Abstract
Articles about medical diagnostic decision support (MDDS) systems often begin with a disclaimer such as, "despite many years of research and millions of dollars of expenditures on medical diagnostic systems, none is in widespread use at the present time." While this statement remains true in the sense that no single diagnostic system is in widespread use, it is misleading with regard to the state of the art of these systems. Diagnostic systems, many simple and some complex, are now ubiquitous, and research on MDDS systems is growing. The nature of MDDS systems has diversified over time. The prospects for adoption of large-scale diagnostic systems are better now than ever before, due to enthusiasm for implementation of the electronic medical record in academic, commercial, and primary care settings. Diagnostic decision support systems have become an established component of medical technology. This paper provides a review and a threaded bibliography for some of the important work on MDDS systems over the years from 1954 to 1993.
Full Text
The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (2.5 MB).
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Abreu-Lima C., de Sá J. P. Interpretation of short ECGs with a personal computer: the Porto program. Methods Inf Med. 1990 Sep;29(4):410–412. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Adams I. D., Chan M., Clifford P. C., Cooke W. M., Dallos V., de Dombal F. T., Edwards M. H., Hancock D. M., Hewett D. J., McIntyre N. Computer aided diagnosis of acute abdominal pain: a multicentre study. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1986 Sep 27;293(6550):800–804. doi: 10.1136/bmj.293.6550.800. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Adlassing K. P., Kolarz G., Scheithauer W., Effenberger H., Grabner G. CADIAG: approaches to computer-assisted medical diagnosis. Comput Biol Med. 1985;15(5):315–335. doi: 10.1016/0010-4825(85)90014-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Adlassnig K. P. A fuzzy logical model of computer-assisted medical diagnosis. Methods Inf Med. 1980 Jul;19(3):141–148. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Adlassnig K. P., Horak W. Hepaxpert-1: Automatic interpretation of tests for hepatitis a and B. MD Comput. 1991 Mar-Apr;8(2):118–119. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Adlassnig K. P., Kolarz G. Representation and semiautomatic acquisition of medical knowledge in CADIAG-1 and CADIAG-2. Comput Biomed Res. 1986 Feb;19(1):63–79. doi: 10.1016/0010-4809(86)90007-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Anderson C. T., Jr, Cembrowski G. S., Toren E. C., Jr Computer-assisted differential diagnosis of laboratory abnormalities and follow-up testing. Evaluation of the accuracy of a computer program. Am J Clin Pathol. 1976 Feb;65(2):234–241. doi: 10.1093/ajcp/65.2.234. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Asada N., Doi K., MacMahon H., Montner S. M., Giger M. L., Abe C., Wu Y. Potential usefulness of an artificial neural network for differential diagnosis of interstitial lung diseases: pilot study. Radiology. 1990 Dec;177(3):857–860. doi: 10.1148/radiology.177.3.2244001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bankowitz R. A., Lave J. R., McNeil M. A. A method for assessing the impact of a computer-based decision support system on health care outcomes. Methods Inf Med. 1992 Feb;31(1):3–10. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bankowitz R. A., McNeil M. A., Challinor S. M., Miller R. A. Effect of a computer-assisted general medicine diagnostic consultation service on housestaff diagnostic strategy. Methods Inf Med. 1989 Nov;28(4):352–356. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bankowitz R. A., McNeil M. A., Challinor S. M., Parker R. C., Kapoor W. N., Miller R. A. A computer-assisted medical diagnostic consultation service. Implementation and prospective evaluation of a prototype. Ann Intern Med. 1989 May 15;110(10):824–832. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-110-10-824. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Barnett G. O., Cimino J. J., Hupp J. A., Hoffer E. P. DXplain. An evolving diagnostic decision-support system. JAMA. 1987 Jul 3;258(1):67–74. doi: 10.1001/jama.258.1.67. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Barnett G. O. The computer and clinical judgement. N Engl J Med. 1982 Aug 19;307(8):493–494. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198208193070808. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bartels P. H., Bahr G. F., Bellamy J. C., Bibbo M., Richards D. L., Wied G. L. A self-learning computer program for cell recognition. Acta Cytol. 1970 Sep-Oct;14(8):486–494. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bartels P. H., Bibbo M., Graham A., Paplanus S., Shoemaker R. L., Thompson D. Image understanding system for histopathology. Anal Cell Pathol. 1989 Aug;1(4):195–214. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bartels P. H., Thompson D., Weber J. E. Expert systems in histopathology. IV. The management of uncertainty. Anal Quant Cytol Histol. 1992 Feb;14(1):1–13. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bates J. E., Bessman J. D. Evaluation of BCDE, a microcomputer program to analyze automated blood counts and differentials. Am J Clin Pathol. 1987 Sep;88(3):314–323. doi: 10.1093/ajcp/88.3.314. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Baxt W. G. Use of an artificial neural network for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction. Ann Intern Med. 1991 Dec 1;115(11):843–848. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-115-11-843. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bergeron B. Iliad: a diagnostic consultant and patient simulator. MD Comput. 1991 Jan-Feb;8(1):46–53. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Berman L., Miller R. A. Problem area formation as an element of computer aided diagnosis: a comparison of two strategies within quick medical reference (QMR). Methods Inf Med. 1991 Apr;30(2):90–95. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bernadt M. W., Daniels O. J., Blizard R. A., Murray R. M. Can a computer reliably elicit an alcohol history? Br J Addict. 1989 Apr;84(4):405–411. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1989.tb00584.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bernelot Moens H. J., van der Korst J. K. Comparison of rheumatological diagnoses by a Bayesian program and by physicians. Methods Inf Med. 1991 Aug;30(3):187–193. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Berner E. S., Brooks C. M., Miller R. A., Masarie F. E., Jr, Jackson J. R. Evaluation issues in the development of expert systems in medicine. Eval Health Prof. 1989 Sep;12(3):270–281. doi: 10.1177/016327878901200303. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bjerregaard B., Brynitz S., Holst-Christensen J., Kalaja E., Jess P., Lund-Kristensen J. Vurdering af datamatens anvendelse ved differentialdiagnostik hos patienter med akutte mavesmerter. Ugeskr Laeger. 1978 Apr 10;140(15):834–838. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bleich H. L. Computer evaluation of acid-base disorders. J Clin Invest. 1969 Sep;48(9):1689–1696. doi: 10.1172/JCI106134. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bleich H. L. The computer as a consultant. N Engl J Med. 1971 Jan 21;284(3):141–147. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197101212840307. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Blinowska A., Chatellier G., Bernier J., Lavril M. Bayesian statistics as applied to hypertension diagnosis. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1991 Jul;38(7):699–706. doi: 10.1109/10.83571. