μg/kg)
Cabbage 3 Cyazofamid 100 164.1 700
Fluopicolide 97.6 13.8 300
Fluxapyroxad 100 48.1 1000
Propamocarb 100 28.3 1000
Pyraclostrobin 100 136.5 2000
Mandarin 2 Cyprodinil 100 26.7 1000
Fenpropathrin 100 96.0 5000
Fluxametamide 100 61.6 300
Lufenuron 98.5 43.9 500
3 Buprofezin 100 12.3 500
Cyprodinil 100 36.5 1000
Flonicamid 99.6 17.0 1000
Indoxacarb 70.8 15.5 500
Lufenuron 98.6 38.9 500
Pyridaben 100 15.2 2000
Pyriproxyfen 99 24.2 700
4 Buprofezin 99.4 27.2 500
Carbendazim 100 339.3 5000
Flonicamid 99.7 59.2 1000
Sulfoxaflor 100 44.8 1000
Rice 4 Fenobucarb 100 17.1 500
6 Fenoxanil 99.3 55.7 1000
11 Acetamiprid 100 25.6 300
22 Fenoxanil 99.3 41.3 1000
23 Acetamiprid 98.6 36.0 300
Tricyclazole 100 119.1 700
26 Propiconazole 93.7 33.4 700

4. Conclusions

This study successfully developed a comprehensive multiresidue pesticide analysis method for 504 target analytes in five representative crops using UHPLC-QTOF. The high-mass accuracy achieved at the MS1 level confirmed the method’s suitability for pesticide analysis at trace levels, while the spectral library built from the MS2 data further enhanced the reliability of the compound identification. The validation results show excellent sensitivity, linearity, and recovery rates, meeting international standards for pesticide residue analysis. The application of this method to real agricultural samples underscored its effectiveness in detecting pesticide multiresidues simultaneously, making it a valuable tool for food safety monitoring and regulatory compliance.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/foods13213503/s1, Table S1: Molecular formulae, monoisotopic masses, ionization types, theoretical m/z, and retention times (tR) for 504 pesticide multiresidues using UHPLC-QTOF; Table S2: Linear ranges and correlation coefficients (r2) for 504 pesticide multiresidues in five representative crops; Table S3: Recovery ranges (100 µg/kg) of pesticides exhibiting generally low recovery rates in the representative crops and their chemical moieties.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, M.E. and G.-H.J.; methodology, H.-W.J.; software, S.-M.K.; validation, M.-J.J.; formal analysis, Y.-J.L.; investigation, Y.-H.L.; resources, J.L.; data curation, H.-R.E.; writing—original draft preparation, M.-J.J.; writing—review and editing, J.-K.M. and Y.S.; visualization, H.-W.J.; supervision, G.-H.J.; project administration, Y.S.; funding acquisition, M.E. and J.-K.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Materials; further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors.

Conflicts of Interest

Authors M.-J.J., M.E., G.-H.J. and J.L. are employed by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, which funded this research. Author H.-W.J. is employed by the Hansalim Agro-Food Analysis Center at the Hankyong National University Academic Cooperation Foundation. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Funding Statement

This research was supported by a grant (22194MFDS319) from the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety in 2024 and by the Biomaterials Specialized Graduate Program through the Korea Environmental Industry & Technology Institute (KEITI), funded by the Ministry of Environment (MOE).

