Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology logoLink to Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology
. 1987 Dec;7(4):353–366. doi: 10.1007/BF00733788

Neuroendocrine gene expression in the hypothalamus:In situ hybridization histochemical studies

W Scott Young III 1, R Thomas Zoeller 1
PMCID: PMC11567446  PMID: 2897879

Abstract

  1. We have reviewed recent studies in whichin situ hybridization histochemistry (ISHH) was used to investigate the regulation of expression of neurohypophysial peptides and hypothalamic releasing hormones.

  2. ISHH is a technique in which the presence and quantity of a specific mRNA can be determined in tissue sections with a high degree of resolution and sensitivity.

  3. ISHH has been used to measure changes in cellular levels of mRNAs encoding vasopressin, oxytocin, corticotropin-releasing factor, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, thyrotropin-releasing hormone and somatostatin in response to various physiological challenges.

  4. A theme emerging from these studies is that changes in levels of mRNA encoding neuroendocrine peptides reflect changes in biosynthesis and secretion.

Key words: paraventricular nucleus, supraoptic nucleus, preoptic area, vasopressin, oxytocin, corticotropin-releasing factor, thyrotropin-releasing factor, gonadotropin-releasing factor

Footnotes

Laboratory of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Neurological, Communicative Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.

References

  1. Adams, L. A., Vician, L., Clifton, D. K., and Steiner, R. A. (1987). Gonadotropin releasing-hormone (GnRH) mRNA content in GnRH neurons is similar in the brains of juvenile and adult male monkeys.Macaca fascicularis. Endocrine Soc. Abstr. 64.
  2. Adelman, J. P., Mason, A. J., Hayflick, J. S., and Seeburg, P. H. (1986). Isolation of the gene and hypothalamic cDNA for the common precursor of gonadotropin-releasing hormone and prolactin release-inhibiting factor in human and rat.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA83179–183. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Aizawa, T., and Greer, M. A. (1981). Delineation of the hypothalamic area controlling thyrotropin secretion in the rat.Endocrinology1091731–1738. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Antoni, F. A. (1986). Hypothalamic control of adrenocorticotropin secretion, advances since the discovery of 41-residue corticotropin-releasing factor.Endocrine Rev.7351–378. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Arentzen, R., Baldino, F., Jr., Davis, L. G., Higgins, G. A., Lin, Y., Manning, R. W., and Wolfson, B. (1985). In situ hybridization of putative somatostatin mRNA within hypothalamus of the rat using synthetic oligonucleotide probes.J. Cell. Biochem.27415–422. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Barry, J., Hoffman, G. E., and Wray, S. (1986). LHRH-containing systems. InHandbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy. GABA and Neuropeptides in the CNS, Part I (A. Björklund and T. Hökfelt, Eds.), Elsevier, New York, pp. 166–215. [Google Scholar]
  7. Brownstein, M. J., and Mezey, É. (1986). Multiple chemical messengers in hypothalamic magnocellular neurons.Prog. Brain Res.68161–168. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Brownstein, M. J., Eskay, R. L., and Palkovits, M. (1982). Thyrotropin releasing hormone in the median eminence is in processes of paraventricular neurons.Neuropeptides2197–201. [Google Scholar]
  9. Burbach, J. P. H., De Hoop, M. J., Schmale, H., Richter, D., De Kloet, E. R., Ten Haaf, J. A., and De Wied, D. (1984). Differential responses to osmotic stress of vasopressin-neurophysin mRNA in hypothalamic nuclei.Neuroendocrinology39582–584. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Burbach, J. P. H., Van Tol, H. H. M., Bakkus, M. H. C., Schmale, H., and Ivell, R. (1986). Quantitation of vasopressin mRNA and oxytocin mRNA in hypothalamic nuclei by solution hybridization assays.J. Neurochem.471814–1821. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Burlet, A., Tonon, M.-C., Tankosic, P., Coy, D., and Vaudry, H. (1983). Comparative immunocytochemical localization of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF-41) and neurohypophyseal peotides in the brain of Brattleboro and Long-Evans rats.Neuroendocrinology3764–72. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Cattanach, B. M., Iddon, C. A., Charlton, H. M., Chiappa, S. A., and Fink, G. (1977). Gonadotropin releasing-hormone deficiency in a mutant mouse with hypogonadism.Nature269338–340. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Cheng, S. W. T., and North, W. G. (1986). Responsiveness of oxytocin-producing neurons to acute salt-loading in rats: Comparisons with vasopressin-producing neurons.Neuroendocrinology42174–180. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Cintra, A., Fuxe, K., Härfstrand, A., Agnati, L. F., Wilkström, A.