Effects of replacement soybean meal with fermented cassava pulp by Saccharomyces cerevisiae in DIETS on Rumen fermentation in growing goats

Walailuck Kaewwongsa; Chalong Wachirapakorn; Siwaporn Paengkoum; Nittaya Taethaisong; Sorasak Thongpea; Pramote Paengkoum

doi:10.1038/s41598-024-61402-x

. 2024 Nov 15;14:28124. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-61402-x

Effects of replacement soybean meal with fermented cassava pulp by Saccharomyces cerevisiae in DIETS on Rumen fermentation in growing goats

Walailuck Kaewwongsa ¹, Chalong Wachirapakorn ², Siwaporn Paengkoum ^3,^✉, Nittaya Taethaisong ⁴, Sorasak Thongpea ⁴, Pramote Paengkoum ^4,^✉

PMCID: PMC11568249 PMID: 39548111

Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with fermented cassava pulp by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (FCSC) in the diet of growing goats. Growing goats were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments according to replicated 5 × 5 Latin square design. Dietary treatments were five levels of replacement SBM to FCSC at 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of crude protein in concentrates. The results showed that total dry matter intake (DMI, g/day) was increased (P < 0.05) with increasing FCSC. The highest for body weight change was found in 75% replacement of SBM by FCSC. The results suggested that FCSC could replace up to 75% of SBM in concentrate of growing goats fed rice straw as roughage. Based on this result, using 75% FCSC as the main source of protein to completely replace soybean meal was beneficial to growing goats in terms of feed intake and productive performance.

Keywords: Casava pulp, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Protein replacement, Soybean meal, Growing goats

Subject terms: Biological techniques, Biotechnology, Zoology

Introduction

In situations where concentrate feed supplements are expensive, farmers should be capable of formulating their own feeds based on available farm resources and their economic viability¹. The cassava pulp is by a product from the cassava flour process. Cassava pulp has low protein content and only used as carbohydrate material in the animal feed production^2–4. In general, cassava pulp is very wet. However, drying is the best way of stored cassava pulp because it can easy to store and it can be stored longer than ferment it in anaerobic condition. Because the protein source for animal feed is growing expensive.

So, research has found that cassava pulp is one of good alternative for enriching protein by microbial fermentation^5,6. Cassava pulp is always sold as a low-cost animal feed material in place of urea, yeast, and other ingredients³. There has been research on the improvement of cassava pulp through solid state fermentation, and it has been discovered that the protein content of cassava pulp can be increased. However, there are increases in the price of the conventional feed ingredients available due to the competition between the livestock industry and man. Therefore, cassava pulp is fermented with yeast (S. cerevisiae) for protein enrichment before it is used as the high-quality animal feed material. Estimates of rumen undegraded protein digestibility of feeds are critical in the application of protein evaluation systems for ruminants⁷. The rate and extent of protein degradation in the rumen are critical because they determine the availability of nitrogen to microorganisms and amino acids to host animals in the small intestine. The protein consumed by the ruminant should be partially degradable in the rumen, producing peptides, amino acids, and NH₃–N for use in microbial protein synthesis and improved rumen ecology.

Innovative feedstuffs are required to reduce production costs. It has been reported that yeast (S. cerevisiae) fermentation of cassava pulp can increase protein for animals³. Therefore, the objective of this study was investigated the effect of replacement soybean meal with fermented casava pulp by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (FCSC) in diets on rumen fermentation in growing goats.

Results

Chemical compositions

The protein content was gradually augmented by time because the yeast converts nitrogen source to protein. Cassava pulp fermentation with 5 g of S. cerevisiae for 5 day was gave the highest in crude protein and true protein at 31.64 and 29.0% DM, respectively. Ingredients and chemical composition of the feed were showed in Table 1. The DM, Ash, CP, and NDF contents were similar in all treatments.

Table 1.

Chemical composition of the experimental diets (% DM basis).

Ingredient	Bath/kg¹	FCSC replacement of SBM (%)
Ingredient	Bath/kg¹	0	25	50	75	100	RS
Cassava pulp	4.45	47.5	46.4	45.0	43.6	42.1
Rice bran	6.36	18.0	18.0	18.0	18.0	18.0
Plam kernel cake	6.1	10.0	10.0	10.0	10.0	10.0
Soybean meal	25.0	15.0	11.3	7.5	3.8	0.0
FCSC	5.0	0	5.3	10.5	15.8	21.0
Molasses	4.5	8.5	8.1	8.1	7.9	7.8
Urea	32.2	0.45	0.46	0.48	0.49	0.51
Dicalcium phosphate	5.5	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1
Premix	30	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
Total		100	100	100	100	100
Analyzed chemical composition (% DM basis)
DM		87.9	86.6	86.5	79.7	76.5	90.3
Ash		8.5	8.9	8.2	8.4	6.6	13.6
CP		13.2	13.2	13.2	13.1	13.1	3.4
NDF		33.0	38.3	38.9	36.8	36.0	74.7
ADF		28.6	30.7	30.6	29.8	28.9	55.5
ADL		8.0	10.9	10.3	10.9	10.7	17.6

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FCSC = fermented cassava pulp with yeast (S. cerevisiae), RS = Rice straw, DM = dry matter, OM = organic matter, CP = crude protein, NDF = neutral detergent fiber, ADF = acid detergent fiber, ADL = acid detergent lignin.