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Blois M. S. Clinical judgment and computers. N Engl J Med. 1980 Jul 24;303(4):192–197. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198007243030405. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bolinger R. E., Hopfensperger K. J., Preston D. F. Application of a virtual neurode in a model thyroid diagnostic network. Proc Annu Symp Comput Appl Med Care. 1991:310–314. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bouckaert A. Medical diagnosis: are expert systems needed? Int J Biomed Comput. 1987 Jan;20(1-2):123–133. doi: 10.1016/0020-7101(87)90020-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Boyanov B., Doskov D., Ivanov T., Hadjitodorov S. PC based system for analysis of the voice of patients with laryngeal disease. Ear Nose Throat J. 1991 Nov;70(11):767–772. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Broering N. C., Corn M., Ayers W. R., Mistry P. Implementing RECONSIDER, a diagnostic prompting computer system, at the Georgetown University Medical Center. Bull Med Libr Assoc. 1988 Apr;76(2):155–158. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Brohet C. R., Derwael C., Robert A., Fesler R. Methodology of ECG interpretation in the Louvain program. Methods Inf Med. 1990 Sep;29(4):403–409. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Buck C. R., Jr, Reese G. R., Lindberg D. A. A general technique for computer processing of coded patient diagnoses. Mo Med. 1966 Apr;63(4):276–passim. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Burdaev V. P., Poliudov S. I. Ekspertnaia sistema dlia diagnostiki riska ishemicheskoi bolezni serdtsa. Sov Zdravookhr. 1991;(9):52–56. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Burge P., Todd B. Computer-aided localisation of peripheral nerve lesions. J Hand Surg Br. 1991 Feb;16(1):19–24. doi: 10.1016/0266-7681(91)90120-d. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Böhme G. H., Reichertz P., Wolters E. IRSD--Individual Retrieval System for Diagnoses. System-Design und Anwendung auf dem Gebiet der Endokrinologie. Methods Inf Med Suppl. 1972;6:305–310. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Cabello D., Barro S., Salceda J. M., Ruiz R., Mira J. Fuzzy K-nearest neighbor classifiers for ventricular arrhythmia detection. Int J Biomed Comput. 1991 Feb;27(2):77–93. doi: 10.1016/0020-7101(91)90089-w. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Cammà C., Garofalo G., Almasio P., Tinè F., Craxì A., Palazzo U., Pinzello G., Fiorello F., Angelo P. M., Pagliaro L. A performance evaluation of the expert system 'Jaundice' in comparison with that of three hepatologists. J Hepatol. 1991 Nov;13(3):279–285. doi: 10.1016/0168-8278(91)90069-n. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Card W. I., Nicholson M., Crean G. P., Watkinson G., Evans C. R., Wilson J., Russell D. A comparison of doctor and computer interrogation of patients. Int J Biomed Comput. 1974 Jul;5(3):175–187. doi: 10.1016/0020-7101(74)90028-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Carroll B. Artificial intelligence. Expert systems for clinical diagnosis: are they worth the effort? Behav Sci. 1987 Oct;32(4):274–292. doi: 10.1002/bs.3830320404. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Catanzarite V. A., Greenburg A. G., Bremermann H. J. Computer consultation in neurology: subjective and objective evaluations of the "NEUROLOGIST" system. Comput Biol Med. 1982;12(4):343–355. doi: 10.1016/0010-4825(82)90038-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Cavestri R., Radice L., D'Angelo V., Longhini E. Focus. Un sistema esperto per la diagnosi clinica di sede di incidenti neurologici a comparsa acuta. Minerva Med. 1991 Dec;82(12):815–820. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Chiba Y., Furuya N. [Application of fuzzy theory for optokinetic pattern test]. Nihon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho. 1991 Nov;94(11):1689–1693. doi: 10.3950/jibiinkoka.94.11_1689. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Clarke J. R., Cebula D. P., Webber B. L. Artificial intelligence: a computerized decision aid for trauma. J Trauma. 1988 Aug;28(8):1250–1254. doi: 10.1097/00005373-198808000-00019. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Clevert H. D., Schober H. J., Weiss H. "INTENSIV"--Aufbau und Struktur des wissensbasierten PC-Systems für die Intensivstation. Klin Wochenschr. 1991;69 (Suppl 26):234–240. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Covell D. G., Uman G. C., Manning P. R. Information needs in office practice: are they being met? Ann Intern Med. 1985 Oct;103(4):596–599. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-103-4-596. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Croft D. J. Is computerized diagnosis possible? Comput Biomed Res. 1972 Aug;5(4):351–367. doi: 10.1016/0010-4809(72)90068-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Dawes R. M., Faust D., Meehl P. E. Clinical versus actuarial judgment. Science. 1989 Mar 31;243(4899):1668–1674. doi: 10.1126/science.2648573. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- De Dombal F. T. Computer-aided decision support in acute abdominal pain, with special reference to the EC concerted action. Int J Biomed Comput. 1990 Sep;26(3):183–188. doi: 10.1016/0020-7101(90)90041-r. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- De Dombal F. T. Computer-aided decision support--glittering prospects, practical problems, and Pandora's box. Baillieres Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 1990 Dec;4(4):841–849. doi: 10.1016/s0950-3552(05)80347-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- De Dombal F. T., Horrocks J. C., Staniland J. R., Gill P. W. Simulation of clinical diagnosis: a comparative study. Br Med J. 1971 Jun 5;2(5761):575–577. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.5761.575. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- De Dombal F. T., Leaper D. J., Horrocks J. C., Staniland J. R., McCann A. P. Human and computer-aided diagnosis of abdominal pain: further report with emphasis on performance of clinicians. Br Med J. 1974 Mar 2;1(5904):376–380. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.5904.376. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- DeVore P. A. Computer-assisted comprehensive geriatric assessment in a family physician's office. South Med J. 1991 Aug;84(8):953–955. doi: 10.1097/00007611-199108000-00005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Duda R. O., Shortliffe E. H. Expert Systems Research. Science. 1983 Apr 15;220(4594):261–268. doi: 10.1126/science.6340198. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Eddy D. M., Clanton C. H. The art of diagnosis: solving the clinicopathological exercise. N Engl J Med. 1982 May 27;306(21):1263–1268. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198205273062104. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ellsässer K. H., Hönicke E. Datenpräsentation und methodische Probleme einer systematischen Früherkennung. Bericht über die 6. Frühjahrstagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Medizinische Dokumentation, Information und Statistik (GMDS) in Heidelberg. Methods Inf Med. 1979 Jul;18(3):182–184. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Elstein A. S., Holmes M. M., Ravitch M. M., Rovner D. R., Holzman G. B., Rothert M. L. Medical decisions in perspective: applied research in cognitive psychology. Perspect Biol Med. 1983 Spring;26(3):486–501. doi: 10.1353/pbm.1983.0068. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Engle R. L., Jr Attempts to use computers as diagnostic aids in medical decision making: a thirty-year experience. Perspect Biol Med. 1992 Winter;35(2):207–219. doi: 10.1353/pbm.1992.0011. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Engle R. L., Jr, Flehinger B. J., Allen S., Friedman R., Lipkin M., Davis B. J., Leveridge L. L. HEME: a computer aid to diagnosis of hematologic disease. Bull N Y Acad Med. 1976 Jun;52(5):584–600. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Engle R. L., Jr, Flehinger B. J. HEME: a computer program for diagnosis-oriented analysis of hematologic disease. Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc. 1975;86:33–42. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Engle R. L., Jr, Flehinger B. J. Why expert systems for medical diagnosis are not being generally used: a valedictory opinion. Bull N Y Acad Med. 1987 Mar;63(2):193–198. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Feinstein A. R. An analysis of diagnostic reasoning. I. The domains and disorders of clinical macrobiology. Yale J Biol Med. 1973 Jun;46(3):212–232. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Feinstein A. R. An analysis of diagnostic reasoning. II. The strategy of intermediate decisions. Yale J Biol Med. 1973 Oct;46(4):264–283. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Feinstein A. R. Clinical judgment in the era of automation. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1970 Aug;79(4):728–737. doi: 10.1177/000348947007900405. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Feldman M. J., Barnett G. O. An approach to evaluating the accuracy of DXplain. Comput Methods Programs Biomed. 1991 Aug;35(4):261–266. doi: 10.1016/0169-2607(91)90004-d. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Forsythe D. E., Buchanan B. G., Osheroff J. A., Miller R. A. Expanding the concept of medical information: an observational study of physicians' information needs. Comput Biomed Res. 1992 Apr;25(2):181–200. doi: 10.1016/0010-4809(92)90020-b. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fryback D. G. Bayes' theorem and conditional nonindependence of data in medical diagnosis. Comput Biomed Res. 1978 Oct 5;11(5):423–434. doi: 10.1016/0010-4809(78)90001-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fryback D. G., Thornbury J. R. Evaluation of a computerized Bayesian model for diagnosis of renal cyst vs. tumor vs. normal variant from urogram information. Invest Radiol. 1976 Mar-Apr;11(2):102–111. doi: 10.1097/00004424-197603000-00005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Furukawa T. [Analysis of multiple variance in computer diagnosis. (5) Regression analysis]. Iyodenshi To Seitai Kogaku. 1976 Jun 30;14(3):225–227. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Furukawa T. [Analysis of variance. 1. Application to computer diagnosis]. Rinsho Byori. 1979;Suppl 38:63–75. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Furukawa T. [Diagnometrics]. Iyodenshi To Seitai Kogaku. 1982 Dec;20(7):551–553. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Furukawa T. [Introduction to the theories of computerized diagnosis and treatment]. Nihon Rinsho. 1975 Sep 10;33(9):2872–2877. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Furukawa T. [Prospective remarks on mathematical aids in clinical diagnosis (author's transl)]. Rinsho Byori. 1979 May;27(5):437–443. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Furukawa T. [The goal of computerized diagnosis]. Kango Gijutsu. 1978 Jul;24(10):63–74. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gindi G. R., Darken C. J., O'Brien K. M., Stetz M. L., Deckelbaum L. I. Neural network and conventional classifiers for fluorescence-guided laser angioplasty. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1991 Mar;38(3):246–252. doi: 10.1109/10.133205. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gorry G. A., Barnett G. O. Experience with a model of sequential diagnosis. Comput Biomed Res. 1968 May;1(5):490–507. doi: 10.1016/0010-4809(68)90016-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gremy F., Joly H. Le problème de l'aide diagnostique par les calculateurs électroniques. Rev Fr Etud Clin Biol. 1967 Apr;12(4):322–329. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gross G. W., Boone J. M., Greco-Hunt V., Greenberg B. Neural networks in radiologic diagnosis. II. Interpretation of neonatal chest radiographs. Invest Radiol. 1990 Sep;25(9):1017–1023. doi: 10.1097/00004424-199009000-00013. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gunn A. A. The acute abdomen: the role of computer-assisted diagnosis. Baillieres Clin Gastroenterol. 1991 Sep;5(3 Pt 1):639–665. doi: 10.1016/0950-3528(91)90046-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Guo D., Lincoln M. J., Haug P. J., Turner C. W., Warner H. R. Exploring a new best information algorithm for Iliad. Proc Annu Symp Comput Appl Med Care. 1991:624–628. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Habbema J. D., Hilden J., Bjerregaard B. The measurement of performance in probabilistic diagnosis. V. General recommendations. Methods Inf Med. 1981 Apr;20(2):97–100. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Habbema J. D., Hilden J. The measurement of performance in probabilistic diagnosis. IV. Utility considerations in therapeutics and prognostics. Methods Inf Med. 1981 Apr;20(2):80–96. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hart A., Wyatt J. Evaluating black-boxes as medical decision aids: issues arising from a study of neural networks. Med Inform (Lond) 1990 Jul-Sep;15(3):229–236. doi: 10.3109/14639239009025270. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Haug P. J., Warner H. R., Clayton P. D., Schmidt C. D., Pearl J. E., Farney R. J., Crapo R. O., Tocino I., Morrison W. J., Frederick P. R. A decision-driven system to collect the patient history. Comput Biomed Res. 1987 Apr;20(2):193–207. doi: 10.1016/0010-4809(87)90045-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Haux R. Knowledge-based decision support for diagnosis and therapy: on the multiple usability of patient data. Methods Inf Med. 1989 Apr;28(2):69–77. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Heathfield H., Bose D., Kirkham N. Knowledge-based computer system to aid in the histopathological diagnosis of breast disease. J Clin Pathol. 1991 Jun;44(6):502–508. doi: 10.1136/jcp.44.6.502. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Heckerman D. E., Nathwani B. N. An evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy of Pathfinder. Comput Biomed Res. 1992 Feb;25(1):56–74. doi: 10.1016/0010-4809(92)90035-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Herskovits E. H., Cooper G. F. Algorithms for Bayesian belief-network precomputation. Methods Inf Med. 1991 Apr;30(2):81–89. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hochstrasser D. F., Appel R. D., Vargas R., Perrier R., Vurlod J. F., Ravier F., Pasquali C., Funk M., Pellegrini C., Muller A. F. A clinical molecular scanner: the Melanie project. MD Comput. 1991 Mar-Apr;8(2):85–91. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Horrocks J. C., Lambert D. E., McAdam W. A., Morgan A. G., Pacsoo C., Darnborough A., De Dombal F. T. Transfer of computer-aided diagnosis of dyspepsia from one geographical area to another. Gut. 1976 Aug;17(8):640–644. doi: 10.1136/gut.17.8.640. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hucklenbroich P. Problems of nomenclature and classification in medical expert systems. Theor Med. 1988 Jun;9(2):167–177. doi: 10.1007/BF00489410. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ingram T. G. A cross-sectional analysis of family medicine publications in the indexed medical literature. Fam Med. 1992 May-Jun;24(4):303–306. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Inoue M., Kajitani F., Inada H., Furukawa T., Abe H. [Classification of computer aided diagnosis (CAD)]. Nihon Rinsho. 1975 Sep 10;33(9):2878–2882. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Jacoby I., Pauker S. G. Technology assessment in health care: group process and decision theory. Isr J Med Sci. 1986 Mar-Apr;22(3-4):183–190. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Jennings B. J. A clinical approach to computerized perimetry. Optom Clin. 1991;1(1):229–254. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Johri S. K., Guha S. K. Set-covering diagnostic expert system for psychiatric disorders: the third world context. Comput Methods Programs Biomed. 1991 Jan;34(1):1–7. doi: 10.1016/0169-2607(91)90076-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Joseph G. M., Patel V. L. Domain knowledge and hypothesis generation in diagnostic reasoning. Med Decis Making. 1990 Jan-Mar;10(1):31–46. doi: 10.1177/0272989X9001000107. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kabasawa K., Kaihara S. A sequential diagnostic model for medical questioning. Med Inform (Lond) 1981 Jul-Sep;6(3):175–185. doi: 10.3109/14639238109016072. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kahn C. E., Jr Validation, clinical trial, and evaluation of a radiology expert system. Methods Inf Med. 1991 Oct;30(4):268–274. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kaihara S. Information processing and automated diagnosis in medical care. Jpn Circ J. 1974 May;38(5):377–378. doi: 10.1253/jcj.38.377. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kajiya F., Inoue M., Furukawa T. [Application of "invertron" to clinical diagnosis]. Nihon Rinsho. 1977 Aug 10;35(8):2629–2634. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kassirer J. P. Diagnostic reasoning. Ann Intern Med. 1989 Jun 1;110(11):893–900. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-110-11-893. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kassirer J. P., Gorry G. A. Clinical problem solving: a behavioral analysis. Ann Intern Med. 1978 Aug;89(2):245–255. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-89-2-245. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kassirer J. P., Kopelman R. I. Diagnosis and decisions by algorithms. Hosp Pract (Off Ed) 1990 Mar 15;25(3):23-4, 27, 31. doi: 10.1080/21548331.1990.11703920. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kassirer J. P., Kopelman R. I. Diagnosis and the towers of Babel: a parable. Hosp Pract (Off Ed) 1989 Oct 15;24(10):27–35. doi: 10.1080/21548331.1989.11703794. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kassirer J. P., Kopelman R. I. Knowledge and clinical expertise. Hosp Pract (Off Ed) 1988 Mar 15;23(3):46–passim. doi: 10.1080/21548331.1988.11703436. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kassirer J. P., Moskowitz A. J., Lau J., Pauker S. G. Decision analysis: a progress report. Ann Intern Med. 1987 Feb;106(2):275–291. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-106-2-275. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kingsland L. C., 3rd, Lindberg D. A., Sharp G. C. Anatomy of a knowledge-based consultant system: AI/RHEUM. MD Comput. 1986 Sep-Oct;3(5):18–26. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kleinmuntz B. Computers as clinicians: an update. Comput Biol Med. 1992 Jul;22(4):227–237. doi: 10.1016/0010-4825(92)90062-r. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kleinmuntz B., Elstein A. S. Computer modeling of clinical judgment. Crit Rev Med Inform. 1987;1(3):209–228. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Klessens P. L., Binkhuysen F. H., Ottes F. P., Winter L. H., Willemse A. P., de Valk J. P. Diagnostic evaluation of a PACS subsystem using mammographs. An ROC analysis. Med Inform (Lond) 1988 Oct-Dec;13(4):323–326. doi: 10.3109/14639238809012097. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kolarz G., Adlassnig K. P. Problems in establishing the medical expert systems CADIAG-1 and CADIAG-2 in rheumatology. J Med Syst. 1986 Aug;10(4):395–405. doi: 10.1007/BF00992439. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kors J. A., van Bemmel J. H. Classification methods for computerized interpretation of the electrocardiogram. Methods Inf Med. 1990 Sep;29(4):330–336. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Koss L. G., Bartels P. H., Bibbo M., Freed S. Z., Sychra J. J., Taylor J., Wied G. L. Computer analysis of atypical urothelial cells. I. Classification by supervised learning algorithms. Acta Cytol. 1977 Mar-Apr;21(2):247–260. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Koss L. G., Bartels P. H., Sychra J. J., Wied G. L. Computer discriminant analysis of atypical urothelial cells. Acta Cytol. 1978 Sep-Oct;22(5):382–386. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kratzer M. A., Ivandic B., Fateh-Moghadam A. Neuronal network analysis of serum electrophoresis. J Clin Pathol. 1992 Jul;45(7):612–615. doi: 10.1136/jcp.45.7.612. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- LEDLEY R. S., LUSTED L. B. Reasoning foundations of medical diagnosis; symbolic logic, probability, and value theory aid our understanding of how physicians reason. Science. 1959 Jul 3;130(3366):9–21. doi: 10.1126/science.130.3366.9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- LIPKIN M., HARDY J. D. Differential diagnosis of hematologic diseases aided by mechanical correlation of data. Science. 1957 Mar 22;125(3247):551–552. doi: 10.1126/science.125.3247.551. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- LIPKIN M., HARDY J. D. Mechanical correlation of data in differential diagnosis of hematological diseases. J Am Med Assoc. 1958 Jan 11;166(2):113–125. doi: 10.1001/jama.1958.02990020001001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lau L. M., Warner H. R. Performance of a diagnostic system (Iliad) as a tool for quality assurance. Comput Biomed Res. 1992 Aug;25(4):314–323. doi: 10.1016/0010-4809(92)90022-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lee A. S., Cutts J. H., 3rd, Sharp G. C., Mitchell J. A. AI/LEARN network. The use of computer-generated graphics to augment the educational utility of a knowledge-based diagnostic system (AI/RHEUM). J Med Syst. 1987 Oct;11(5):349–358. doi: 10.1007/BF00996349. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lenoir P., Chalès G. Pourquoi et comment aider les médecins à porter des diagnostics. Med Inform (Lond) 1980 Oct-Dec;5(4):281–289. doi: 10.3109/14639238009001410. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lenzi A., Lombardo F., Gandini L., Fazzi V., Dondero F., Fabbrini A. Computer assisted sperm motility analysis. Acta Eur Fertil. 1991 Mar-Apr;22(2):109–116. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Levy R., Post F. The use of an interactive computer terminal in the assessment of cognitive function in elderly psychiatric patients. Age Ageing. 1975 May;4(2):111–115. doi: 10.1093/ageing/4.2.110. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Leão B. F., Rocha A. F. Proposed methodology for knowledge acquisition: a study on congenital heart disease diagnosis. Methods Inf Med. 1990 Jan;29(1):30–40. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Logie A. R., Madirazza J. A., Webster I. W. Patient evaluation of a computerised questionnaire. Comput Biomed Res. 1976 Apr;9(2):169–176. doi: 10.1016/0010-4809(76)90040-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lucas R. W., Card W. I., Knill-Jones R. P., Watkinson G., Crean G. P. Computer interrogation of patients. Br Med J. 1976 Sep 11;2(6036):623–625. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.6036.623. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lucas R. W., Mullin P. J., Luna C. B., McInroy D. C. Psychiatrists and a computer as interrogators of patients with alcohol-related illnesses: a comparison. Br J Psychiatry. 1977 Aug;131:160–167. doi: 10.1192/bjp.131.2.160. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lundsgaarde H. P. Evaluating medical expert systems. Soc Sci Med. 1987;24(10):805–819. doi: 10.1016/0277-9536(87)90182-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Macfarlane P. W. A brief history of computer-assisted electrocardiography. Methods Inf Med. 1990 Sep;29(4):272–281. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Macfarlane P. W., Devine B., Latif S., McLaughlin S., Shoat D. B., Watts M. P. Methodology of ECG interpretation in the Glasgow program. Methods Inf Med. 1990 Sep;29(4):354–361. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Macfarlane P. W., Taylor T. P., Lawrie T. D. Further reflections on automated ECG interpretation. Adv Cardiol. 1976;16:166–170. doi: 10.1159/000398389. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Maclin P. S., Dempsey J., Brooks J., Rand J. Using neural networks to diagnose cancer. J Med Syst. 1991 Feb;15(1):11–19. doi: 10.1007/BF00993877. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Maliwan N., Reid R. W., Pliska S. R., Bird T. J., Zvetina J. R. Direct diagnosis of tuberculosis by computer assisted pattern recognition gas chromatographic analysis of sputum. Biomed Chromatogr. 1991 Jul;5(4):165–170. doi: 10.1002/bmc.1130050406. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mann N. H., 3rd, Brown M. D., Enger I. Statistical diagnosis of lumbar spine disorders using computerized patient pain drawings. Comput Biol Med. 1991;21(6):383–397. doi: 10.1016/0010-4825(91)90040-g. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Masarie F. E., Jr, Miller R. A., Bouhaddou O., Giuse N. B., Warner H. R. An interlingua for electronic interchange of medical information: using frames to map between clinical vocabularies. Comput Biomed Res. 1991 Aug;24(4):379–400. doi: 10.1016/0010-4809(91)90035-u. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Masarie F. E., Jr, Miller R. A., Myers J. D. INTERNIST-I properties: representing common sense and good medical practice in a computerized medical knowledge base. Comput Biomed Res. 1985 Oct;18(5):458–479. doi: 10.1016/0010-4809(85)90022-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- McDonald C. J. Protocol-based computer reminders, the quality of care and the non-perfectability of man. N Engl J Med. 1976 Dec 9;295(24):1351–1355. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197612092952405. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Melhorn J. M., Legler W. K., Clark G. M. Current attitudes of medical personnel toward computers. Comput Biomed Res. 1979 Aug;12(4):327–334. doi: 10.1016/0010-4809(79)90044-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Michaelis J., Wellek S., Willems J. L. Reference standards for software evaluation. Methods Inf Med. 1990 Sep;29(4):289–297. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Middleton B., Shwe M. A., Heckerman D. E., Henrion M., Horvitz E. J., Lehmann H. P., Cooper G. F. Probabilistic diagnosis using a reformulation of the INTERNIST-1/QMR knowledge base. II. Evaluation of diagnostic performance. Methods Inf Med. 1991 Oct;30(4):256–267. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Miller P. L., Black H. R. Medical plan-analysis by computer: critiquing the pharmacologic management of essential hypertension. Comput Biomed Res. 1984 Feb;17(1):38–54. doi: 10.1016/0010-4809(84)90005-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Miller P. L. Critiquing: a different approach to expert computer advice in medicine. Med Inform (Lond) 1986 Jan-Mar;11(1):29–38. doi: 10.3109/14639238608994972. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Miller P. L., Shaw C., Rose J. R., Swett H. A. Critiquing the process of radiologic differential diagnosis. Comput Methods Programs Biomed. 1986 Mar;22(1):21–25. doi: 10.1016/0169-2607(86)90089-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Miller P. L. The evaluation of artificial intelligence systems in medicine. Comput Methods Programs Biomed. 1986 Mar;22(1):5–11. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Miller R. A., Giuse N. B. Medical knowledge bases. Acad Med. 1991 Jan;66(1):15–17. doi: 10.1097/00001888-199101000-00004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Miller R. A. INTERNIST-1/CADUCEUS: problems facing expert consultant programs. Methods Inf Med. 1984 Jan;23(1):9–14. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Miller R. A., Jamnback L., Giuse N. B., Masarie F. E., Jr Extending the capabilities of diagnostic decision support programs through links to bibliographic searching: addition of "canned MeSH logic" to the Quick Medical Reference (QMR) program for use with Grateful Med. Proc Annu Symp Comput Appl Med Care. 1991:150–155. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Miller R. A., Masarie F. E., Jr The demise of the "Greek Oracle" model for medical diagnostic systems. Methods Inf Med. 1990 Jan;29(1):1–2. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Miller R. A., Masarie F. E., Jr Use of the Quick Medical Reference (QMR) program as a tool for medical education. Methods Inf Med. 1989 Nov;28(4):340–345. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Miller R. A., McNeil M. A., Challinor S. M., Masarie F. E., Jr, Myers J. D. The INTERNIST-1/QUICK MEDICAL REFERENCE project--status report. West J Med. 1986 Dec;145(6):816–822. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Miller R. A., Pople H. E., Jr, Myers J. D. Internist-1, an experimental computer-based diagnostic consultant for general internal medicine. N Engl J Med. 1982 Aug 19;307(8):468–476. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198208193070803. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Miller R. A., Schaffner K. F., Meisel A. Ethical and legal issues related to the use of computer programs in clinical medicine. Ann Intern Med. 1985 Apr;102(4):529–537. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-102-4-529. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Miller R. A. Why the standard view is standard: people, not machines, understand patients' problems. J Med Philos. 1990 Dec;15(6):581–591. doi: 10.1093/jmp/15.6.581. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Miller R., Masarie F. E., Myers J. D. Quick medical reference (QMR) for diagnostic assistance. MD Comput. 1986 Sep-Oct;3(5):34–48. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Miyake A., Kaihara S. [Multivariate analysis in computer diagnosis. (2) Discriminants analysis]. Iyodenshi To Seitai Kogaku. 1975 Dec;13(6):364–369. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Miyauchi T., Endo K., Yamaguchi T., Hagimoto H. Computerized analysis of EEG background activity in epileptic patients. Epilepsia. 1991 Nov-Dec;32(6):870–881. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1991.tb05544.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mulsant B. H. A neural network as an approach to clinical diagnosis. MD Comput. 1990 Jan-Feb;7(1):25–36. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Musen M. A., van der Lei J. Knowledge engineering for clinical consultation programs: modeling the application area. Methods Inf Med. 1989 Jan;28(1):28–35. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Möhr J., Hartmann W., Fabel H. Computerunterstützung für klinische Entscheidungen: Automatische Interpretation von Ergebnissen der Blutgasanalyse. Methods Inf Med Suppl. 1973;7:317–323. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- NASH F. A. Differential diagnosis, an apparatus to assist the logical faculties. Lancet. 