Figure 1.

Effect of exercise intervention on survey indices of depressive symptoms (A), activity (B), and physical disability (C) during the baseline (B), intervention (I), and post-intervention (PI) timepoints. Depressive symptoms were measured by the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. Activity was measured using the CHAMPS Activity Questionnaire for Older Adults; Physical disability was measured using the Late Life Functionality and Disability Instrument Limitation Questionnaire. E4−: n = 87 study participants; E4+: n = 27 study participants; E2−: n = 99 study participants; E2+: n = 16 study participants. ^* p < 0.05, ^** p < 0.05, ^*** p < 0.005 versus B.