Table 9.

Strategies involve various agricultural practices and interventions minimizing the conditions favoring fungal growth.

	Principle	Implementation	Challenges
Crop Rotation	Crop rotation alternates crops in a field across seasons, reducing fungal populations that target specific crops and lowering mycotoxin contamination risk [105].	By rotating crops, such as alternating cereals with legumes or other non-host plants, the life cycle of fungal pathogens is disrupted, reducing their ability to infect subsequent crops.	Effective crop rotation requires careful planning to prevent new crops from hosting pathogens and adapting practices to local conditions.
Use of Resistant Varieties	Plant breeding programs focus on developing crop varieties resistant to specific fungal pathogens. Resistant varieties can reduce fungal infection and subsequent mycotoxin production [106].	Farmers can select and plant varieties of crops that have been genetically modified or selectively bred for resistance to mycotoxin-producing fungi, such as maize varieties resistant to Fusarium species.	Regional factors may limit the availability of resistant varieties, and continuous breeding efforts are needed to address evolving fungal strains. Moreover, resistance does not always guarantee complete protection, so it should be used in conjunction with other measures.
Proper Irrigation and Field Management	Fungal pathogens thrive in warm, humid conditions, making proper irrigation and field management critical in preventing fungal contamination [107].	Techniques include optimizing irrigation, ensuring good drainage, and avoiding over-fertilization to reduce fungal growth. Managing plant residue and minimizing mechanical damage also help prevent fungal infection.	Effective field management requires monitoring weather conditions, soil moisture levels, and crop health, which may be resource-intensive. Farmers need access to proper tools and training to implement these practices effectively.