-C., Okret, S., Vale, W., and Gustafsson, J.-Å. (1987). Presence of glucocorticoid receptor immunoreactivity in corticotrophin releasing factor and growth hormone releasing factor immunoreactive neurons of the rat di- and telencephalon.Neurosci. Lett.7725–30. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Davis, L. G., Arentzen, R., Reid, J. M., Manning, R. W., Wolfson, B., Lawrence, K. L., and Baldino F., Jr. (1986). Glucocorticoid sensitivity of vasopressin mRNA levels in the paraventricular nucleus of the rat.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA831145–1149. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Deschenes, R. J., Lorenz, L. J., Haun, R. S., Roos, B. A., Collier, K. J., and Dixon, J. E. (1984). Cloning and sequence analysis of a cDNA encoding rat preprocholecystokinin.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA81726–730. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Fuller, P. J., Clements, J. A., and Funder, J. W. (1985). Localization of arginine vasopressin-neurophysin II messenger ribonucleic acid in the hypothalamus of control and Brattleboro rats by hybridization histochemistry with a synthetic pentadecamer oligonucleotide probe.Endocrinology1162366–2368. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Gee, C. E., Chen, C.-L. C., Roberts, J. L., Rhompson, R., and Watson, S. J. (1983). Identification of proopiomelanocortin neurones in rat hypothalamus byin situ cDNA-mRNA hybridization.Nature306374–376. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Gillies, G. E., and Lowry, P. J. (1986). Adrenal function. InNeuroendocrinology (S. L. Lightman and B. J. Everitt, Eds.), Blackwell, London, pp. 360–388. [Google Scholar]
  20. Hoefler, H., Childers, H., Montminy, M. R., Lechan, R. M., Goodman, R. H., and Wolfe, H. J. (1986).In situ hybridization methods for the detection of somatostatin mRNA in tissue sections using antisense RNA probes.Histochem. J.18597–604. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Horn, A. M., Robinson, I. C. A. F., and Fink, G. (1985). Oxytocin and vasopressin in rat hypophysial portal blood: Experimental studies in normal and Brattleboro rats.J. Endocrinol.117211–224. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Ivell, R., and Richter, D. (1984). Structure and comparison of the oxytocin and vasopressin genes from rat.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA812006–2010. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Jackson, I. M. D., and Lechan, R. M. (1983). Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). InBrain Peptides (D. T. Krieger, M. J. Brownstein, and J. B. Martin, Eds.), John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 661–685. [Google Scholar]
  24. Jennes, L., and Stumpf, W. E. (1986). Gonadotropin-releasing hormone immunoreactive neurons with access to fenestrated capillaries in mouse brain.Neuroscience13403–410. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Hingami, H., Matsukura, S., Numa, S., and Imura, H. (1985). Effects of adrenalectomy and dexamethasone administration on the level of preprocorticotropin-releasing factor messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) in the hypothalamus and adrenocorticotropin/β-lipotropin precursor mRNA in the pituitary in rats.Endocrinology1171314–1320. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Kiss, J. Z., Mezey, É., and Skirboll, L. (1984). Corticotropin-releasing factor-immunoreactive neurons of the paraventricular nucleus become vasopressin positive after adrenalectomy.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA811854–1858. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Koller, K. J., Wolff, R. S., Warden, M. K., and Zoeller, R. T. (1987a). Thyroid hormones regulate thyrotropin-releasing hormone mRNA levels in the paraventricular nucleus.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA847329–7333. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Koller, K. J., Wolff, R. S., and Zoeller, R. T. (1987b). Thyroid hormone regulation of thyrotropin-releasing hormone mRNA in the paraventricular nucleus is independent of thyrotropin.Soc. Neurosci., Abstr. 378.17, p. 1372.
  29. Kovács, K., Kiss, J. Z., and Makara, G. B. (1986). Glucocorticoid implants around the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus prevent the increase of corticotropin-releasing factor and arginine vasopressin immunostaining induced by adrenalectomy.Neuroendocrinology44229–234. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Kovács, K. J., and Mezey, É. (1987). Dexamethasone inhibits corticotropin releasing factor gene expression in the rat paraventricular nucleus.Neuroendocrinology46365–368. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Lechan, R. M., Wu, P., and Jackson, I. M. D. (1986b). Immunolocalization of the thyrotropin-releasing hormone prohormone in the rat central nervous system.Endocrinology1191210–1216. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Lechan, R. M., Wu, P., Jackson, I. M. D., Wolf, H., Cooperman, S., Mandel, G., and Goodman, R. H. (1986a). Thyrotropin-releasing hormone precursor: Characterization in rat brain.Science231159–161. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Lightman, S. L., and Everitt, B. J. (1981).Neuroendocrinology, Blackwell, London. [Google Scholar]