Voluntary feed intake

The concentration, roughage, and total intake of the growing goats were showed that Table 2. Concentrate, roughage and total dry matter intakes expressed as g/day were decreased as increasing the level of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with fermented cassava pulp with yeast (FCSC) (P < 0.05). Body weight change, whereas those fed fermented the cassava pulp replacement of soybean meal 75% were higher than other diets, but were not significantly different with increasing proportion of FCSC replacement of SBM. Body weight change, whereas those fed fermented the cassava pulp replacement of soybean meal 75% were higher than other diets, but were not significantly different with increasing proportion of FCSC replacement of SBM.

Table 2.

Voluntary feed intake of fermented cassava pulp with yeast (S. cerevisiae) replacement of soybean meal in growing goat diets.

Items	FCSC replacement of SBM (%)					SEM	Contrast¹
Items	0	25	50	75	100	SEM	L	Q	C
Concentrate dry matter intake
g/day	360.0^ab	384.0^b	352.9^ab	348.4^a	359.4^ab	7.65	ns	ns	*
% BW	1.5	1.5	1.5	1.5	1.5	0.00	ns	ns	ns
gDM/kgBW^0.75	33.2^ab	33.5^b	32.2^a	32.8^ab	33.0^ab	0.22	ns	ns	ns
Roughage dry matter intake (rice straw)
g/day	570.5^ab	580.4^b	550.9^a	555.3^ab	559.3	12.4	ns	ns	*
% BW	2.4	2.3	2.3	2.5	2.4	0.07	ns	ns	ns
gDM/kgBW^0.75	52.8	51.3	51.4	53.3	51.7	1.29	ns	ns	ns
Total dry matter intake
g/day	930.5^ab	964.4^b	903.8^a	903.7^a	918.7^ab	16.2	ns	ns	*
% BW	3.9	3.8	3.8	4.0	3.9	0.07	ns	ns	ns
gDM/kgBW^0.75	86.0	84.8	83.6	86.1	84.7	1.26	ns	ns	ns
Ratio Concentrate Roughage	39.3 60.7	40.3 59.7	39.6 60.4	39.1 60.9	39.0 60.4	0.65 0.35	ns	ns	ns
Body weight change (g/day)	4.8^b	3.6^b	14.3^a	50.0^c	7.15	15.8	ns	ns	ns

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Nutrient intake and digestibility

Nutrient intake of meat goats fed with FCSC replacement of SBM 25% in concentrate were higher than those fed treatments between the other. Dry matter digestibility of meat goats fed with FCSC replacement of SBM 25% in concentrate were lower than those fed treatments between the other (0%, and 100%) were affected significantly (P > 0.05). The DM, OM and CP digestibility increased quadratically (P < 0.05) as a consequence of FCSC replacement of SBM. Similarly, NDF and ADF digestibility were not significantly different among treatments (Table 3).

Table 3.

Nutrient intake of fermented cassava pulp with yeast (S. cerevisiae) replacement of soybean meal in growing goat diets.

Items	FCSC replacement of SBM (%)					SEM	Contrast¹
Items	0	25	50	75	100	SEM	L	Q	C
Nutrient intake (g/day)
DM	930.5^ab	964.4^b	903.8^a	903.7^a	918.7^ab	16.2	ns	ns	*
OM	865.9	875.2	849.1	859.5	851.7	14.7	ns	ns	ns
CP	68.4	69.4	67.8	67.5	66.5	1.20	ns	ns	ns
NDF	545.4	571.8	545.5	555.8	543.6	10.2	ns	ns	ns
ADF	244.5^b	250.7^b	242.8^b	243.6^b	227.0^a	4.20	**	**	ns
Digestibility (%)
DM	77.7^b	75.5^a	76.6^ab	76.5^ab	77.7^b	0.58	ns	*	ns
OM	81.0^b	79.3^a	80.2^ab	80.1^ab	81.2^b	0.49	ns	*	ns
CP	65.3	65.7	68.7	64.6	66.3	0.95	ns	ns	ns
NDF	73.9	71.2	72.2	72.1	73.6	0.72	ns	*	ns
ADF	53.2	48.0	52.0	51.0	51.9	1.27	ns	ns	ns

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a, b, * Values on the same row under each main effect with different superscripts differ significantly (P < 0.05), ** Value on the same row under each main effect with different superscripts differ highly significant (P < 0.01), ¹contrast effect (L = linear, Q = quadratic and C = cubic), SEM = Standard error of means, ns = not significantly different (P > 0.05).

Ruminal pH and ammonia–nitrogen (NH₃–N)

Ruminal pH and NH₃–N concentration at preliminary feeding 3 and 6 h post-feeding are presented in Table 4. Average rumen pH across treatments prior to feeding was ranged 6.74 to 6.9. Ruminal pH before feeding of goats fed with 0% FCSC replacement of SBM diet were higher than (P < 0.05) that of 75%, however there not significantly different with 25, 50, and 100%. Ruminal pH at 3 and 6 post-feeding were not significantly different among treatments. Ruminal pH ranged from 6.5 to 7.3 across treatments (P > 0.05). Similarly, concentrations of ruminal NH₃–N were ranged from 22.8 to 34.2 mg% (P > 0.05).

Table 4.

Ruminal pH, and ammonia–nitrogen (NH₃–N) concentration of meat goats fed fermented cassava pulp with yeast (S. cerevisiae) replacement of soybean meal in growing goat diets.