1954 Apr 24;266(6817):874–875. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(54)91437-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Naeymi-Rad F. A feature dictionary supporting a multi-domain medical knowledge base. Comput Methods Programs Biomed. 1989 Oct-Nov;30(2-3):217–228. doi: 10.1016/0169-2607(89)90074-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Naranjo C. A., Lanctôt K. L. Recent developments in computer-assisted diagnosis of putative adverse drug reactions. Drug Saf. 1991 Sep-Oct;6(5):315–322. doi: 10.2165/00002018-199106050-00001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nelson S. J., Fuller L. F., Erlbaum M. S., Tuttle M. S., Sherertz D. D., Olson N. E. The semantic structure of the UMLS Metathesaurus. Proc Annu Symp Comput Appl Med Care. 1992:649–653. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nussey S. S., Lyon E. The clinical 'end user'--a neglected resource in patient care? J R Coll Physicians Lond. 1990 Apr;24(2):119–122. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Orient J. M. Evaluation of abdominal pain: clinicians' performance compared with three protocols. South Med J. 1986 Jul;79(7):793–799. doi: 10.1097/00007611-198607000-00003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Osheroff J. A., Forsythe D. E., Buchanan B. G., Bankowitz R. A., Blumenfeld B. H., Miller R. A. Physicians' information needs: analysis of questions posed during clinical teaching. Ann Intern Med. 1991 Apr 1;114(7):576–581. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-114-7-576. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Patrick J. Gait laboratory investigations to assist decision making. Br J Hosp Med. 1991 Jan;45(1):35–37. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pauker S. G., Gorry G. A., Kassirer J. P., Schwartz W. B. Towards the simulation of clinical cognition. Taking a present illness by computer. Am J Med. 1976 Jun;60(7):981–996. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(76)90570-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pauker S. G., Kassirer J. P. Decision analysis. N Engl J Med. 1987 Jan 29;316(5):250–258. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198701293160505. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pauker S. G., Kassirer J. P. The threshold approach to clinical decision making. N Engl J Med. 1980 May 15;302(20):1109–1117. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198005153022003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pauker S. G., Kassirer J. P. Therapeutic decision making: a cost-benefit analysis. N Engl J Med. 1975 Jul 31;293(5):229–234. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197507312930505. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pauker S. G., Pauker S. P., Wong J. B. The utility of thresholds and the threshold utility. Med Decis Making. 1987 Oct-Dec;7(4):201–202. doi: 10.1177/0272989X8700700401. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pipberger H. V., McManus C. D., Pipberger H. A. Methodology of ECG interpretation in the AVA program. Methods Inf Med. 1990 Sep;29(4):337–340. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Plante D. A., Kassirer J. P., Zarin D. A., Pauker S. G. Clinical decision consultation service. Am J Med. 1986 Jun;80(6):1169–1176. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(86)90680-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pool K. D., Finitzo T. Evaluation of a computer-automated program for clinical assessment of the auditory brain stem response. Ear Hear. 1989 Oct;10(5):304–310. doi: 10.1097/00003446-198910000-00006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Porter J. F., Kingsland L. C., 3rd, Lindberg D. A., Shah I., Benge J. M., Hazelwood S. E., Kay D. R., Homma M., Akizuki M., Takano M. The AI/RHEUM knowledge-based computer consultant system in rheumatology. Performance in the diagnosis of 59 connective tissue disease patients from Japan. Arthritis Rheum. 1988 Feb;31(2):219–226. doi: 10.1002/art.1780310210. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pringle M. Using computers to take patient histories. BMJ. 1988 Sep 17;297(6650):697–698. doi: 10.1136/bmj.297.6650.697. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pynsent P. B., Fairbank J. C. Computer interview system for patients with back pain. J Biomed Eng. 1989 Jan;11(1):25–29. doi: 10.1016/0141-5425(89)90161-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ransohoff D. F., Feinstein A. R. Problems of spectrum and bias in evaluating the efficacy of diagnostic tests. N Engl J Med. 1978 Oct 26;299(17):926–930. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197810262991705. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Reggia J. A., Peng Y. Modeling diagnostic reasoning: a summary of parsimonious covering theory. Comput Methods Programs Biomed. 1987 Sep-Oct;25(2):125–134. doi: 10.1016/0169-2607(87)90048-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Reggia J. A., Perricone B. T., Nau D. S., Peng Y. Answer justification in diagnostic expert systems--Part II: Supporting plausible justifications. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1985 Apr;32(4):268–272. doi: 10.1109/TBME.1985.325447. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Reichertz P. L. Computer diagnosis. J Iowa Med Soc. 1969 Aug;59(8):738–745. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Reichertz P. L. Computerdiagnostik: Möglichkeiten und Grenzen. Verh Dtsch Ges Inn Med. 1978;(84):238–248. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Reichertz P. L., Lodwick G. S., Templeton A. W. Computerdiagnostik und diagnostische Hilfen in innerer Medizin und Radiologie (Konversationelle Computeranwendung) Verh Dtsch Ges Inn Med. 1968;74:182–187. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Reichertz P. L. Medical informatics -- fiction or reality? Methods Inf Med. 1980 Jan;19(1):11–15. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Reichertz P. L. Uber die Bedeutung der Information in der Medizin. Med Klin. 1975 Aug 29;70(35):1398–1400. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Reichertz P. Diagnostik und Automation. Med Monatsschr. 1965 Aug;19(8):344–347. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rennels G. D., Shortliffe E. H., Miller P. L. Choice and explanation in medical management: a multiattribute model of artificial intelligence approaches. Med Decis Making. 1987 Jan-Mar;7(1):22–31. doi: 10.1177/0272989X8700700107. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Roizen M. F., Coalson D., Hayward R. S., Schmittner J., Thisted R. A., Apfelbaum J. L., Stocking C. B., Cassel C. K., Pompei P., Ford D. E. Can patients use an automated questionnaire to define their current health status? Med Care. 1992 May;30(5 Suppl):MS74–MS84. doi: 10.1097/00005650-199205001-00007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Romeo García A., González Blanco A. Ayuda al diagnóstico ortodóncico por ordenador. Av Odontoestomatol. 1991 Mar;7(3):169–171. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rootenberg J. D. Physicians and computers: future allies? JAMA. 1990 Apr 4;263(13):1859–1859. doi: 10.1001/jama.263.13.1859. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sager P. T., Widerhorn J., Pascual M., Leon C., Rahimtoola S. H., Bhandari A. K. A prospective evaluation of the immediate reproducibility of the signal-averaged ECG. Am Heart J. 1991 Jun;121(6 Pt 1):1671–1678. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(91)90011-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Salamon R., Bernadet M., Samson M., Derouesne C., Gremy F. Bayesian method applied to decision making in neurology--methodological considerations. Methods Inf Med. 1976 Jul;15(3):174–179. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Salamon R. Diagnostic aids. Bull Cancer. 1980;67(4):412–417. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Salamon R., Husak T., Turion J., Samson M., Grémy F. Essai d'utilisation de l'informatique pour l'aide au diagnostic neurologique. Pathol Biol (Paris) 1975 May;23(5):387–393. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schneider D. J., Taylor E. L., Prater L. M., Wright M. P. Risk assessment for HIV infection: validation study of a computer-assisted preliminary screen. AIDS Educ Prev. 1991 Fall;3(3):215–229. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schoolman H. M. Obligations of the expert system builder: meeting the needs of the user. MD Comput. 1991 Sep-Oct;8(5):316–321. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schreiner W., Müller M. R., Premauer W., Wolner E. Computerized acquisition and evaluation of whole blood aggregometry data. Comput Biol Med. 1991;21(6):435–441. doi: 10.1016/0010-4825(91)90045-b. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sekiya T., Watanabe A., Saito M. The use of modified constellation graph method for computer-aided classification of congenital heart diseases. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1991 Aug;38(8):814–820. doi: 10.1109/10.83594. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Shapiro A. R. The evaluation of clinical predictions. A method and initial application. N Engl J Med. 1977 Jun 30;296(26):1509–1514. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197706302962607. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sherwood E. M., Bartels P. H., Wied G. L. Feature selection in cell image analysis: use of the ROC curve. Acta Cytol. 1976 May-Jun;20(3):255–261. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Shiffman R. N., Greenes R. A. Use of augmented decision tables to convert probabilistic data into clinical algorithms for the diagnosis of appendicitis. Proc Annu Symp Comput Appl Med Care. 1991:686–690. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Shiina S., Hiratsuka R., Furuya N., Odakura T., Ogi K., Sugiyama H., Sakamoto Y. [From electrocardiography to vectorcardiography (author's transl)]. Rinsho Byori. 1979;27(4):269–277. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Shortliffe E. H. Computer programs to support clinical decision making. JAMA. 1987 Jul 3;258(1):61–66. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Shortliffe E. H. Medical expert systems--knowledge tools for physicians. West J Med. 1986 Dec;145(6):830–839. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Shwe M. A., Middleton B., Heckerman D. E., Henrion M., Horvitz E. J., Lehmann H. P., Cooper G. F. Probabilistic diagnosis using a reformulation of the INTERNIST-1/QMR knowledge base. I. The probabilistic model and inference algorithms. Methods Inf Med. 1991 Oct;30(4):241–255. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Slack W. V., Hicks G. P., Reed C. E., Van Cura L. J. A computer-based medical-history system. N Engl J Med. 1966 Jan 27;274(4):194–198. doi: 10.1056/NEJM196601272740406. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Slack W. V., Van Cura L. J. Computer-based patient interviewing. 1. Postgrad Med. 1968 Mar;43(3):68–74. doi: 10.1080/00325481.1968.11693177. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Slack W. V., Van Cura L. J. Computer-based patient interviewing. Postgrad Med. 1968 Apr;43(4):115–concl. doi: 10.1080/00325481.1968.11693217. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Slack W. V., Van Cura L. J. Patient reaction to computer-based medical interviewing. Comput Biomed Res. 1968 May;1(5):527–531. doi: 10.1016/0010-4809(68)90018-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sreenivasan B. R. Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis. Br Med J. 1946 Oct 19;2(4476):573–575. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.4476.573. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Stead W. W., Haynes R. B., Fuller S., Friedman C. P., Travis L. E., Beck J. R., Fenichel C. H., Chandrasekaran B., Buchanan B. G., Abola E. E. Designing medical informatics research and library--resource projects to increase what is learned. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 1994 Jan-Feb;1(1):28–33. doi: 10.1136/jamia.1994.95236134. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sutton G. C. How accurate is computer-aided diagnosis? Lancet. 1989 Oct 14;2(8668):905–908. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(89)91560-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Swihart S. L., Matheny A. Classification of chromatic visual evoked potentials with the aid of a neural net. Comput Biol Med. 1992 May;22(3):165–171. doi: 10.1016/0010-4825(92)90012-c. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Talbot R. B. Veterinary medical informatics. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1991 Jul 1;199(1):52–57. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tanaka H., Furukawa T. [Algorithms of medical decision making]. Iyodenshi To Seitai Kogaku. 1982 Oct;20(6):412–418. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Taylor J., Bartels P. H., Bibbo M., Bahr G. F., Wied G. L. Implementation of a hierarchical cell classification procedure. Acta Cytol. 1974 Nov-Dec;18(6):515–521. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Teach R. L., Shortliffe E. H. An analysis of physician attitudes regarding computer-based clinical consultation systems. Comput Biomed Res. 1981 Dec;14(6):542–558. doi: 10.1016/0010-4809(81)90012-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Theodoropoulos G., Loumos V. A compiled computer program for assisting the diagnosis of gastrointestinal helminths of humans and animals. Comput Methods Programs Biomed. 1991 Dec;36(4):237–238. doi: 10.1016/0169-2607(91)90092-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Thorpe C. W., Fright W. R., Toop L. J., Dawson K. P. A microcomputer-based interactive cough sound analysis system. Comput Methods Programs Biomed. 1991 Sep;36(1):33–43. doi: 10.1016/0169-2607(91)90018-o. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Timpka T., Arborelius E. The GP's dilemmas: a study of knowledge need and use during health care consultations. Methods Inf Med. 1990 Jan;29(1):23–29. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tinkelman D. G., Lutz C., Conner B. Analysis of breath sounds in normal and asthmatic children and adults using computer digitized airway phonopneumography (CDAP). Respir Med. 1991 Mar;85(2):125–131. doi: 10.1016/s0954-6111(06)80290-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tonkin A. The human face of computers: necessary at present. Med J Aust. 1989 Oct 16;151(8):425–425. doi: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1989.tb101246.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Turner C. W., Lincoln M. J., Haug P., Williamson J. W., Jessen S., Cundick K., Warner H. Iliad training effects: a cognitive model and empirical findings. Proc Annu Symp Comput Appl Med Care. 1991:68–72. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tversky A., Kahneman D. Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. Science. 1974 Sep 27;185(4157):1124–1131. doi: 10.1126/science.185.4157.1124. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Vagnucci A. H., Wang T. P., Pratt V., Li C. C. Classification of plasma cortisol patterns in normal subjects and in Cushing's syndrome. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1991 Feb;38(2):113–125. doi: 10.1109/10.76376. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Vita G., Princi P., Savica V., Bellinghieri G., Puglisi R. M., Marabello L., Messina C. Uremic autonomic dysfunction evaluated by pattern recognition analysis. Clin Nephrol. 1991 Dec;36(6):290–293. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Vodicka I., Hradil J., Vodicková L., Mares J., Chmelar V. Adaptivní lineární neuron a jeho vyuzití k resení diagnostických problémů. Sb Ved Pr Lek Fak Karlovy Univerzity Hradci Kralove Suppl. 1981;24(5):575–643. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- WARNER H. R., TORONTO A. F., VEASEY L. G., STEPHENSON R. A mathematical approach to medical diagnosis. Application to congenital heart disease. JAMA. 1961 Jul 22;177:177–183. doi: 10.1001/jama.1961.03040290005002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Warner H. R., Jr Iliad: moving medical decision-making into new frontiers. Methods Inf Med. 1989 Nov;28(4):370–372. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Warner H. R., Rutherford B. D., Houtchens B. A sequential Bayesean approach to history taking and diagnosis. Comput Biomed Res. 1972 Jun;5(3):256–262. doi: 10.1016/0010-4809(72)90087-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Waxman H. S., Worley W. E. Computer-assisted adult medical diagnosis: subject review and evaluation of a new microcomputer-based system. Medicine (Baltimore) 1990 May;69(3):125–136. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Webber R. L. Factor limiting dental diagnosis: a conceptual overview. Adv Dent Res. 1987 Oct;1(1):126–130. doi: 10.1177/08959374870010010401. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Weber J. E., Bartels P. H., Griswold W., Kuhn W., Paplanus S. H., Graham A. R. Colonic lesion expert system. Performance evaluation. Anal Quant Cytol Histol. 1988 Apr;10(2):150–159. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Weed L. L., Zimny N. J. The problem-oriented system, problem-knowledge coupling, and clinical decision making. Phys Ther. 1989 Jul;69(7):565–568. doi: 10.1093/ptj/69.7.565. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wellman M. P., Eckman M. H., Fleming C., Marshall S. L., Sonnenberg F. A., Pauker S. G. Automated critiquing of medical decision trees. Med Decis Making. 1989 Oct-Dec;9(4):272–284. doi: 10.1177/0272989X8900900407. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Westerman S. T., Golz A., Gilbert L., Joachims H. Z. An objective, noninvasive method for the diagnosis of temporomandibular joint disorders. Laryngoscope. 1991 Jul;101(7 Pt 1):738–743. doi: 10.1288/00005537-199107000-00008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wied G. L., Bahr G. F., Bibbo M., Puls J. H., Taylor J., Jr, Bartels P. H. The TICAS-RTCIP real time cell identification processor. Acta Cytol. 1975 May-Jun;19(3):286–288. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Willems J. L., Abreu-Lima C., Arnaud P., Brohet C. R., Denis B., Gehring J., Graham I., van Herpen G., Machado H., Michaelis J. Evaluation of ECG interpretation results obtained by computer and cardiologists. Methods Inf Med. 1990 Sep;29(4):308–316. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Willems J. L., Abreu-Lima C., Arnaud P., van Bemmel J. H., Brohet C., Degani R., Denis B., Gehring J., Graham I., van Herpen G. The diagnostic performance of computer programs for the interpretation of electrocardiograms. N Engl J Med. 1991 Dec 19;325(25):1767–1773. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199112193252503. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Willems J. L., Pardaens J. Reproducibility of diagnostic results by a multivariate computer ECG analysis program (AVA 3.5). Eur J Cardiol. 1977 Oct-Nov;6(3):229–243. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Williamson J. W., German P. S., Weiss R., Skinner E. A., Bowes F., 3rd Health science information management and continuing education of physicians. A survey of U.S. primary care practitioners and their opinion leaders. Ann Intern Med. 1989 Jan 15;110(2):151–160. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-110-2-151. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wyatt J., Spiegelhalter D. Evaluating medical expert systems: what to test and how? Med Inform (Lond) 1990 Jul-Sep;15(3):205–217. doi: 10.3109/14639239009025268. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Yokoi M., Uozumi Z., Okamoto N., Mizuno Y., Iwatsuka T. Clinical evaluation on 5 years' experience of automated phonocardiographic analysis. Jpn Heart J. 1977 Jul;18(4):482–490. doi: 10.1536/ihj.18.482. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Yu V. L., Buchanan B. G., Shortliffe E. H., Wraith S. M., Davis R., Scott A. C., Cohen S. N. Evaluating the performance of a computer-based consultant. Comput Programs Biomed. 1979 Jan;9(1):95–102. doi: 10.1016/0010-468x(79)90022-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Yu V. L. Conceptual obstacles in computerized medical diagnosis. J Med Philos. 1983 Feb;8(1):67–75. doi: 10.1093/jmp/8.1.67. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Yu V. L., Fagan L. M., Wraith S. M., Clancey W. J., Scott A. C., Hannigan J., Blum R. L., Buchanan B. G., Cohen S. N. Antimicrobial selection by a computer. A blinded evaluation by infectious diseases experts. JAMA. 1979 Sep 21;242(12):1279–1282. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Zywietz C., Borovsky D., Götsch G., Joseph G. Methodology of ECG interpretation in the Hannover program. Methods Inf Med. 1990 Sep;29(4):375–385. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- de Dombal F. T., Clamp S. E., Softley A., Unwin B. J., Staniland J. R. Prediction of individual patient prognosis: value of computer-aided systems. Med Decis Making. 1986 Jan-Mar;6(1):18–22. doi: 10.1177/0272989X8600600104. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- de Dombal F. T. Computer-aided decision support in clinical medicine. Int J Biomed Comput. 1989 Mar;24(1):9–16. doi: 10.1016/0020-7101(89)90003-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- de Dombal F. T., Hartley J. R., Sleeman D. H. A computer-assisted system for learning clinical diagnosis. Lancet. 1969 Jan 18;1(7586):145–148. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(69)91149-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- de Dombal F. T., Horrocks J. C. Use of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves to evaluate computer confidence threshold and clinical performance in the diagnosis appendicitis. Methods Inf Med. 1978 Jul;17(3):157–161. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- de Dombal F. T., Leaper D. J., Horrocks J. C., Staniland J. R., Clamp S. E., McCann A. P. Proceedings: human and computer-aided diagnosis of lower gastro-intestinal disorders in 468 patients. Br J Surg. 1973 Nov;60(11):915–915. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- van Bemmel J. H., Kors J. A., van Herpen G. Methodology of the modular ECG analysis system MEANS. Methods Inf Med. 1990 Sep;29(4):346–353. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- van Ginneken A. M., Baak J. P., Jansen W., Smeulders A. W. Evaluation of a Diagnostic Encyclopedia Workstation for ovarian pathology. Hum Pathol. 1990 Oct;21(10):989–997. doi: 10.1016/0046-8177(90)90248-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- van Ginneken A. M., van der Lei J. Understanding differential diagnostic disagreement in pathology. Proc Annu Symp Comput Appl Med Care. 1991:99–103. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- van der Knaap M. S., Valk J., de Neeling N., Nauta J. J. Pattern recognition in magnetic resonance imaging of white matter disorders in children and young adults. Neuroradiology. 1991;33(6):478–493. doi: 10.1007/BF00588038. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]