Table 14.

Research gaps.

Research Gaps	Need	Opportunity
Development of New Analytical Methods	While current analytical techniques such as HPLC, GC-MS, and ELISA are widely used, more advanced methods that offer improved sensitivity, specificity, and cost efficiency are needed.	Research into novel analytical techniques, such as portable sensors, lab-on-a-chip devices, or advanced mass spectrometry methods, could provide faster, more accurate, and cost-effective mycotoxin detection. Improved methods that can analyze multiple mycotoxins simultaneously or in real time would greatly enhance monitoring capabilities [126].
Innovative Control Strategies	Existing control strategies, including pre-harvest and post-harvest measures, are limited in effectiveness. Innovative approaches that can provide more reliable and scalable solutions are needed.	Research into biocontrol agents, such as beneficial microorganisms that inhibit fungal growth, or the development of novel chemical treatments that are both effective and safe, could offer new solutions for mycotoxin management. Additionally, integrating intelligent agriculture technologies, such as precision farming and remote sensing, may provide real-time data to optimize control measures [128].
Understanding Mycotoxin Interactions and Synergistic Effects	Many studies focus on individual mycotoxins, but there is limited research on the interactions and synergistic effects of multiple mycotoxins present in food.	Investigating how different mycotoxins interact and their combined effects on health could improve risk assessments and lead to more comprehensive control strategies. This includes studying the potential for additive or synergistic effects on toxicity and health outcomes [129].
Impact of Climate Change	Climate change can influence fungal growth and mycotoxin production, but the specific impacts on mycotoxin contamination and food safety are not fully understood.	Research into how changing climate conditions affect fungal populations, mycotoxin production, and crop susceptibility can help develop adaptive strategies and predictive models to better manage risks in varying environmental conditions [130].