Items	FCSC replacement of SBM (%)					SEM	Contrast¹
Items	0	25	50	75	100	SEM	L	Q	C
pH
0 h post feeding	7.3^b	7.1^ab	7.0^ab	7.0^a	7.1^ab	0.08	ns	ns	ns
3 h post feeding	6.7	6.7	6.7	6.6	6.8	0.06	ns	ns	ns
6 h post feeding	6.7	6.5	6.6	6.6	6.6	0.07	ns	ns	ns
Ammonia-N (mg%)
0 h post feeding	28.2	28.6	26.8	26.9	25.9	0.68	ns	ns	ns
3 h post feeding	33.6	34.2	33.2	31.2	31.4	1.35	ns	ns	ns
6 h post feeding	24.9	25.1	23.5	22.9	23.5	1.18	ns	ns	ns

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a, b Value on the same row under each main effect with different superscripts differ significantly (P < 0.05), ¹contrast effect (L = linear, Q = quadratic and C = cubic), SEM = Standard error of means, ns = not significantly different (P > 0.05), FCSC = fermented cassava pulp with yeast (S.cerevisiae).

Plasma urea nitrogen

Plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) concentration of goats fed with 25% FCSC replacement of SBM diet were higher than those of 0, 50, 75, and 100% FCSC replacement of SBM (P < 0.05) (Table 5).

Table 5.

Plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) concentration of meat goats fed fermented cassava pulp with yeast (S. cerevisiae) replacement of soybean meal in growing goat diets.

Items	FCM replacement of SBM (%)					SEM	Contrast¹
Items	0	25	50	75	100	SEM	L	Q	C
Plasma urea nitrogen (PUN, mg%)
0 h post feeding	13.5^ab	16.5^b	11.3^a	12.4^ab	11.2^a	0.72	**	ns	ns
3 h post feeding	18.5^ab	22.1^b	17.7^a	17.7^a	17.5^a	0.72	ns	ns	ns
6 h post feeding	14.3^a	19.2^b	14.2^a	13.9^a	13.5^a	0.73	ns	ns	*
Mean	16.1^ab	19.3^b	14.4^a	16.7^a	14.0^a	0.65	*	ns	ns

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a, b, *Value on the same row under each main effect with different superscripts differ significantly (P < 0.05), **Value on the same row under each main effect with different superscripts differ highly significantly (P < 0.01), ¹contrast effect (L = Linear, Q = Quadratic and C = Cubic), SEM = Standard error of means, ns = not significantly different (P > 0.05), FCSC = fermented cassava pulp with yeast (S.cerevisiae).

Volatile fatty acids (VFA)

Total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) concentration in rumen fluid ranged from 58.81 to 77.35 mM/L. TVFA of goats fed with 75% FCSC replacement of SBM diets were higher than 100% (P < 0.05) FCSC, however was not significantly different with 0% and 25% (P > 0.05). There were not significantly different among treatments of TVFA at 3 and 6 h post-feeding (Table 6).

Table 6.

Total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) and average of volatile fatty acids of meat goats fed fermented cassava pulp with yeast (S. cerevisiae) replacement of soybean meal in growing goat diets.

Items	FCSC replacement of SBM (%)					SEM	Contrast¹
	0	25	50	75	100		L	Q	C
Total volatile fatty acid (mM/L)
0 h post feeding	61.5^ab	61.2^ab	58.8^ab	74.5^b	54.7^a	2.54	ns	ns	ns
3 h post feeding	66.8	74.1	77.1	69.2	73.8	2.95	ns	ns	ns
6 h post feeding	77.4	65.9	76.6	73.2	75.4	2.04	ns	ns	ns
Mean	68.0	67.0	68.0	72.3	66.9	1.74	ns	ns	ns
Volatile fatty acids proportion (mole/100 mol)
Acetic acid (C2)
0 h post feeding	73.7	74.9	79.1	79.2	75.9	0.88	ns	ns	ns
3 h post feeding	71.5^a	77.2^ab	75.0^ab	78.1^b	76.0^ab	1.24	ns	ns	ns
6 h post feeding	75.9	76.3	75.8	77.2	71.1	1.13	ns	ns	ns
Mean	74.4	75.1	77.0	78.3	71.9	0.92	ns	ns	ns
Propionic acid (C3)
0 h post feeding	15.5	12.5	13.4	14.3	12.8	0.69	ns	ns	ns
3 h post feeding	12.9	10.8	18.4	15.0	16.6	1.45	ns	ns	ns
6 h post feeding	17.9^b	12.1^a	15.5^ab	15.2^ab	13.4^ab	0.91	ns	ns	ns
Mean	16.5	12.2	16.2	14.7	13.6	0.63	ns	ns	ns
Butyric acid (C4)
0 h post feeding	9.5^ab	10.9^b	8.05^ab	6.8^a	8.0^ab	0.57	ns	ns	ns
3 h post feeding	8.7^a	13.1^b	9.6^ab	7.0^a	10.0^ab	0.95	ns	ns	*
6 h post feeding	8.8^b	10.8^b	8.6^ab	6.0^a	9.7^b	0.51	ns	ns	*
Mean	8.6^ab	11.4^b	7.9^a	6.7^a	8.8^ab	0.53	ns	ns	*
C2:C3	4.7	4.3	4.1	4.4	4.3	0.16	ns	ns	ns

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a, b, * Value on the same row under each main effect with different superscripts differ significantly (P < 0.05) ¹contrast effect (L = Linear, Q = Quadratic and C = Cubic), SEM = Standard error of means, ns = not significantly different (P > 0.05), FCSC = fermented cassava pulp with yeast (S.cerevisiae).

