Table 1. Characteristics of the included studies in this systematic review.
Exp.: experimental group, BSSO: bilateral sagittal split osteotomy, PSPSQ: post-surgical patient satisfaction questionnaire, CCT: clinical controlled trial, VAS: visual analog scale, OQLQ: orthognathic quality of life questionnaire.
* in years
| Author, Year, and Country | Study design | Number of patients (M/F) | Mean age* | Type of malocclusion | Type of surgery | Timing of satisfaction assessment | Satisfaction assessment tool |
| Bock et al., 2007, Germany [29] | Cross-sectional | 102 (35/67) | 24.3 ± 5.3 | Mandibular prognathism: 48%, Mandibular retrognathism: 32%, Open bite: 13%, Laterognathism: 7% | BSSO: 51%, Le Fort-I osteotomy: 11%, Bimaxillary osteotomies: 21%, Miscellaneous: 17% | 11-141 months after surgery Mean: 47 months | Non-validated questionnaire Closed-form questions (yes or no answer) |
| Pahkala and Kellokoski, 2007, Finland [15] | Cross-sectional | 82 (29/53) | 32 ± 10.2 | Mandibular retrognathism: 78%, Mandibular prognathism: 22% | BSSO | 1.8 ± 0.5 years after surgery | Non-validated 3-items questionnaire |
| Espeland et al., 2008, Norway [14] | Cross-sectional | 516 (235/281) | 27.2 ± 10.3 | Skeletal class I: 15%, Skeletal class II: 29%, Skeletal class II: 56% | BSSO: 55%, Le Fort-I osteotomy: 16%, Bimaxillary osteotomies: 19%, Other procedure: 10% | 3 years after surgery | Non-validated author-devised questionnaire 7-items graded on a 4-point Likert scale |
| Posnick et al., 2008, USA [33] | Cross-sectional | 42 (15/27) | 25 ± 10.3 | Vertical maxillary excess: 40%, Mandibular deficiency: 21%, Other: 39% | Le Fort-I osteotomy: 31%, Bimaxillary osteotomies: 69% | After fixed appliance debonding and at least 6 months after surgery | PSPSQ graded on a 7-point Likert scale |
| Oland et al., 2010, Denmark [17] | CCT | Exp.: 118 (51/67); Control: 47 (18/29) | Exp.: 28.8 ± 8.2; Control: 31.5 ± 8.8 | Not reported | BSSO: 15%, Le Fort-I osteotomy: 48%, Bimaxillary osteotomies: 37% | After post-surgical orthodontics was completed (at least 12 months) | PSPSQ graded on a 5-point Likert scale |
| Rustemeyer et al., 2010, Germany [34] | Cross-sectional | 77 (40/37) | 23.4 ± 4.9 | Skeletal class III | Bimaxillary osteotomies (Le Fort-I and BSSO) | 13.2 ± 2.1 months after surgery | Non-validated questionnaire 6-items graded on an 11-point VAS 7-items closed-form (yes or no answer) 1 open-ended question |
| Alkharafi et al., 2014, Kuwait [19] | Cross-sectional | 74 (22/52) | 21.1 ± 4.1 | Not reported | BSSO: 30%, Le Fort-I osteotomy: 8%, Bimaxillary osteotomies: 62% | Between 6 months and 10 years after post-surgical orthodontics was completed | Pilot-tested with three patients’ questionnaire 9-items graded on a 3-point Likert scale |
| Kufta et al., 2016, USA [31] | Cross-sectional | 37 (16/21) | 23.5 ± 10.9 | Not reported | BSSO: 32%, Le Fort-I osteotomy: 41%, Bimaxillary osteotomies: 16%, Bimaxillary osteotomies with genioplasty: 11% | 6-12 months after surgery | 16 items graded on a 6-point Likert scale questionnaire |
| Al-Asfour et al., 2018, Kuwait [21] | Cross-sectional | 66 (24/42) | 25.1 ± 3.9 | Not reported | BSSO: 8% Le Fort-I osteotomy: 9%, Bimaxillary osteotomies: 83% | 6 months to 7 years after surgery | OQLQ graded on VAS |
| Al-Hadi et al., 2018, UK [27] | Cross-sectional | 118 | Not reported | BSSO: 24%, BSSO and genioplasty: 6%, Le Fort-I osteotomy: 15%, Bimaxillary osteotomies: 55% | 23.84 ± 15.7 months after surgery | Questionnaire graded on 5-point Likert scale | |
| Torgersbråten et al., 2021, Norway [36] | Cross-sectional | 60 (13/47) | 25.5 | Skeletal class II | BSSO: 30%, Le Fort-I osteotomy: 33%, Bimaxillary osteotomies: 37% | 3 years after surgery | 5-item non-validated author-devised questionnaire |
| Thiem et al., 2021, Germany [35] | Cross-sectional | 119 (53/66) | 31.3 ± 11.1 | Skeletal class II: 63%, Skeletal class III: 33% Posterior crossbite: 2.5%, Open bite: 1.5% | BSSO: 44%, Le Fort-I osteotomy: 4%, Bimaxillary osteotomies: 52% | 59 ± 19.7 months after surgery | 18 items non-validated author-devised questionnaire graded on the Likert scale |
| Kamaraian et al., 2021, Finland [30] | Cross-sectional | 57 (19/38) | 49 ± 10.2 | Skeletal class II: 78%, Skeletal class III: 22% | BSSO | 10-15 years after surgery | 12 items questionnaire graded on VAS |
| Vicente et al., 2023, Brazil [37] | Cohort | 25 (10/15) | 28.6 | Skeletal class III | BSSO: 24%, Le Fort-I osteotomy: 40%, Bimaxillary osteotomies: 36% | 6 months after surgery | 22 items OQLQ |
| Alsenaidi et al., 2024, Oman [28] | Cohort | 136 (51/85) | 25.1 ± 6.5 | Not reported | BSSO: 17%, Le Fort-I osteotomy: 18%, Bimaxillary osteotomies: 30%, Bimaxillary osteotomies and genioplasty: 19%, Genioplasty: 16% | T0: 2 weeks after surgery T1: 3 months after surgery T2: 6 months after surgery | Modified OQLQ graded on VAS |
| Yazici et al., 2024, Turkey [38] | Cross-sectional | 73 (25/48) | 18-21 years: 18%, 22-30 years: 65%, 31-65 years: 17% | Skeletal class II: 40%, Skeletal class III: 60% | BSSO: 17.8%, Le Fort-I osteotomy: 13.7%, Bimaxillary osteotomies: 65.7%, Genioplasty: 2.8% | 6-12 months after surgery | Validated questionnaire graded on 7-point Likert scale |