Table 1.
Characteristics of MESA participants according to quintiles of total protein intake (n = 5879) 1.
| Quintiles of Total Protein Intake (g) Measured at Exam 1 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 |
| n | 1172 | 1177 | 1178 | 1176 | 1176 |
| Mean (min, max) | 32.0 (11.1, 39.9) |
46.3 (39.9, 53.1) |
60.1 (53.1, 67.2) |
76.2 (67.2, 87.9) |
116.0 (87.9, 261.6) |
| Demographic factors | |||||
| Age, y | 64.3 ± 10.4 | 63.4 ± 10.4 | 62.1 ± 9.9 | 61.7 ± 10.0 | 59.8 ± 10.2 |
| Male, % | 34.6 | 41.7 | 47.7 | 53.1 | 60.8 |
| Race/ethnicity, % | |||||
| White | 32.3 | 37.8 | 45.3 | 45.8 | 40.1 |
| Black/African American | 28.6 | 25.7 | 24.5 | 23.6 | 27.3 |
| Hispanic | 21.0 | 20.7 | 18.9 | 23.4 | 26.0 |
| Chinese | 18.2 | 21.1 | 11.3 | 7.3 | 6.6 |
| Socioeconomic factors | |||||
| Income, % | |||||
| <$20,000 | 29.1 | 25.7 | 19.5 | 20.0 | 21.7 |
| $20,000–$49,999 | 39.3 | 37.6 | 35.6 | 36.9 | 37.0 |
| ≥$50,000 | 31.6 | 36.6 | 44.9 | 43.1 | 41.3 |
| Highest education level, % | |||||
| <High school | 21.9 | 19.6 | 14.2 | 16.9 | 17.1 |
| High school | 20.2 | 19.7 | 17.1 | 15.8 | 16.1 |
| >High school | 57.9 | 60.7 | 68.8 | 67.3 | 66.8 |
| Lifestyle and comorbidity factors | |||||
| Current smokers, % | 10.9 | 10.3 | 13.2 | 11.8 | 16.2 |
| Cigarette pack-years | 8.9 ± 16.7 | 11.5 ± 21.1 | 11.7 ± 20.5 | 12.1 ± 22.2 | 12.5 ± 22.5 |
| Moderate and vigorous physical activity, MET-min/week | 4907.9 ± 5057.7 | 5289.8 ± 5157.9 | 5462.3 ± 5482.9 | 6294.6 ± 6848.6 | 6705.6 ± 6615.0 |
| Dietary supplement use, % | 92.9 | 90.4 | 88.0 | 87.6 | 88.0 |
| Prevalent diabetes, % | 12.6 | 11.1 | 11.4 | 13.9 | 12.6 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.5 ± 5.5 | 27.8 ± 5.2 | 28.1 ± 5.4 | 28.6 ± 5.4 | 29.3 ± 5.4 |
| Dietary factors | |||||
| Energy intake, kcal/d | 938.6 ± 232.2 | 1247.4 ± 266.9 | 1559.4 ± 310.1 | 1935.1 ± 382.4 | 2793.5 ± 771.3 |
| Alcohol intake, g/d | 3.1 ± 9.4 | 4.3 ± 9.5 | 5.5 ± 12.6 | 6.5 ± 13.8 | 7.6 ± 17.8 |
| Fruit intake, servings/day | 1.7 ± 1.3 | 1.8 ± 1.4 | 2.1 ± 1.7 | 2.2 ± 1.7 | 2.4 ± 1.9 |
| Vegetable 2 intake, servings/day | 1.7 ± 1.0 | 2.1 ± 1.2 | 2.5 ± 1.3 | 2.7 ± 1.6 | 3.6 ± 2.0 |
| Total fiber intake, g/d | 12.4 ± 4.7 | 15.5 ± 5.5 | 18.8 ± 6.8 | 22.0 ± 8.0 | 29.5 ± 11.5 |
| Saturated fat intake, % of energy | 8.8 ± 3.1 | 9.6 ± 3.0 | 10.0 ± 3.1 | 10.6 ± 3.0 | 11.3 ± 2.9 |
| Polyunsaturated fat intake, % of energy | 5.9 ± 2.0 | 6.0 ± 1.7 | 6.0 ± 1.6 | 6.0 ± 1.7 | 6.1 ± 1.7 |
| Monounsaturated fat intake, % of energy | 11.0 ± 2.9 | 11.5 ± 2.7 | 11.9 ± 2.8 | 12.1 ± 2.7 | 12.6 ± 2.6 |
| trans fat intake, % of energy | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.9 ± 0.3 |
| Vit E intake, IU/d | 5.2 ± 2.8 | 6.7 ± 3.0 | 8.2 ± 3.2 | 10.0 ± 3.8 | 14.2 ± 6.5 |
| Protein intake 3, g/d | |||||
| Animal protein intake | 37.0 ± 7.7 | 39.3 ± 9.8 | 41.0 ± 11.9 | 43.5 ± 14.6 | 51.2 ± 21.2 |
| Plant protein intake | 22.5 ± 3.8 | 23.1 ± 4.7 | 23.6 ± 6.0 | 23.3 ± 7.6 | 23.7 ± 10.3 |
| Protein intake, % of energy | |||||
| Total protein | 14.1 ± 3.0 | 15.4 ± 3.0 | 16.0 ± 3.0 | 16.3 ± 3.0 | 17.0 ± 3.0 |
| Animal protein | 8.0 ± 2.9 | 9.5 ± 3.1 | 10.1 ± 3.1 | 10.7 ± 3.3 | 11.6 ± 3.2 |
| Plant protein | 5.9 ± 1.6 | 5.8 ± 1.5 | 5.7 ± 1.6 | 5.4 ± 1.6 | 5.3 ± 1.5 |
| Diversity of total protein foods | |||||
| Count | 5.8 ± 2.8 | 7.5 ± 3.0 | 8.7 ± 3.2 | 10.0 ± 3.3 | 12.7 ± 4.3 |
| Dissimilarity | 0.68 ± 0.09 | 0.68 ± 0.07 | 0.68 ± 0.06 | 0.68 ± 0.05 | 0.68 ± 0.04 |
1 Values are percent or mean ± SD. MET, metabolic equivalent; BMI, body mass index. 2 Includes green leafy vegetables, cruciferous vegetables, dark yellow vegetables, other vegetables, and tomato food group. 3 Energy-adjusted.