Purine derivatives, microbial N supply

The concentration of urinary purine derivatives (PD) and microbial N supply were shown in Table 7. The results showed that total PD and allantoin excretion (mmole/day) of goats fed with 75% FCSC replacement of SBM diets had higher than 0, 25, 50, and 100% FCSC replacement of SBM diets but were not different (P > 0.05). However, above value were significantly different (P < 0.05) when expressed in terms of uric acid in urinary PD. Similarly, microbial N synthesis (g N/day) or microbial protein synthesis (g CP/day) of goats fed 75% FCSC replacement of SBM diets had higher than 0, 25, 50, and 100% FCSC replacement of SBM diets but were not different (P > 0.05). The efficiency of microbial N supply [g N/kg OM digestible in rumen (OMDR)] was the highest at goats fed 75% FCSC replacement of SBM diets but were significantly different (P > 0.05).

Table 7.

Purine derivative (PD) excretion, microbial N supply of meat goats fed fermented cassava pulp with yeast (S. cerevisiae) replacement of soybean meal in growing goat diets.

Items	FCSC replacement of SBM (%)					SEM	Contrast¹
Items	0	25	50	75	100	SEM	L	Q	C
Purine derivative excretion (mM/day)
Allantoin	6.57	10.7	4.88	8.28	5.88	1.14	ns	ns	ns
Uric acid	0.76	2.14	0.93	1.82	0.93	0.27	ns	ns	ns
Hyproxanthine	0.62	0.84	0.74	1.32	0.72	0.18	ns	ns	ns
Xanthine	0.89	1.06	0.84	0.97	0.69	0.15	ns	ns	ns
Creatinine	9.12	11.8	11.2	10.4	10.6	1.31	ns	ns	ns
Total PD
mM/L	8.84	14.7	7.40	12.4	8.21	1.62	ns	ns	ns
mM/BW^0.75	0.80	1.34	0.73	1.10	0.75	0.15	ns	ns	ns
DOMI (gDM/day)
	700.4	692.3	679.7	689.0	690.2	11.6	ns	ns	ns
Microbial N supply
g of N/day	5.81	10.9	4.54	8.94	5.29	1.42	ns	ns	ns
g of N/kg of DOMR
	12.1	23.8	10.3	18.7	11.2	3.00	ns	ns	ns
Microbial crude protein (MCP, g/day)
	36.3	68.2	28.4	55.9	33.1	8.9	ns	ns	ns

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a, b, * Value on the same row under each main effect with different superscripts differ significantly (P < 0.05), ¹contrast effect (L = Linear, Q = Quadratic and C = Cubic), SEM = Standard error of means, ns = not significantly different (P > 0.05), DOMI = digestible organic matter intake, DOMR = digestible organic matter fermented in rumen calculated as 0.65xDOMI (ARC, 1984), FCSC = fermented cassava pulp with yeast (S.cerevisiae), Microbial N (gN/day) = 0.727X, Y = 0.83X + 0.202BW^0.75.

Nitrogen retention

Nitrogen intake were significantly different (P > 0.05) and total nitrogen excretion were decreased linearly as a consequence of FCSC replacement of SBM diets. Urine N excretion and N output was the highest at goats fed 75% FCSC replacement of SBM diets (P < 0.05). Similarly, N absorption and N retention (g/day) were decreased at goat fed 75% and 100% FCSC replacement of SBM diets and were significantly different (P < 0.05) in the Table 8.

Table 8.

Daily nitrogen balance of meat goats fed fermented cassava pulp with yeast (S. cerevisiae) replacement of soybean meal in growing goat diets.

Items	FCSC replacement of SBM (%)					SEM	Contrast¹
Items	0	25	50	75	100	SEM	L	Q	C
N intake (g)	10.9	11.1	10.8	10.8	10.7	0.19	ns	ns	ns
N excretion (g)
Feces	3.9^b	3.8^b	3.4^a	3.8^b	3.6^ab	0.13	ns	ns	ns
Urine	1.1	0.6	0.5	1.3	0.7	0.15	ns	ns	ns
N output (g)	4.9^ab	4.3^ab	3.9^a	5.1^b	4.3^ab	0.17	ns	ns	*
N absorption (g)	7.1	7.3	7.5	7.0	7.0	0.16	ns	ns	ns
N retention (g)	6.0	6.8	6.9	5.7	6.3	0.22	ns	ns	ns
N retention (%)	55.0^ab	60.8^ab	64.1^b	51.4^a	59.0^a	1.60	ns	ns	*

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a, b, c Value on the same row under each main effect with different superscripts differ significantly (P < 0.05), ¹contrast effect (L = Linear, Q = Quadratic and C = Cubic), SEM = Standard error of means, * Value on the same row under each main effect with different superscripts differ significantly (P < 0.05), ** differ highly significantly (P < 0.01), ns = not significantly different (P > 0.05), FCSC = fermented cassava pulp with yeast (S.cerevisiae).