  34. Lightman, S. L., and Young, W. S. III (1987a). Changes in hypothalamic preproenkephalin A mRNA following stress and opiate withdrawal.Nature328643–645. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Lightman, S. L., and Young, W. S., III (1987b). Vasopressin, oxytocin, dynorphin, enkephalin, and corticotrophin releasing factor mRNA stimulation in the rat.J. Physiol. (Lond.)39423–39. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Majzoub, J. A., Rich, A., vanBoom, J., and Habener, J. F. (1983). Vasopressin and oxytocin mRNA regulation in the rat assessed by hybridization with synthetic oligonucleotides.J. Biol. Chem.25814061–14064. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Martin, J. B., and Reichlin, S. (1987).Clinical Neuroendocrinology, F. A. Davis, Philadelphia. [Google Scholar]
  38. Mason, A. J., Hayflick, J. S., Zoeller, R. T., Young, W. S., III, Phillips, H. S., Nikolics, K., and Seeburg, P. H. (1986a). A deletion truncating the GnRH gene is responsible for hypogonadism in thehpg mouse.Science2341366–1371. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Mason, A. J., Pitts, S. L., Nikolics, K., Szonyi, E., Wilkox, J. N., Seeburg, P. H., and Stewart, T. A. (1986b). The hypogonadal mouse: Reproductive function restored by gene therapy.Science2341372–1378. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Mayo, K. E., Cerelli, G. M., Rosenfeld, M. G., and Evans, R. M. (1985). Characterization of cDNA and genomic clones encoding the precursor to rat hypothalamic growth hormone-releasing factor.Nature314464–467. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. McCabe, J. T., Morrell, J. I., and Pfaff, D. W. (1986a). Measurement of expression of the vasopressin and oxytocin genes in single neurons byin situ hybridization. InNeuroendocrine Molecular Biology (G. Fink, A. J. Harmar, and K. W. McKerns, Eds.), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 219–229. [Google Scholar]
  42. McCabe, J. T., Morrell, J. I., Ivell, R., Schmale, H., Richter, D., and Pfaff, D. W. (1986b). Brattleboro rat hypothalamic neurons transcribe vasopressin gene: Evidence from in situ hybridization.Neuroendocrinology44361–364. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. McCann, S. M., Lumpkin, M. D., Mizunuma, H., Khorram, O., Ottlecz, A., and Samson, W. K. (1984). Peptidergic and dopaminergic control of prolactin release.Trends Neurosci.7127–131. [Google Scholar]
  44. Morley, J. E. (1981). Neuroendocrine control of thyrotropin secretion.Endocrine Rev.2396–436. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Pfaff, D. W. (1986). Gene expression in hypothalamic neurons: Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone.J. Neurosci. Res.16109–115. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Plotsky, P. M., and Sawchenko, P. E. (1987). Hypophysial-portal plasma levels, median eminence content, and immunohistochemical staining of corticotropin-releasing factor, arginine vasopressin, and oxytocin after pharmacological adrenalectomy.Endocrinology1201361–1369. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Reppert, S. M., and Uhl, G. R. (1987). Vasopressin messenger ribonucleic acid in supraoptic and suprachiasmatic nuclei: Appearance and circadian regulation during development.Endocrinology1202483–2487. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Richter, K., Kawashima, E., Egger, R., and Kreil, G. (1984). Biosynthesis of thyrotroin releasing hormone in the skin ofXenopus laevis: Partial sequence of the precursor deduced from cloned cDNA.EMBO J.3617–621. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Robers, K. V., Vician, L., Steiner, R. A., and Clifton, D. K. (1987). Reduced preprosomatostain ribonucleic acid in the periventricular nucleus of hypophysectomized rats determined by quantitativein situ hybridization.Endocrinology12190–93. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Rothfeld, J. M., Hejtmancik, J. F., Conn, P. M., and Pfaff, D. W. (1987). LHRH messenger RNA in neurons in the intact and castrate male rat forebrain studied by in situ hybridization.Exp. Brain Res.67113–118. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Russell, J. T., Brownstein, M. J., and Gainer, H. (1980). [35S]Cysteine labeled peptides transported to the neurohypophyses of adrenalectomized, lactating, and Brattleboro rats.Brain Res.201227–234. