Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Biodiversity Data Journal logoLink to Biodiversity Data Journal
. 2024 Nov 26;12:e139664. doi: 10.3897/BDJ.12.e139664

A new species of Plutella Schrank (Lepidoptera, Plutellidae) from the Andes of northern Chile

Héctor A Vargas 1,✉
PMCID: PMC11615618  PMID: 39634258

Abstract

Background

The moth genus Plutella Schrank, 1802 (Lepidoptera, Plutellidae) includes 26 described species. In addition to the diamondback moth, P.xylostella (Linnaeus, 1758), which is an important and widely distributed pest of cruciferous crops, only two species have been previously recorded in Chile, both with distribution ranges restricted to the southern temperate rainforests.

New information

Plutellacopaquillaensis sp. nov. is described and illustrated, based on adults reared from larvae collected on Neuontobotryslanata (Walp.) Al-Shehbaz (Brassicaceae) in the arid highlands of the Andes of northern Chile. The new species resembles P.xylostella in wing pattern, but clearly differs in genitalia morphology.

Keywords: arid environments, diamondback moth, Neotropical Region, taxonomy, South America

Introduction

Plutella Schrank, 1802 (Lepidoptera, Plutellidae) is a widespread moth genus that currently includes 26 described species (Robinson and Sattler 2001, Baraniak 2007, Landry and Hebert 2013, Søli et al. 2018, Sohn 2023). Like many members of Plutellidae, larvae of Plutella primarily feed on plants in the family Brassicaceae (Robinson and Sattler 2001, Heckford and Beavan 2011, Abram et al. 2022), with the exception of lineages endemic to the Hawaiian Islands, whose documented host plants belong to the family Capparaceae (Swezey 1920, Robinson and Sattler 2001), a member of the order Brassicales closely related to Brassicaceae and Cleomaceae (Su et al. 2012). The delimitation of Plutella is controversial due to the wide variation in genitalia morphology amongst the currently included species (Robinson and Sattler 2001, Baraniak 2007, Landry and Hebert 2013, Sohn 2023). Based on the study of the Palearctic fauna, Baraniak (2007) restricted the genus to its type species and one close relative (P.karsholtella Baraniak, 2007) that was later synonymised with P.xylostella (Landry and Hebert 2013) and described two other genera that were later synonymised with Plutella (Sohn 2023).

The best-known representative of Plutella is its type species P.xylostella (Linnaeus, 1758), the diamondback moth, a widely distributed and economically important pest of cruciferous crops (Robinson and Sattler 2001, Zalucki et al. 2012, Furlong et al. 2013). This species represented a morphologically distinct member of the genus (Robinson and Sattler 2001) until the discovery of P.australiana Landry & Hebert, 2013 from eastern Australia, whose genitalia morphology and mitochondrial DNA divergence suggest its closeness to P.xylostella (Landry and Hebert 2013). This discovery highlights the importance that progress in knowledge of taxonomic diversity can have in improving the delimitation of Plutella. Another aspect that remained uncertain for a long time was the geographic origin of the diamondback moth (Robinson and Sattler 2001). Although an Old World origin was previously hypothesised (Kfir 1998), the results of a recent genomic study, based on a global sample collection, indicated that this species would have originated in South America (You et al. 2020). Thus, the diamondback moth would have evolved associated with Brassicales hosts native to this area and shifted to use cruciferous crops after the arrival of Europeans (You et al. 2020).

Unlike the large number of studies dealing with P.xylostella, many members of this genus remain poorly known (Heckford and Beavan 2011, Søli et al. 2018), including those described from South America (Robinson and Sattler 2001). In addition to the diamondback moth, only two Plutella species have been previously recorded in Chile, P.deltodoma Meyrick, 1931 and P.diluta Meyrick, 1931, both with distribution ranges restricted to the southern temperate rainforests (Meyrick 1931, Wakeham-Dawson 2022). Rearing of larvae collected on a cruciferous plant native to the arid Andes of northern Chile allowed me to obtain Plutella moths whose wing pattern closely resembles that of P.xylostella. Subsequent examination of the genitalia morphology revealed that the obtained moths differed enough to represent a new species whose taxonomic description is provided here.