Ruminal microbial population

The number of protozoa ranged from 2.7 to 7.1 × 10⁵ cells/ml rumen fluid. And as expected, at preliminary feeding and 6 h post feeding even though the effectiveness of FCSC replacement of SBM on protozoa population were not significant different (P > 0.05). Protozoa population of 75% FCSC replacement of SBM at 3 h post feeding decreased cubic (P < 0.05), protozoa population lower than 25% FCSC replacement of SBM were significant different (P < 0.05). Similarly, number of fungi population in rumen fluid of goats fed 0% and 75% FCSC replacement of SBM in concentrate had higher than 25, 50, and 100% FCSC replacement of SBM at preliminary feeding, 3, and 6 h post feeding were significant different (P < 0.05). In addition, number of bacteria population in rumen fluid of goats fed FCSC replacement of SBM in dietary ranged from 0.7 to 8.0 × 10¹² cells /ml rumen fluid were showed Table 9.

Table 9.

Population of microbial in rumen fluid.

Items	FCSC replacement of SBM (%)					SEM	Contrast¹
Items	0	25	50	75	100	SEM	L	Q	C
Protozoa count (cells × 10⁵)
0 h post feeding	6.0	7.1	6.9	5.1	6.0	0.66	ns	ns	ns
3 h post feeding	4.3^ab	7.0^b	5.9^ab	2.7^a	4.3^ab	0.58	ns	ns	*
6 h post feeding	3.7	5.7	8.0	3.2	5.6	0.77	ns	ns	ns
Mean	4.6	6.6	6.9	3.6	5.3	0.55	ns	ns	ns
Fungi count (cells × 10⁶)
0 h post feeding	15.0^ab	12.4^a	10.1^a	16.8^b	10.0^a	1.07	ns	ns	*
3 h post feeding	22.0^b	14.7^ab	11.8^a	18.6^ab	11.0^a	1.42	*	ns	ns
6 h post feeding	21.6^b	13.9^ab	15.2^ab	18.9^ab	11.6^a	1.57	ns	ns	ns
Mean	19.6^b	13.7^ab	12.5^a	18.1^ab	10.8^a	1.24	ns	ns	*
Bacteria count (cells × 10¹²)
0 h post feeding	1.1^b	0.9^ab	0.8^ab	0.7^a	0.8^ab	0.04	ns	ns	ns
3 h post feeding	0.7	0.8	0.7	0.9	0.7	0.04	ns	ns	ns
6 h post feeding	8.0^b	8.0^b	7.9^b	7.2^ab	6.1^a	0.03	**	ns	ns
Mean	0.9^b	0.8^ab	0.8^ab	0.8^ab	0.7^a	0.03	**	ns	ns

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a, b, * Value on the same row under each main effect with different superscripts differ significantly (P < 0.05) ¹contrast effect (L = linear, Q = quadratic and C = cubic), SEM = Standard error of means, **Value on the same row under each main effect with different superscripts differ highly significantly (P < 0.01), ns = not significantly different (P > 0.05), FCSC = fermented cassava pulp with yeast (S. cerevisiae).

Discussion

Voluntary feed intake

These results indicated the dry matter intake (DMI) and showed that total dry matter intake (g/d) give the highest when growing goats feeding level at 2.5% BW and improved ruminal parameters that stimulate to nutrient digestibility similarly to⁸. The results from this study were similar to those from⁹, who indicated that DM intake of goats were greater for goats fed high energy than low energy diets. Similarly¹⁰, reported that DMI was not significantly different among diets when Korean black goats were fed with increasing protein levels from 14–20%. However, indigenous goats in tropics fed to appetite have a daily DMI in the range 1.8–4.1% BW equivalent to 40.5–131.1 g/ kgBW0.75. For meat breeds, had daily DMI of 1.8–3.8% BW and 40.5–127.3 g/kgBW^0.75¹¹. These ranges are wider probably due to the effects of multiple factors on DMI. Therefore, fed to appetite DMI must be used with caution¹².

The mean body weight gain (kg/week) growing goats when used 75% fermented cassava pulp by S. cerevisiae replacement soybean meal in concentrate diets. A long-term feeding trial is a technique for the estimation of average dairy gain as pro-posed by¹³.

Nutrient intake and digestibility

Effects of 75% fermented cassava pulp by S. cerevisiae replacement soybean meal in concentrate diets in growing goats on nutrient digestibility from the result found that S. cerevisiae cultures increases DM intake by improving ruminal conditions that stimulates ruminal cellulolysis^8,14. The addition of S. cerevisiae to ruminant diets have been observed to improve digestibility of DM and to increase ruminal bacteria numbers^15,16.

Ruminal pH and ammonia–nitrogen (NH₃–N)

Effects of 75% fermented cassava pulp by S. cerevisiae replacement soybean meal in concentrate diets in growing goats on pH and NH₃–N¹⁷ explain the effects of yeast in the rumen indicate that supplementation of yeast in the ruminant diet may improve feed intake and an increase rumen content outflow rate by improving the fermentation in the rumen¹⁴, ruminal pH value^18,19. Similarly demonstrated that Brewer’s yeast strains and Baker’s yeast strains differed in their abilities to stimulate critical groups of ruminal microorganisms. Supplementation of S. cerevisiae in the diet of goats has been shown to reduce NH₃–N concentration²⁰. From the results of²¹, we can get the averages of ruminal fluid NH₃–N that calculated from 0, 3 and 6 h post-feeding were 354.0, 308.3 (mmol/L), for control and S. cerevisiae treatment group respectively, there were no significant differences. The results of the present study showed that significant raise in NH₃–N was caused by addition of probiotics, these findings were consistent with those of⁷, which reported that S. cerevisiae resulted in a numerical increase in ammonia-N concentration. The optimum ammonia concentration may be defined as that which results in the maximum rate of fermentation or which allows the maximum production of microbial protein per unit of substrate fermented^1,22. Normally, microbial activity, 5–7 mg²³ and for maximum nutrient utilization 15–20 mg NH₃–N per 100 ml rumen liquor is required^24,25, reported that positive effects on microbial activity were obtained with NH₃–N between 10 and 15 mg/100 ml rumen fluid²⁶ documented that with NH₃–N concentration higher than 24 mg/100 ml, more nitrogen is lost from the rumen and urine²⁷, reported higher acetate in animals receiving yeast. Supplementation with yeast culture did not alter carcass characteristics ²⁸.