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Sawchenko, P. E., Swanson, L. W., and Vale, W. W. (1984a). Co-expression of corticotropin-releasing factor and vasopressin immunoreactivity in parvocellular neurosecretory neurons of the adrenalectomized rat.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA811883–1887. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Sawchenko, P. E., Swanson, L. W., and Vale, W. W. (1984b). Corticotropin-releasing factor: Co-expression within distinct subsets of oxytocin-, vasopressin-, and neurotensin-immunoreactive neurons in the hypothalamus of the male rat.J. Neurosci.41118–1129. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Schmale, H., and Richter, D. (1984). Single base deletion in the vasopressin gene is the cause of diabetes insipidus in Brattleboro rats.Nature308705–709. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Schmale, H., Ivell, R., Breindl, M., Darmer, D., and Richter, D. (1984). The mutant vasopressin gene from diabetes insipidus (Brattleboro) rats is transcribed but the message is not efficiently translated.EMBO J.33289–3293. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Seeburg, P. H., and Adelman, J. P. (1984). Characterization of cDNA for precursor of human luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone.Nature311666–668. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Segerson, T. P., Hoefler, H., Childers, H., Wolfe, H. J., Wu, P., Jackson, I. M. D., and Lechan, R. M. (1987). Localization of thyrotropin-releasing hormone prohormone messenger ribonucleic acid in rat brain by in situ hybridization.Endocrinology12198–107. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Sherman, T. G., Civelli, O., Douglass, J., Herbert, E., Burke, S., and Watson, S. J. (1986a). Hypothalamic dynorphin and vasopressin mRNA expression in normal and Brattleboro rats.Fed. Proc.452323–2327. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Sherman, T. G., McKelvy, J., and Watson, S. J. (1986b). Vasopressin mRNA regulation in individual hypothalamic nuclei: A northern andin situ hybridization analysis.J. Neurosci.6 1685–1694. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Sherwood, N. M., Chiappa, S. A., Sarkar, D. K., and Fink, G. (1980). Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in pituitary stalk blood from proestrous rats: Effects of anesthetics and relationship between stored and released GnRH and luteinizing hormone.Endocrinology1071410–1416. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Shivers, B. D., Harlan, R. E., Morrell, J. I., and Pfaff, D. W. (1983). Absence of oestradiol concentration in cell nuclei of LHRH-immunoreactive neurones.Nature304345–347. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Shivers, B. D., Harlan, R. E., Hejtmancik, J. F., Conn, P. M., and Pfaff, D. W. (1986). Localization of cells containing LHRH-like mRNA in rat forebrain using in situ hybridization.Endocrinology118883–885. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Silverman, A.-J., Jhamandas, J., and Renaud, L. (1987). Localization of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) neurons that project to the median eminence.J. Neurosci.72312–2319. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Standish, L. J., Adams, L. A., Vician, L., Clifton, D. K., and Steiner, R. A. (1987). Neuroanatomical localization of cells containing gonadotropin-releasing hormone messenger ribonucleic acid in the primate brain by in situ hybridization histochemistry.Mol. Endocrinol.1371–376. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Swaab, D. F., Pool, C. W., and Nijveldt, F. (1975). Immunofluorescence of vasopressin and oxytocin in the rat hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system.J. Neural Transm.36195–215. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Terry, L. C., and Crowley, W. R. (1980). The effect of hypophysectomy on somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in discrete hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic nuclei.Endocrinology1071771–1775. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Tramu, G., Croix, C., and Pillez, A. (1983). Ability of the CRF-immunoreactive neurons of the paraventricular nucleus to produce a vasopressin-like material.Neuroendocrinology37467–469. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Uhl, G. R. (1986).In Situ Hubridization in Brain, Plenum Press, New York. [Google Scholar]