Materials and methods

Larvae were collected on Neuontobotryslanata (Walp.) Al-Shehbaz (Brassicaceae) in May 2022 in the Copaquilla Ravine (18°24'02"S, 69°38'37"W) at about 3100 m elevation on the western slope of the Andes in the Parinacota Province of northern Chile. Adults emerged in June 2022. The abdomen of each adult was removed and placed in hot potassium hydroxide (KOH) 10% for a few minutes for dissection of the genitalia, which were stained with Eosin Y and Chlorazol Black and mounted on slides with Euparal. Photos were taken with an iPhone 11 camera attached to a Leica M125 stereomicroscope and a Leica MC170 HD camera attached to a Leica DM1000 LED light microscope. The holotype, paratypes and their genitalia slides are deposited in the “Colección Entomológica de la Universidad de Tarapacá” (IDEA), Arica, Chile.

Taxon treatments

Plutella copaquillaensis

Vargas sp. nov.

AAA6D32E-C771-501C-9867-AEAB5178DA8E

B53949BF-378E-427F-BE6F-EF68D02814D8

Materials

  1. Type status: Holotype. Occurrence: catalogNumber: IDEA-LEPI-2024-14; sex: male; preparations: Genitalia slide HAV-1814; occurrenceID: C050BB01-35C7-5A54-8CEE-856B03AF7D00; Location: country: Chile; stateProvince: Parinacota; locality: Copaquilla; verbatimElevation: 3100 m; verbatimLatitude: 18°24'02"S; verbatimLongitude: 69°38'37"W; Identification: identifiedBy: Héctor A. Vargas; Event: samplingProtocol: Adult emerged June 2022, reared from larva collected on Neontobotrys lanata May 2022; Record Level: type: PhysicalObject; language: en; institutionCode: IDEA (Colección Entomológica de la Univerdidad de Tarapacá); basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  2. Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: catalogNumber: IDEA-LEPI-2024-15; sex: male; preparations: Genitalia slide HAV-1759; occurrenceID: 26D3FF6E-6D65-51DF-AD5E-93A7B7556864; Location: country: Chile; stateProvince: Parinacota; locality: Copaquilla; verbatimElevation: 3100 m; verbatimLatitude: 18°24'02"S; verbatimLongitude: 69°38'37"W; Identification: identifiedBy: Héctor A. Vargas; Event: samplingProtocol: Adult emerged June 2022, reared from larva collected on Neontobotrys lanata May 2022; Record Level: type: PhysicalObject; language: en; institutionCode: IDEA (Colección Entomológica de la Univerdidad de Tarapacá); basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  3. Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: catalogNumber: IDEA-LEPI-2024-16; sex: male; preparations: Genitalia slide HAV-1761; occurrenceID: 26D3FF6E-6D65-51DF-AD5E-93A7B7556864; Location: country: Chile; stateProvince: Parinacota; locality: Copaquilla; verbatimElevation: 3100 m; verbatimLatitude: 18°24'02"S; verbatimLongitude: 69°38'37"W; Identification: identifiedBy: Héctor A. Vargas; Event: samplingProtocol: Adult emerged June 2022, reared from larva collected on Neontobotrys lanata May 2022; Record Level: type: PhysicalObject; language: en; institutionCode: IDEA (Colección Entomológica de la Univerdidad de Tarapacá); basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  4. Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: catalogNumber: IDEA-LEPI-2024-17; sex: male; preparations: Genitalia slide HAV-1765; occurrenceID: 709C1C9B-FA97-50EB-8739-543CB9B6DE11; Location: country: Chile; stateProvince: Parinacota; locality: Copaquilla; verbatimElevation: 3100 m; verbatimLatitude: 18°24'02"S; verbatimLongitude: 69°38'37"W; Identification: identifiedBy: Héctor A. Vargas; Event: samplingProtocol: Adult emerged June 2022, reared from larva collected on Neontobotrys lanata May 2022; Record Level: type: PhysicalObject; language: en; institutionCode: IDEA (Colección Entomológica de la Univerdidad de Tarapacá); basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  5. Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: catalogNumber: IDEA-LEPI-2024-18; sex: male; preparations: Genitalia slide HAV-1767; occurrenceID: 76479FD3-49BB-5CF5-A9F6-98EA891F5FE6; Location: country: Chile; stateProvince: Parinacota; locality: Copaquilla; verbatimElevation: 3100 m; verbatimLatitude: 18°24'02"S; verbatimLongitude: 69°38'37"W; Identification: identifiedBy: Héctor A. Vargas; Event: samplingProtocol: Adult emerged June 2022, reared from larva collected on Neontobotrys lanata May 2022; Record Level: type: PhysicalObject; language: en; institutionCode: IDEA (Colección Entomológica de la Univerdidad de Tarapacá); basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  6. Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: catalogNumber: IDEA-LEPI-2024-19; sex: male; preparations: Genitalia slide HAV-1768; occurrenceID: 588A74E8-4860-549B-B8FD-DA742F1D3D67; Location: country: Chile; stateProvince: Parinacota; locality: Copaquilla; verbatimElevation: 3100 m; verbatimLatitude: 18°24'02"S; verbatimLongitude: 69°38'37"W; Identification: identifiedBy: Héctor A. Vargas; Event: samplingProtocol: Adult emerged June 2022, reared from larva collected on Neontobotrys lanata May 2022; Record Level: type: PhysicalObject; language: en; institutionCode: IDEA (Colección Entomológica de la Univerdidad de Tarapacá); basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  7. Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: catalogNumber: IDEA-LEPI-2024-20; sex: female; preparations: Genitalia slide HAV-1541; occurrenceID: 45B9A8C2-7707-54B6-8DDE-39FEAC988191; Location: country: Chile; stateProvince: Parinacota; locality: Copaquilla; verbatimElevation: 3100 m; verbatimLatitude: 18°24'02"S; verbatimLongitude: 69°38'37"W; Identification: identifiedBy: Héctor A. Vargas; Event: samplingProtocol: Adult emerged June 2022, reared from larva collected on Neontobotrys lanata May 2022; Record Level: type: PhysicalObject; language: en; institutionCode: IDEA (Colección Entomológica de la Univerdidad de Tarapacá); basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  8. Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: catalogNumber: IDEA-LEPI-2024-21; sex: female; preparations: Genitalia slide HAV-1760; occurrenceID: 513968D5-BFA6-5375-844A-935F7038A2D0; Location: country: Chile; stateProvince: Parinacota; locality: Copaquilla; verbatimElevation: 3100 m; verbatimLatitude: 18°24'02"S; verbatimLongitude: 69°38'37"W; Identification: identifiedBy: Héctor A. Vargas; Event: samplingProtocol: Adult emerged June 2022, reared from larva collected on Neontobotrys lanata May 2022; Record Level: type: PhysicalObject; language: en; institutionCode: IDEA (Colección Entomológica de la Univerdidad de Tarapacá); basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  9. Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: catalogNumber: IDEA-LEPI-2024-22; sex: female; preparations: Genitalia slide HAV-1764; occurrenceID: 02A03212-7AAC-50F3-9B3E-9C3ADF5CA687; Location: country: Chile; stateProvince: Parinacota; locality: Copaquilla; verbatimElevation: 3100 m; verbatimLatitude: 18°24'02"S; verbatimLongitude: 69°38'37"W; Identification: identifiedBy: Héctor A. Vargas; Event: samplingProtocol: Adult emerged June 2022, reared from larva collected on Neontobotrys lanata May 2022; Record Level: type: PhysicalObject; language: en; institutionCode: IDEA (Colección Entomológica de la Univerdidad de Tarapacá); basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  10. Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: catalogNumber: IDEA-LEPI-2024-23; sex: female; preparations: Genitalia slide HAV-1770; occurrenceID: 425DDB72-797B-59AC-AFD1-1B592C14622F; Location: country: Chile; stateProvince: Parinacota; locality: Copaquilla; verbatimElevation: 3100 m; verbatimLatitude: 18°24'02"S; verbatimLongitude: 69°38'37"W; Identification: identifiedBy: Héctor A. Vargas; Event: samplingProtocol: Adult emerged June 2022, reared from larva collected on Neontobotrys lanata May 2022; Record Level: type: PhysicalObject; language: en; institutionCode: IDEA (Colección Entomológica de la Univerdidad de Tarapacá); basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  11. Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: catalogNumber: IDEA-LEPI-2024-24; sex: female; preparations: Genitalia slide HAV-1815; occurrenceID: 3585D1A3-ADBE-5956-B668-63498E14B48F; Location: country: Chile; stateProvince: Parinacota; locality: Copaquilla; verbatimElevation: 3100 m; verbatimLatitude: 18°24'02"S; verbatimLongitude: 69°38'37"W; Identification: identifiedBy: Héctor A. Vargas; Event: samplingProtocol: Adult emerged June 2022, reared from larva collected on Neontobotrys lanata May 2022; Record Level: type: PhysicalObject; language: en; institutionCode: IDEA (Colección Entomológica de la Univerdidad de Tarapacá); basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Description