Plasma urea nitrogen

In addition, the present study also found significant raise in PUN, and it agreed with the results of^25,29, which reported that the means of serum urea were 0.53 (8.9), 0.570 (9.5), and 0.57 (9.4) (g/L and mmol/L) for control, 5, and 10 g/d S. cerevisiae treatments, respectively, a significant difference was observed.

Volatile fatty acids (VFA)

Total volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration no significant difference. However, proportion of acetic acid at 0 and 3 h post feeding were decreased linearly. The proportion of propionic acid and butyric acid increasing when fed 75% FCSC replacement soybean meal in concentrate diets. Physiological levels and proportions of rumen VFAs measured in previous studies are variable due to the large range of diet types, amounts of each feed and animal factors³⁰, summarizes levels of VFA production from different animals and diets. Physiological levels of rumen propionate in dairy cows range from approximately 13 mmol/L on a roughage (hay) diet 30, to 57 mmol/L on a high-concentrate diet^31,32 measured allantoin excretion in dairy goats fed varying protein levels and sources and found allantoin excretion to be linearly related (R = 0.83) to DOM intake.

Purine derivatives, microbial N supply

The concentration of urinary purine derivative (PD) excretion, microbial N supply of fed 75% FCSC replacement of soybean meal in concentrate diets growing goats. Total PD were observed with respect increased when fed 75% FCSC replacement of soy-bean meal in concentrate diets. As a result, microbial N supply (g N/day) increased but the efficiency of microbial N synthesis (g of N/kg of DOMR) decreased. Microbial yield in the rumen depends on many factors, such as the availability sources of carbohydrates and N in rumen. However, microbial protein production may be improved by balancing the overall daily ratio of ruminal available energy and N intake in diet^33–35.

Nitrogen retention

The nitrogen intake, N excretion, N absorption and N retention of growing goats fed 75% FCSC replacement of soybean meal in growing goats concentrate diets. Nitrogen intake, N excretion, N absorption and N retention increased linearly. Normally, nitrogen or protein degradability has a major effect on urinary N output because of excess soluble N in the rumen from diets with high ruminal degradability protein^36,37. It has been demonstrated that N excretion through urine increased with in-creasing CP diet and N intake^38,39.

Ruminal microbial population

The effectiveness of 75% FCSC replacement of SBM in growing goats on protozoa population were not significant different but had higher of fungi population in rumen fluid. In addition, number of bacteria population in rumen fluid of goats fed 75% FCSC replacement of SBM in dietary ranged from 0.9 to 1.2 × 10¹² cells/ml rumen fluid^40,41, reported that yeast culture could consume oxygen in rumen fluid that enters the rumen by coated with feed particles and yeast culture could provide some of the nutrients and co-factors (vitamins B) to rumen bacteria.

Using 75% cassava pulp fermentation by S. cerevisiae replacement soybean meal in concentrate. The average number of cellulolytic bacteria in rumen fluid increased but proteolytic bacteria in rumen fluid decreased. The effects of yeast on fiber digestion were highly variable, with some authors recording increases on the fiber digestion of low quality forages but not recorded any increasing effect⁴², showed a possible advantage in using Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extract and Saccharomyces cerevisiae culture stimulated fiber digestion by ruminal microorganisms. It is assumed that, the yeast supplement may provides factors stimulatory toward proteolytic bacteria. The increase in proteolytic bacteria is more, when high concentrate diets are fed^14,43, reported that the supplement of a S. cerevisiae yeast culture into the diet of dairy cows improved the utilization of lactate and digestion of cellulose⁴⁴, reported that data observation concurs with the finding that yeast in diets promotes lactate utilization in the rumen.

Conclusions

The results of this experiment could have an important effect on animal feed, particularly diets based on locally available resources. The current findings suggest that fermenting cassava pulp by S. cerevisiae can improve CP content and that using 75% cassava pulp fermentation by S. cerevisiae replacement soybean meal in concentrate beneficial to growing goats in terms of feed intake and ADG.

Methods

Sample preparation

The cassava pulp, approximately 1 kg, is used in the fermentation process. The moisture content of cassava pulp was adjusted to 50% by mixtures (1% urea, 1.25% molasses and mixed with 5% S. cerevisiae). The mixtures were then incubated in a plastic bag at room temperature (25 °C) for 5 days. The treatments are listed in Table 1.