  69. Uhl, G. R., and Reppert, S. M. (1986). Suprachiasmatic nucleus vasopressin messenger RNA: Circadian variation in normal and Brattleboro rats.Science232390–393. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Uhl, G. R., and Sasek, C. A. (1986). Somatostatin mRNA: Regional variation in hybridization densities in individual neurons.J. Neurosci.63258–3264. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Uhl, G. R., Zingg, H. H., and Habener, J. F. (1985). Vasopressin mRNAin situ hybridization: Localization and regulation studied with oligonucleotide cDNA probes in normal and Brattleboro rat hypothalamus.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA825555–5559. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Vandesande, F., and Dierickx, K. (1975). Identification of the vasopressin producing and of the oxytocin producing neurons in the hypothalamic magnocellular neurosecretory system of the rat.Cell Tissue Res.164153–162. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Van Rol, H. H. M. (1987).Regulation of Vasopressin and Oxytocin Gene Expression in the H ypothalamo-Neurohypophyseal System of the Rat, Thesis, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands. [Google Scholar]
  74. Van Tol, H. H. M., Voorhuis, T. A. M., Snijdewint, F. G. M., Boer, G. J., and Burbach, J. P. H. (1986). Vasopressin gene expression is attenuated in the fetal Brattleboro rat.FEBS Lett.204101–105. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Van Tol, H. H. M., Voorhuis, D. T. A. M., and Burbach, J. P. H. (1987). Oxytocin gene expression in discrete hypothalamic magnocellular cell groups is stimulated by prolonged salt loading.Endocrinology12071–76. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Whitnall, M. H., Key, S., Ben-Barak, Y., Ozato, K., and Gainer, H. (1985). Neurophysin in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system. II. Immunocytochemical studies of the ontogeny of oxytocinergic and vasopressinergic neurons.J. Neurosci.598–109. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Wise, P. M., Rance, N., and Barraclough, C. A. (1981). Effects of estradiol and progesterone on catecholamine turnover rates in discrete hypothalamic regions in ovariectomized rats.Endocrinology1082186–2193. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Wolfson, B., Manning, R. W., Davis, L. G., Arentzen, R., and Baldino, F., Jr. (1985). Co-localization of corticotropin releasing factor and vasopressin mRNA in neurones after adrenalectomy.Nature31559–61. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Wray, S., and Hoffman, G. E. (1986). Postnatal morphological changes in rat LHRH neurons correlated with sexual maturation.Neuroendocrinology4393–99. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Wray, S., Gahwiler, B., and Gainer, H. (1986). In vitro development of LHRH cell subtypes.Soc. Neurosci. Abstr.13322.10. [Google Scholar]
  81. Wray, S., Zoeller, R. T., and Gainer, H. (1987). Quantitative hybridization histochemistry for LHRH mRNA in organotypic cultures.Soc. Neurosci. Abstr.16301.3. [Google Scholar]
  82. Young, W. S., III (1986). Corticotropin-releasing factor mRNA in the hypothalamus is affected differently by drinking saline and by dehydration.FEBS Lett.208158–162. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Young, W. S., III, Mezey, É., and Siegel, R. E. (1986a). Quantitativein situ hybridization histochemistry reveals increased levels of croticotropin-releasing factor mRNA after adrenalectomy in rats.Neurosci. Lett.20198–203. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Young, W. S., III, Mezey, É., and Siegel, R. E. (1986b). Vasopressin and oxytocin mRNAs in adrenalectomized and Brattleboro rats: Analysis by quantitative in situ hybridization histochemistry.Mol. Brain Res.1231–241. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Young, W. S., III, Bonner, T. I., and Brann, M. R. (1986c). Mesencephalic dopamine neurons regulate the expression of neuropeptide mRNAs in the rat forebrain.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA839827–9831. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Young, W. S., III, Burch, R., and Shepard, E. (1987a). Increased plasma osmolality produces increased levels of GTP-binding proteins, Gs and Giα-subunit mRNAs in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei.Soc. Neurosci. Abstr.16450.11. [Google Scholar]
  87. Young, W. S., III, Warden, M., and Mezey, É. (1987b). Tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA is increased by hyperosmotic stimuli in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei.Neuroendocrinology46439–444. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Zingg, H. H., Lefebvre, D., and Almazan, G. (1986). Regulation of vasopressin gene expression in rat hypothalamic neurons. Response to osmotic stimulation.J. Biol. Chem.26112956–12959. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Zoeller, R. T., and Young, W. S., III. (1987). Cellular levels of messenger RNA encoding gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) are elevated after the LH surge on the day of prestrus.Soc. Neurosci. Abstr.1610.7. [Google Scholar]
  90. Zoeller, R. T., Seeburg, P. H., and Young, W. S., III. (1986). Cellular levels of messenger RNA encoding gonadotropin-releasing hormone are decreased by estrogen treatment.Endocrine Soc., Abstr. 32.

Articles from Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology are provided here courtesy of Springer

RESOURCES