Male (Fig. 1). Forewing length 7.1–7.5 mm. Head. Vertex mostly pale yellow, creamy white behind antenna; frons creamy white; occiput creamy white behind vertex, yellowish-brown behind eye; ocellus present. Labial palpus porrect; first segment creamy white; second segment triangular in lateral view due to forward projected scales, outer surface yellowish-brown, inner surface creamy white; third segment upturned, mostly creamy white with scattered yellowish-brown scales. Antenna with scape and pedicel creamy white, flagellum creamy white dorsally and single transverse stripe of creamy white scales ventrally on each flagellomere. Thorax. Mostly creamy white dorsally, with scattered pale yellow scales; tegula yellowish-brown. Foreleg mostly brownish-grey with scattered creamy white scales; mid-leg mostly creamy white with scattered brownish-grey scales; hind leg creamy white. Forewing upper surface mostly yellowish-brown with scattered creamy white, pale yellow and blackish-brown scales on basal three quarters; dorsal band extended from base to about three quarters of forewing length, pale yellow, anterior margin with three scallops, the outer expanded by a patch of creamy white scales; a yellowish-brown band with poorly-defined anterior margin lines the dorsal band from base to just before the third scallop; apical area mostly pale yellow with scattered yellowish-brown and blackish-brown scales; lower surface brownish-grey; fringe with narrow creamy white scales with blackish-brown or yellowish-brown tip. Some specimens with a blackish-brown, instead of yellowish-brown, band lining the dorsal band. Hind wing upper and lower surfaces and fringe brownish-grey. Abdomen. Mostly brownish-grey with scattered creamy white scales. Segment VIII with well-developed pleural lobes and pair of coremata. Male genitalia (Fig. 2). Uncus absent. Tegumen a narrow, sclerotised transverse band; with pair of ventral pedunculi, each broadly fused to the respective arm of the vinculum; with pair of teguminal processes slightly longer than pedunculi, widely separated dorsally, ventrally fused near the middle. Anal cone mostly membranous, with slightly sclerotised ventral longitudinal patch slightly shorter than teguminal processes. Gnathos absent. Saccus continuous with vinculum, about three times the length of the ventral pedunculi of the tegumen; posterior two-thirds a triangular, concave plate, anterior third finger-like. Juxta triangular, about 0.25x length of saccus. Valva semicircular, about 1.2x length of saccus, maximum height about half length; ventral margin nearly straight, slightly convex near middle; apex and dorsal margin rounded; inner wall with sacculus reaching the convex part of the ventral margin of the valva, with a cluster of spiniform setae in distal area; outer wall with broad membranous area with outline similar to that of valva. Phallus slightly longer than valva, mostly needle-like, with bulbous base and pointed tip, vesica without cornuti; bulbus ejaculatorius semicircular, similar in size to base of phallus.

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Open in a new tab

Habitus of Plutellacopaquillaensis sp. nov. A Holotype, dorsal; B Holotype head, lateral; C Holotype head, anterior; D Paratype male, dorsal; E Paratype female, dorsal; F Paratype female, dorsal; G Paratype female, dorsal. Scale bars 1, 0.5, 0.5, 1, 1, 1, 1 mm, respectively.

Figure 2.

Figure 2.

Open in a new tab

Male genitalia of Plutellacopaquillaensis sp. nov. A Male genitalia, lateral, left valva removed; white arrow indicates juxta; B Saccus and valvae, unrolled, ventral; bottom right rectangle: juxta, ventral; C Tegumen and anal cone, unrolled, dorsal; D Phallus, lateral. Scale bars 0.1 mm.

Female (Fig. 1). Forewing length 7.1–7.6 mm. Similar to male, but head and thorax more yellowish-brown and lighter and more variable forewing pattern, with dorsal band of forewing poorly differentiated. Female genitalia (Fig. 3). Papillae anales slightly sclerotised, with scattered setae. Posterior apophyses straight, about 1.7x length of papillae anales. Tergum VIII a transverse stripe with small triangular expansion in the middle of anterior margin and setae on posterior margin. Anterior apophyses slightly longer than posterior apophyses, mostly straight, slightly curved near base, with ventral branch extended to the anterior tip of the respective part of the lamella postvaginalis. Lamella postvaginalis a pair of triangular sclerites with setae on posterior margin. Sternum VII with slightly upcurved posterior projection arising from the middle of the posterior margin between two small excavations; length about 1.7x basal width. Ostium bursae at the tip of the posterior projection of sternum VII. Ductus bursae with well-sclerotised, upcurved posterior half, about twice the length of posterior projection of sternum VII; anterior half membranous, straight. Corpus bursae elongated, pear-shaped, membranous, without signa.

