Table 3.

Effects of different processing methods on the post-harvest storage of bamboo shoots.

Handling Method	Operating Conditions	Effect Analysis	Refs.
Physical regimes
Heat treatment	At 45 °C for 5 h was beneficial for fresh shoot storage	Effectively inhibited disease development and respiration, delayed ethylene production, and delayed tissue lignification	[127]
Ultraviolet-C exposure (254 nm)	At 4.24 kJ m−2 and 20 °C for 2 d At 4.0 kJ m−2 at 6 °C	Significantly inhibited pulp strength, respiration rate, weight loss, wound browning, disease development, and cellulose and lignin synthesis, which in turn greatly delayed the development of greenness and toughness and increased total phenol concentrations.	[133]
gamma radiation	A pretreatment with a dose of 3 kGy at 4 °C	Inhibited the activities of PAL, POD, and PPO, and then retarded the increase in the levels of lignin and cellulose, preventing the lignification and browning processes and slowing the degradation of soluble proteins and sugars.	[124]
	A pretreatment with a dose of 0.5 kGy at 2 °C	Effective in reducing cold damage, ethylene production, lignin buildup, and rot.	[130]
Hypobaric storage	At 50 kPa at 2 °C At 600 MPa at 25 °C	Effective inhibition of resistance development and lignin and cellulose accumulation in new shoots.	[126,134]
High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) processing	300 MPa for 10 min	At the end of storage, weight loss and increase in titratable acidity (TA) were minimal. Respiratory strength, appearance, and color of bamboo shoots were stabilized, providing an effective method to maintain the quality of bamboo shoots stored at room temperature.	[135,136]
Chemical regimes
Melatonin	With a pretreatment of dipping in 1.0 mM melatonin and storage at 4 °C	Effectively retarded lignification and significantly reduced hardening, yellowing, and biosynthesis of lignin and cellulose.	[115]
Diphenyliodonium iodide	Pretreatment of 5 mmol diphenylammonium iodide and storage at 20 °C	Displayed lower values of firmness and lignin content.	[114]
Brassinolide		Reduced frost damage to bamboo shoots by increasing the activity of enzymes related to energy and proline metabolism.	[137].
Oxalic acid	With a pretreatment of 10 mM oxalic acid for 10 min and storage at 6 °C	Oxalic acid treatment improved the integrity of bamboo shoot membranes and reduced respiration while decreasing total sugar content and weight loss, reducing disease incidence, inhibiting enzymatic browning, and slowing down lignification during cold storage.	[114]
Sodium nitroprusside	Dipping in 0.5 mM sodium nitroprusside (a nitric oxide donor) and storage at 20 °C or 10 °C	Successfully prevented increases in firmness, lignin and cellulose accumulation, and external browning.	[138]
Salicylic acid	With a pretreatment of 1.0 mM salicylic acid and storage at 1 °C	Suppressed chilling injury and flesh browning.	[127]
1-MCP and SO2 treatment		It effectively inhibited the physiological metabolism of bamboo shoots, reduced browning and fiber lignification, maintained good quality during storage, and slowed down the aging of bamboo shoots.	[111]
UV-B treatment	At a dose of 8.0 kJ m−2 and then stored at 6 °C along with 85–90% relative humidity (RH) for 15 d	Apparently slowed down increased rates of flesh firmness, weight loss, and contents of cellulose and lignin. It also decreased the activities of 4-coumarate CoA ligase, peroxidase, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, and phenylalanine ammonialyase during cold storage.	[139]
Exogenous hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and diphenyliodonium iodide (DPI)	Soaking in 10 mM H2O2 or 5 mM DPI for 10 min, storage at 20 ± 1 °C for 12 d.	H2O2 treatment accelerated the accumulation of endogenous H2O2 by activating NADPH oxidase, while DPI treatment inhibited NADPH oxidase activity, leading to decrease in endogenous H2O2 levels.	[114]
Melatonin and UV-C treatments	Freshly cut bamboo slices were immersed in 1.0 mM melatonin solution for 5 min and exposed to a UV-C lamp (75 W) at 30 cm above the sample tray for 5 min, and then stored at 25 °C, 90% RH for 7 d.	Effectively maintained the quality of fresh-cut bamboo shoots during storage by altering microbial diversity and metabolites.	[125]
Preservation system
Hydro-cooling	Vacuum-cooling combined with hydrocooling and vacuum-drying processes	Advantages of a lower number of bacteria, higher stability, longer preservation period, and better appearance in low-temperature storage but required higher equipment costs and higher losses of soluble solids and ascorbic acid of bamboo shoots.	[132]
Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) System	Storing bamboo shoots with 0.04 mm thick LDPE bag, 2% O2, 5% CO2, and 93% N2.	Significantly inhibited the lignification and browning of bamboo shoots.	[140]