Footnotes

Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

References

  • 1.Aktar M.W., Sengupta D., Chowdhury A. Impact of pesticides use in agriculture: Their benefits and hazards. Interdiscip. Toxicol. 2009;2:1–12. doi: 10.2478/v10102-009-0001-7. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 2.FAO . FAO Pesticides Use and Trade, 1990–2021. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO); Rome, Italy: 2023. [Google Scholar]
  • 3.Donham K.J., Thelin A. Agricultural Medicine: Rural occupational and Environmental Health, Safety, and Prevention. John Wiley & Sons; Hoboken, NJ, USA: 2016. [Google Scholar]
  • 4.Lee J., Shin Y., Lee J., Lee J., Kim B.J., Kim J.-H. Simultaneous analysis of 310 pesticide multiresidues using UHPLC-MS/MS in brown rice, orange, and spinach. Chemosphere. 2018;207:519–526. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.116. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 5.Wahab S., Muzammil K., Nasir N., Khan M.S., Ahmad M.F., Khalid M., Ahmad W., Dawria A., Reddy L.K., Busayli A.M. Advancement and New Trends in Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Food: A Comprehensive Review. Plants. 2022;11:1106. doi: 10.3390/plants11091106. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 6.Kovalczuk T., Lacina O., Jech M., Poustka J., Hajšlová J. Novel approach to fast determination of multiple pesticide residues using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) Food Addit. Contam. Part A-Chem. 2008;25:444–457. doi: 10.1080/02652030701570156. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 7.Dong M.W., Zhang K. Ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) in method development. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 2014;63:21–30. doi: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.06.019. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 8.Wang T., Duedahl-Olesen L., Lauritz Frandsen H. Targeted and non-targeted unexpected food contaminants analysis by LC/HRMS: Feasibility study on rice. Food Chem. 2021;338:127957. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127957. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 9.Roy-Lachapelle A., Solliec M., Sinotte M., Deblois C., Sauvé S. High resolution/accurate mass (HRMS) detection of anatoxin-a in lake water using LDTD–APCI coupled to a Q-Exactive mass spectrometer. Talanta. 2015;132:836–844. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.10.021. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 10.Nuñez A., Sapozhnikova Y., Lehotay S.J. Characterization of MS/MS Product Ions for the Differentiation of Structurally Isomeric Pesticides by High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Toxics. 2018;6:59. doi: 10.3390/toxics6040059. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 11.Ojanperä S., Pelander A., Pelzing M., Krebs I., Vuori E., Ojanperä I. Isotopic pattern and accurate mass determination in urine drug screening by liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2006;20:1161–1167. doi: 10.1002/rcm.2429. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 12.Kaufmann A. The current role of high-resolution mass spectrometry in food analysis. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2012;403:1233–1249. doi: 10.1007/s00216-011-5629-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 13.Gavage M., Delahaut P., Gillard N. Suitability of High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry for Routine Analysis of Small Molecules in Food, Feed and Water for Safety and Authenticity Purposes: A Review. Foods. 2021;10:601. doi: 10.3390/foods10030601. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 14.Lee Y.-J., Kim S.-H., Eun H.-R., Kim S.-M., Jeong M.-J., Baek J.-W., Lee Y.-H., Noh H.H., Shin Y. Enhancement of tricyclazole analysis efficiency in rice samples using an improved QuEChERS and its application in residue: A study from unmanned arial spraying. Appl. Sci. 2024;14:5607. doi: 10.3390/app14135607. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 15.Yang S.-H., Shin Y., Choi H. Simultaneous analytical method for 296 pesticide multiresidues in root and rhizome based herbal medicines with GC-MS/MS. PLoS ONE. 2023;18:e0288198. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288198. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 16.Guo Z., Zhu Z., Huang S., Wang J. Non-targeted screening of pesticides for food analysis using liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry-a review. Food Addit. Contam. Part A-Chem. 2020;37:1180–1201. doi: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1753890. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 17.González-Gaya B., Lopez-Herguedas N., Bilbao D., Mijangos L., Iker A.M., Etxebarria N., Irazola M., Prieto A., Olivares M., Zuloaga O. Suspect and non-target screening: The last frontier in environmental analysis. Anal. Methods. 2021;13:1876–1904. doi: 10.1039/D1AY00111F. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 18.Aguilar-Alarcón P., Gonzalez S.V., Mikkelsen Ø., Asimakopoulos A.G. Molecular formula assignment of dissolved organic matter by ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry using two non-targeted data processing approaches: A case study from recirculating aquaculture systems. Anal. Chim. Acta. 2024;1288:342128. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.342128. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 19.Herrera-Lopez S., Hernando M.D., García-Calvo E., Fernández-Alba A.R., Ulaszewska M.M. Simultaneous screening of targeted and non-targeted contaminants using an LC-QTOF-MS system and automated MS/MS library searching. J. Mass Spectrom. 2014;49:878–893. doi: 10.1002/jms.3428. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 20.European Commission Analytical Quality Control and Method Validation Procedures for Pesticide Residues Analysis in Food and Feed (SANTE/11312/2021) [(accessed on 10 October 2024)]. Available online: https://www.eurl-pesticides.eu/userfiles/file/EurlALL/SANTE_11312_2021.pdf.