Figure 3.

Figure 3.

Open in a new tab

Female genitalia of Plutellacopaquillaensis sp. nov., lateral view; upper left rectangle: sterigma, ventral view. Scale bar 0.1 mm.

Diagnosis

Plutellacopaquillaensis sp. nov. is recognised. based on genitalia morphology. The male lacks a gnathos and basal hook-like processes of the phallus ("lateral hooks" of Baraniak (2007)), has a triangular juxta and a cluster of spiniform setae on the sacculus near the convex part of the ventral margin of the valva and the female has the posterior projection on sternum VII arising between two small excavations. The forewing pattern of P.copaquillaensis sp. nov. is variable and closely resembles that of P.xylostella (Landry and Hebert 2013; figs. 10–16). Although the forewing of some specimens of P.copaquillaensis sp. nov. is more yellowish than that of P.xylostella, much of the variation overlaps between the two species. However, differences in genitalia morphology allow accurate identification. Unlike P.copaquillaensis sp. nov., P.xylostella has a gnathos and a pair of basal hook-like processes on the base of the phallus, lacks a juxta and has a cluster of spiniform setae on the sacculus near the base of the valva and offset from the margin in the male (Fig. 4) and the posterior projection on sternum VII arises between two markedly raised folds in the female (Fig. 5). The forewing pattern of P.copaquillaensis sp. nov. also closely resembles that of P.australiana (Landry and Hebert 2013; figs. 3–9). However, the two species can be separated using the same characteristics of the male and female genitalia that allow the separation of P.xylostella.

Figure 4.

Figure 4.

Open in a new tab

Male genitalia of Plutellaxylostella (Linnaeus, 1758) showing differences with Plutellacopaquillaensis sp. nov. A Male genitalia, lateral, left valva and phallus removed; black arrow indicates cluster of spiniform setae in the sacculus near the base of the valva; B Phallus, dorsal; black arrow indicates one of the two basal hook-like processes; C Tegumen, gnathos and anal cone, dorsal; black arrow indicates gnathos. Scale bars 0.1, 0.1, 0.12 mm, respectively.

Figure 5.

Figure 5.

Open in a new tab

Female genitalia of Plutellaxylostella (Linnaeus, 1758) showing differences with Plutellacopaquillaensis sp. nov., lateral view; right rectangle: sterigma, ventral view. Scale bar 0.1 mm.

Etymology

The specific epithet is derived from the type locality.

Distribution

Plutellacopaquillaensis sp. nov. is known only from the type locality, the Copaquilla Ravine, at about 3100 m elevation on the western slope of the Andes of northern Chile (Fig. 6).

Figure 6.

Figure 6.

Open in a new tab

Type locality of Plutellacopaquillaensis sp. nov., the Copaquilla Ravine, at about 3100 m elevation on the western slope of the Andes of northern Chile.

Biology

Neuontobotryslanata (Walp.) Al-Shehbaz (Brassicaceae) is the only host plant currently documented for P.copaquillaensis sp. nov. (Fig. 7). The distribution range of N.lanata extends from southern Peru to central Chile (Al-Shehbaz 2006). Larvae of P.copaquillaensis sp. nov. feed on the flowers of this plant.

Figure 7.

Figure 7.

Open in a new tab

Neuontobotryslanata (Walp.) Al-Shehbaz (Brassicaceae), the host plant of Plutellacopaquillaensis sp. nov. in the Andes of northern Chile.

Discussion

The morphological delimitation of Plutella and related genera remains controversial (Sohn 2023). In the meantime, progress in the knowledge of the taxonomic diversity of Plutellidae may provide useful information for planning future studies that improve the understanding of the phylogenetic relationships and stabilise the delimitation of these genera (Robinson and Sattler 2001, Baraniak 2007, Landry and Hebert 2013, Huemer and Sohn 2020).