Animal and management

Ten male crossbred (Thai native x Anglo-Nubian) goats aged approximately 8 months with an average bodyweight of 20 ± 5 kg (mean + SD), the goats were kept in clean, individual pens with free water access. A period was consisted of 21 days of feed intake and body weight gain measurements followed by a week. Animals were randomly divided into 5 treatments according to replicate 5 × 5 Latin square. The goats were housed in individual pens and allowed 3 weeks to accustom to the experimental conditions. The dietary treatments were the level of replacing of SBM by FCSC at 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% in concentrate diets. The experimental diets were isonitrogenous and formulated to meet the nutrient requirement of meat goats according to⁴⁵ as presented in Table 1. Diets were offered ad libitum twice daily at 08.30 and 16.30 h. Rice straw was offered ad libitum and clean water is freely access.

Voluntary feed intake and body weight change

Roughages and concentrate diets were equally fed on morning and afternoon. Roughages and concentrate were weighed daily prior to the morning feeding to determine daily dry matter intake (DMI). Body weight of each animal was measured weekly immediately before the morning feeding.

Feed and fecal sampling

The amount of feed and the number of refused samples were recorded on a daily basis throughout the trial. At the conclusion of the time, feed, refusals, and fecal samples were collected from each individual goat utilizing the entire collection procedure. Dry matter (DM), ash, ether extract (EE) and crude protein (CP) were evaluated using AOAC methods⁴⁶. Acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were determined according to¹⁸. Apart from chemical composition in feces and feeds, the data were utilized to compute nutritional digestibility.

Urine sampling procedures

Whole urine samples were collected on the same days as feces in a plastic container, tokening at about 100 mL of total urine volume, refrigerated, and pooled at the end of each session. To maintain the final pH below 3 and avoid nitrogen (N) loss, samples were treated with 10% sulphuric acid. Total N were determined using AOAC procedures⁴⁶.

Apparent digestibility

The following apparent nutritional digestibility (%) was calculated using the acid-insoluble ash (AIA) technique: apparent nutritional digestibility (%) = 100 − ((100 × %AIA in diet × %AIA in fecal)/(%AIA in fecal × %AIA in diet)⁴⁷. After being oven dried at 65 °C for 72 h, all fecal samples were crushed and passed through a 1 mm filter before being kept at 4 °C until analysis.

Sampling methods and chemical analysis

Rice straw and concentrate diets were sampled weekly and dried at 60 ~ 65 °C in hot air oven for dry matter determination and ground through a 1 mm sieve and then kept in tightly covered plastic containers to make a pool respectively for further approximate analysis. Feeds, orts and feces samples were analyzed for DM, ash, nitrogen content⁴⁷, NDF and ADF⁴⁸. During the total collection, feces and urine samples were quantitatively collected and urine sample was acidified with 10% H₂SO₄. Subsequently, 15% of the total amounts was sub-sampled from each animal, and then sample was kept at -20 °C for nitrogen utilization⁴⁹ and purine derivative analysis according to⁵⁰.

Rumen fermentation parameters

Rumen fluid samples from all goats were taken at 0, 3, and 6 h post feeding by stomach tube connecting with pump. The samples were strained through three layers of muslin cloth and then were followed by immediately measuring of pH with an OHS-3C pH meter. Thereafter, 1 ml of the samples were measured and truly with a pipette into the tubes containing 9 ml 10% formalin (v:v, 9:1) as a preserving reagent and then were closed tightly with screw caps for checking the counts of ruminal protozoa and bacteria counts using the hematocytometer according to⁴⁸. Another rumen portion was collected for cellulolytic bacteria, proteolytic bacteria, and amylolytic bacteria by using Roll tube technique⁴⁸. And 20 ml of the samples were measured and then put into small plastic bottles containing 5 ml 6 N HCl as a preserving reagent, and then the bottles were closed tightly with screw caps, centrifuged at 3,000 rpm for 10 min. Subsequently the ruminal fluid was collect-ed, and then it was stored at -20 °C for subsequent analyses of ruminal ammonia N⁴⁹ and volatile fatty acids (VFA) by using gas chromatography (GC) analysis⁵⁰. With that, all samples were kept at -20 °C until further analysis. The supernatant fluid was analyzed for ammonia N by Kjeldahl method and VFAs (acetate, propionate and butyrate) concentrations by gas chromatography (Hewlett Packard GC system HP6890 A; Hewlett Packard, Avondale, PA) equipped with a 30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm film (DB-FFAP).

Blood biochemical indicators

The blood samples from all goats were taken at preliminary feeding 3 and 6 h post feeding during the digestibility trail of each period were collected from jugular veins into EDTA containing vacuum tubes and were centrifuged at 3,000 rpm for 10 min. Subsequently the plasma was collected, and then it was stored at -20 °C for subsequent analyses of plasma urea nitrogen determined using a Spectronic R Genesys 5 spectrophotometer according to⁵¹. Adapted from⁵², Statistical methods.

Statistical methods

Data were subjected to analysis using the general linear models (Proc GLM) procedure of Statistical Analysis System Institute SAS⁵⁶. Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test and Orthogonal contrast analysis⁵⁷ were used to compare treatment means.

Institutional review board statement

The Animal Ethics Committee of Suranaree University of Technology issued a statement approving the experimental protocol (SUT 4/2558). The research was carried out in accordance with regulations on animal experimentation and the Guidelines for the Use of Animals in Research as recommended by the National Research Council of Thailand (B-31/2562).