  • 21.Zakon Y., Halicz L., Gelman F. Isotope Analysis of Sulfur, Bromine, and Chlorine in Individual Anionic Species by Ion Chromatography/Multicollector-ICPMS. Anal. Chem. 2014;86:6495–6500. doi: 10.1021/ac5010025. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 22.Zubarev R.A., Makarov A. Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 2013;85:5288–5296. doi: 10.1021/ac4001223. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 23.Hernández F., Sancho J.V., Ibáñez M., Abad E., Portolés T., Mattioli L. Current use of high-resolution mass spectrometry in the environmental sciences. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2012;403:1251–1264. doi: 10.1007/s00216-012-5844-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 24.Karatt T.K., Nalakath J., Perwad Z., Albert P.H., Abdul Khader K.K., Syed Ali Padusha M., Laya S. Mass spectrometric method for distinguishing isomers of dexamethasone via fragment mass ratio: An HRMS approach. J. Mass Spectrom. 2018;53:1046–1058. doi: 10.1002/jms.4279. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 25.Schwarzenberg A., Dossmann H., Cole R.B., Machuron-Mandard X., Tabet J.-C. Differentiation of isomeric dinitrotoluenes and aminodinitrotoluenes using electrospray high resolution mass spectrometry. J. Mass Spectrom. 2014;49:1330–1337. doi: 10.1002/jms.3471. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 26.Shin Y., Kim J.Y., Cheong J.C., Kim J.-H., Kim J.-H., Lee H.S. Liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry for the determination of three cannabinoids, two (−)-trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol metabolites, and six amphetamine-type stimulants in human hair. J. Chromatogr. B. 2020;1149:122157. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122157. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 27.Song N.-E., Kim D.-B., Lim T.-G., Lee Y.-Y., Yoo M., Nam T.G. Determining pesticide residues in wheat flour by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry with QuEChERS extraction. Food Addit. Contam. Part A-Chem. 2019;36:1337–1347. doi: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1628356. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 28.Wang Z., Cao Y., Ge N., Liu X., Chang Q., Fan C., Pang G.-F. Wide-scope screening of pesticides in fruits and vegetables using information-dependent acquisition employing UHPLC-QTOF-MS and automated MS/MS library searching. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2016;408:7795–7810. doi: 10.1007/s00216-016-9883-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 29.Stringhini F.M., Ribeiro L.C., Rocha G.I., de B. Kuntz J.D., Zanella R., Prestes O.D., Adaime M.B. Dilution of QuEChERS Extracts Without Cleanup Improves Results in the UHPLC-MS/MS Multiresidue Analysis of Pesticides in Tomato. Food Anal. Methods. 2021;14:1511–1523. doi: 10.1007/s12161-020-01921-1. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 30.Qi P., Wang J., Liu Z., Wang Z., Xu H., Di S., Zhao H., Wang X. Integrated QuEChERS strategy for high-throughput multi-pesticide residues analysis of vegetables. J. Chromatogr. A. 2021;1659:462589. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462589. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 31.Carrera M.A., Sánchez L.M., Morales M.M., Fernández-Alba A.R., Hernando M.D. Method optimisation for large scope pesticide multiresidue analysis in bee pollen: A pilot monitoring study. Food Chem. 2024;436:137652. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137652. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 32.FAO . FAO Submission and Evaluation of Pesticide Residues Data for the Estimation of Maximum Residue Levels in Food and Feed. 3rd ed. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO); Rome, Italy: 2016. [Google Scholar]
  • 33.Sivaperumal P., Anand P., Riddhi L. Rapid determination of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables, using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Food Chem. 2015;168:356–365. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.07.072. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 34.Zhang Z., Feng M., Zhu K., Han L., Sapozhnikova Y., Lehotay S.J. Multiresidue Analysis of Pesticides in Straw Roughage by Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2016;64:6091–6099. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05981. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 35.Park E., Lee J., Lee H.S., Kim J.-H., Shin Y. Simple and rapid method for 336 multiresidual pesticide analysis in saliva, determination of their chemical stabilities, and biomonitoring of farmers. Chemosphere. 2022;309:136725. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136725. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 36.Araujo P. Key aspects of analytical method validation and linearity evaluation. J. Chromatogr. B. 2009;877:2224–2234. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.09.030. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 37.Kruve A., Rebane R., Kipper K., Oldekop M.-L., Evard H., Herodes K., Ravio P., Leito I. Tutorial review on validation of liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry methods: Part II. Anal. Chim. Acta. 2015;870:8–28. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.02.016. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 38.Chambers E., Wagrowski-Diehl D.M., Lu Z., Mazzeo J.R. Systematic and comprehensive strategy for reducing matrix effects in LC/MS/MS analyses. J. Chromatogr. B. 2007;852:22–34. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.12.030. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 39.Schäfer A.-K., Vetter W., Anastassiades M. Analysis of highly polar anionic pesticides in food of plant and animal origin by ion chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry with emphasis on addressing adverse effects caused by matrix co-extractives. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2024;416:4503–4517. doi: 10.1007/s00216-024-05389-4. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 40.Herrera López S., Scholten J., Kiedrowska B., de Kok A. Method validation and application of a selective multiresidue analysis of highly polar pesticides in food matrices using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A. 2019;1594:93–104. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.02.024. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 41.Lucini L., Molinari G.P. Performance and Matrix Effect Observed in QuEChERS Extraction and Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analyses of Pesticide Residues in Different Target Crops. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 2011;49:709–714. doi: 10.1093/chrsci/49.9.709. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 42.Han Y., Song L., Zou N., Qin Y., Li X., Pan C. Rapid multiplug filtration cleanup method for the determination of 124 pesticide residues in rice, wheat, and corn. J. Sep. Sci. 2017;40:878–884. doi: 10.1002/jssc.201600978. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 43.Castillo M., González C., Miralles A. An evaluation method for determination of non-polar pesticide residues in animal fat samples by using dispersive solid-phase extraction clean-up and GC-MS. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2011;400:1315–1328. doi: 10.1007/s00216-011-4656-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 44.Lahmanov D.E., Varakina Y.I. A short review of sample preparation methods for the pesticide residue analysis in fatty samples. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 2019;263:012061. doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/263/1/012061. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 45.Shin Y., Kim C.J., Baek S., Kim L., Son K.-A., Lee H.-D., Kim D., Kim J.-H., Noh H.H. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the simultaneous analysis of 353 pesticides in the edible insect Tenebrio molitor larvae (mealworms) Molecules. 2020;25:5866. doi: 10.3390/molecules25245866. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 46.Anastassiades M., Lehotay S.J., Štajnbaher D., Schenck F.J. Fast and easy multiresidue method employing acetonitrile extraction/partitioning and “dispersive solid-phase extraction” for the determination of pesticide residues in produce. J. Aoac. Int. 2003;86:412–431. doi: 10.1093/jaoac/86.2.412. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 47.Brosnan B., Coffey A., Arendt E.K., Furey A. The QuEChERS approach in a novel application for the identification of antifungal compounds produced by lactic acid bacteria cultures. Talanta. 2014;129:364–373. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.05.006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 48.Kaczyński P., Łozowicka B. One-step QuEChERS-based approach to extraction and cleanup in multiresidue analysis of sulfonylurea herbicides in cereals by liquid chromatography–Tandem mass spectrometry. Food Anal. Methods. 2017;10:147–160. doi: 10.1007/s12161-016-0564-9. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 49.Peña-Herrera J.M., Montemurro N., Barceló D., Pérez S. Development and validation of an analytical method for determination of pharmaceuticals in fish muscle based on QuEChERS extraction and SWATH acquisition using LC-QTOF-MS/MS system. Talanta. 2019;199:370–379. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.01.119. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 50.Makni Y., Diallo T., Guérin T., Parinet J. Improving the monitoring of multi-class pesticides in baby foods using QuEChERS-UHPLC-Q-TOF with automated identification based on MS/MS similarity algorithms. Food Chem. 2022;395:133573. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133573. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 51.He Z., Xu Y., Wang L., Peng Y., Luo M., Cheng H., Liu X. Wide-scope screening and quantification of 50 pesticides in wine by liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry combined with liquid chromatography/quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry. Food Chem. 2016;196:1248–1255. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.10.042. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

Data Availability Statement

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Materials; further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors.


Articles from Foods are provided here courtesy of Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)

RESOURCES