In addition to the remarkable similarity of the wing pattern of P.copaquillaensis sp. nov. to that of P.xylostella and P.australiana, the new species shows some interesting similarities with this pair of species in genitalia morphology: a cluster of spiniform setae on the sacculus of the male and sternum VII with a posterior projection arising from the middle of the posterior margin in the female. However, at least three attributes in the male genitalia of the new species suggest that it is distantly related to P.xylostella and P.australiana: absence of gnathos, absence of a pair of basal hook-like processes of the phallus and the presence of juxta. Considering the current circumscription of Plutella (Robinson and Sattler 2001, Landry and Hebert 2013, Søli et al. 2018, Sohn 2023), it is difficult to suggest that any member of the genus is closely related to P.copaquillaensis sp. nov. Further studies would be needed to reveal the phylogenetic relationships of this species.

Plutellacopaquillaensis sp. nov. clearly differs from the two members of the genus previously recorded in Chile. Plutelladeltodoma and P.diluta have a narrow saccus and lack a cluster of spiniform setae on the sacculus of the male genitalia (Clarke 1965; plate 184, figs. 3b and 4b, respectively).

Members of Plutellidae are mostly oligophagous leaf webbers associated with Brassicales (Sohn et al. 2013). The use of a host plant belonging to the family Brassicaceae by P.copaquillaensis sp. nov. fits the more commonly recorded pattern for members of Plutella (Robinson and Sattler 2001, Heckford and Beavan 2011, Abram et al. 2022). Although larvae of Plutella mostly feed on leaves (Robinson and Sattler 2001, Heckford and Beavan 2011), those of P.copaquillaensis sp. nov. mostly feed on flowers, like those of the North American P.armoraciae Busck, 1912 (Abram et al. 2022). Further studies should explore the host plant range of the new species to assess whether it only uses native hosts or can also feed on cultivated cruciferous. Furthermore, as detailed knowledge of the natural history of non-pest Plutella species can be useful to improve control practices of the diamondback moth (Abram et al. 2022), additional studies addressing the biology and natural enemies of P.copaquillaensis sp. nov. could yield valuable results for developing a more sustainable management of P.xylostella in the arid environments of northern Chile.

Supplementary Material

XML Treatment for Plutella copaquillaensis

Acknowledgements

The author thanks Alma Solis, Mario Ramos González, Jean-François Landry, Robert Tropek and two anonymous reviwers for their constructive suggestions on a previous version of the manuscript and Mike Skinner for checking the English. This study was supported by project UTA-MAYOR 9733–23.