Acknowledgements

The Suranaree University of Technology farm, Siriwan Phetsombat, as well as the Center for Scientific and Technological Equipment and Section of Goat and Sheep SUT farm, are all thanked for their support in using the farm’s research facilities and managing animals. We appreciate Sorasak Thongpea for assisting with animal feeding and sampling. Acknowledge the funding received from: This research was also supported by Suranaree University of Technology (SUT; contract no. Fulltime 61/28/2564 and Full-time Doctoral Researcher Full-time66/07/2567), Thailand Science Research and Innovation (TSRI), National Science Research and Innovation Fund (NSRF; project codes: 90464; 160368; FF3-303-65-36-17(B)), National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT; project code: 900105).

Author contributions

Conceptualization, W.K.; C.W.; S.P. and P.P.; methodology, W.K.; software, W.K.; validation, C.W., S.P. and P.P.; formal analysis, W.K.; investigation, W.K.; resources, W.K.; N.T. and S.T.; data curation, W.K.; writing original draft preparation, W.K.; writing review and editing, W.K.; visualization, W.K.; supervision, P.P.; project administration, P.P.; funding acquisition, P.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Data availability

The data sets supporting the results of this article are included within the article and its additional supplemental material. Data will be made available on request.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Footnotes

Publisher's note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Contributor Information

Siwaporn Paengkoum, Email: siwaporn.p@nrru.ac.th.

Pramote Paengkoum, Email: Pramote@sut.ac.th.

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Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Data Availability Statement

The data sets supporting the results of this article are included within the article and its additional supplemental material. Data will be made available on request.

[CR1] 1.Wanapat, M., Chumpawadee, S. & Paengkoum, P. Utilization of urea-treated rice straw and whole sugar cane crop as roughage sources for dairy cattle during the dry season. Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci.13, 474–477. 10.5713/ajas.2000.474 (2000). [Google Scholar]

[CR2] 2.Oboh, G. & Akindahunsi, A. Nutritional and toxicological evaluation of Saccharomyces cerevisae fermented cassava flour. J. Food Compos. Anal.18, 731–738 (2005). [Google Scholar]

[CR3] 3.Srinorakutara, T., Kaewvimol, L. & Saengow, L.-A. Approach of cassava waste pretreatments for fuel ethanol production in Thailand. J. Sci. Res. Chulalongkorn Univ.3, 77–84 (2006). [Google Scholar]

[CR4] 4.Ubalua, A. Cassava wastes: Treatment options and value addition alternatives. Afr. J. Biotech.6, 2065–2073 (2007). [Google Scholar]

[CR5] 5.Putipipatkajon, A. & Srinophakun, P. The possibility of using fermented cassava waste in animal feed. Eng. J. KU37, 41–46 (1999). [Google Scholar]

[CR6] 6.Boonraeng, S., Foo-Trakul, P., Kanlayakrit, W. & Chetanachitra, C. Effects of chemical, biochemical and physical treatments on the kinetics and on the role of some endogenous enzymes action of baker’s yeast lysis for food-grade yeast extract production. Agric. Nat. Resource.34, 270–278 (2000). [Google Scholar]

[CR7] 7.Elseed, F. & Abusamra, R. Effects of supplemental yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) culture on NDF digestibility and rumen fermentation of forage sorghum hay in Nubian goat’s kids. Res. J. Agric. Biol. Sci.3, 133–137 (2007). [Google Scholar]

[CR8] 8.Pinos-Rodríguez, J. et al. Performance and rumen fermentation of dairy calves supplemented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae1077 or Saccharomyces boulardii1079. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol.140, 223–232 (2008). [Google Scholar]

[CR9] 9.Paengkoum, P., Liang, J., Jelan, Z. & Basery, M. Utilization of steam-treated oil palm fronds in growing goats: 1. supplementation with dietary urea. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci.19, 1305–1313 (2006). [Google Scholar]

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PERMALINK

Effects of replacement soybean meal with fermented cassava pulp by Saccharomyces cerevisiae in DIETS on Rumen fermentation in growing goats

Walailuck Kaewwongsa

Chalong Wachirapakorn

Siwaporn Paengkoum

Nittaya Taethaisong

Sorasak Thongpea

Pramote Paengkoum

Abstract

Introduction

Results

Chemical compositions

Table 1.

Voluntary feed intake

Table 2.

Nutrient intake and digestibility

Table 3.

Ruminal pH and ammonia–nitrogen (NH3–N)

Table 4.

Plasma urea nitrogen

Table 5.

Volatile fatty acids (VFA)

Table 6.

Purine derivatives, microbial N supply

Table 7.

Nitrogen retention

Table 8.

Ruminal microbial population

Table 9.

Discussion

Voluntary feed intake

Nutrient intake and digestibility

Ruminal pH and ammonia–nitrogen (NH3–N)

Plasma urea nitrogen

Volatile fatty acids (VFA)

Purine derivatives, microbial N supply

Nitrogen retention

Ruminal microbial population

Conclusions

Methods

Sample preparation

Animal and management

Voluntary feed intake and body weight change

Feed and fecal sampling

Urine sampling procedures

Apparent digestibility

Sampling methods and chemical analysis

Rumen fermentation parameters

Blood biochemical indicators

Statistical methods

Institutional review board statement

Acknowledgements

Author contributions

Data availability

Competing interests

Footnotes

Contributor Information

References

Associated Data

Data Availability Statement

ACTIONS

PERMALINK

RESOURCES

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Ruminal pH and ammonia–nitrogen (NH₃–N)

Ruminal pH and ammonia–nitrogen (NH₃–N)