Funding Statement

Universidad de Tarapacá

References

  1. Abram Paul K., Thiessen Jason, Clarke Peggy, Gillespie David R., Fernández-Triana José L., Bennett Andrew M. R., Gibson Gary A. P., Huber John T., Mason Peter G., Landry Jean-François. Natural history of Plutellaarmoraciae Busck, 1912, a sympatric congener of the diamondback moth, Plutellaxylostella (L., 1758), in Southwestern Canada. The Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society. 2022;76(1) doi: 10.18473/lepi.76i1.a4. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  2. Al-Shehbaz I. A. The genus Sisymbrium in South America, with synopses of the genera Chilocardamum, Mostacillastrum, Neuontobotrys, and Polypsecadium (Brassicaceae) Darwiniana. 2006;44:341–358. [Google Scholar]
  3. Baraniak E. Taxonomic revision of the genus Plutella Schrank, 1802 (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) from the Palaearctic region with notes on its phylogeny. Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne. 2007;76(Supplement):1–122. [Google Scholar]
  4. Clarke J. F. G. Catalogue of the type specimens of microlepidoptera in the British Museum (Natural History) described by Edward Meyrick, Timyridae, Hyponomeutidae, Ethmiidae, Metachandidae, Cosmopterigidae, Walshiidae, Blastodacnidae, Scythridae. Vol. 5. Trustees of the British Museum; London: 1965. 581 [Google Scholar]
  5. Furlong Michael J., Wright Denis J., Dosdall Lloyd M. Diamondback moth ecology and management: Problems, progress, and prospects. Annual Review of Entomology. 2013;58(1):517–541. doi: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120811-153605. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Heckford R. J., Beavan S. D. Plutellahaasi Staudinger, 1883 (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae): the discovery of the larva at four sites in three vice-counties in Scotland. Entomologist’s Gazette. 2011;62:237–250. [Google Scholar]
  7. Huemer Peter, Sohn Jae-Cheon. Eidophasiaassmanni sp. nov., the first alpine representative of the genus, detected in the Russian Altai Mountains (Lepidoptera, Plutellidae) ZooKeys. 2020;959:99–111. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.959.54259. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Kfir R. Origin of the diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 1998;91:164–167. doi: 10.1093/aesa/91.2.164. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  9. Landry J. - F., Hebert Paul. Plutellaaustraliana (Lepidoptera, Plutellidae), an overlooked diamondback moth revealed by DNA barcodes. ZooKeys. 2013;327:43–63. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.327.5831. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Meyrick E. Microlepidoptera from South Chile and Argentina. Anales del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Buenos Aires. 1931;36:377–415. [Google Scholar]
  11. Robinson G. S., Sattler K. Plutella in the Hawaiian Islands: Relatives and host-races of the diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 2001;67:1–27. [Google Scholar]
  12. Sohn Jae-Cheon, Regier Jerome C., Mitter Charles, Davis Donald, Landry Jean-François, Zwick Andreas, Cummings Michael P. A molecular phylogeny for Yponomeutoidea (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Ditrysia) and iIts iImplications for classification, biogeography and the evolution of host plant use. PLOS ONE. 2013;8(1) doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055066. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Sohn J. C. In: Annotated taxonomic checklist of the Lepidoptera of North America, North of Mexico. Pohl G. R., Nanz S. R., editors. Wedge Entomological Research Foundation; Bakersfield: 2023. Family Plutellidae Guenée, 1845 (diamondback moths)580 [Google Scholar]
  14. Søli Geir, Aarvik Leif, Magnussen Trude. Plutellapolaris Zeller, 1880 (Lepidoptera, Plutellidae) rediscovered at Svalbard, Norway, with comments on its taxonomic position. Nota Lepidopterologica. 2018;41(1):129–137. doi: 10.3897/nl.41.22423. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  15. Su J. - X., Wang W., Zhang L. - B., Chen Z. - D. Phylogenetic placement of two enigmatic genera, Borthwickia and Stixis, based on molecular and pollen data, and the description of a new family of Brassicales, Borthwickiaceae. Taxon. 2012;61:601–611. doi: 10.1002/tax.613009. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  16. Swezey O. H. Some new Hawaiian Lepidoptera. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society. 1920;4:376–386. [Google Scholar]
  17. Wakeham-Dawson Andrew. Lepidoptera of the Falkland Islands (8): Was Plutellarectivittella Zeller, 1877 (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) recorded from Darwin Harbour in 1893? Entomologist's Monthly Magazine. 2022;158(1):60–64. doi: 10.31184/m00138908.1581.4106. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  18. You Minsheng, Ke Fushi, You Shijun, Wu Zhangyan, Liu Qingfeng, He Weiyi, Baxter Simon W., Yuchi Zhiguang, Vasseur Liette, Gurr Geoff M., Ward Christopher M., Cerda Hugo, Yang Guang, Peng Lu, Jin Yuanchun, Xie Miao, Cai Lijun, Douglas Carl J., Isman Murray B., Goettel Mark S., Song Qisheng, Fan Qinghai, Wang-Pruski Gefu, Lees David C., Yue Zhen, Bai Jianlin, Liu Tiansheng, Lin Lianyun, Zheng Yunkai, Zeng Zhaohua, Lin Sheng, Wang Yue, Zhao Qian, Xia Xiaofeng, Chen Wenbin, Chen Lilin, Zou Mingmin, Liao Jinying, Gao Qiang, Fang Xiaodong, Yin Ye, Yang Huanming, Wang Jian, Han Liwei, Lin Yingjun, Lu Yanping, Zhuang Mousheng. Variation among 532 genomes unveils the origin and evolutionary history of a global insect herbivore. Nature Communications. 2020;11(1) doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-16178-9. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Zalucki Myron P., Shabbir Asad, Silva Rehan, Adamson David, Shu-Sheng Liu, Furlong Michael J. Estimating the economic cost of one of the world's major insect pests, Plutellaxylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae): Just how long is a piece of string? Journal of Economic Entomology. 2012;105(4):1115–1129. doi: 10.1603/ec12107. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

XML Treatment for Plutella copaquillaensis
BDJ.12.e139664-treatment1.xml (56.9KB, xml)

Articles from Biodiversity Data Journal are provided here courtesy of Pensoft Publishers

RESOURCES