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Chinese Journal of Burns and Wounds logoLink to Chinese Journal of Burns and Wounds
. 2024 Mar 20;40(3):249–257. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501225-20230808-00042

危重烧伤老年患者早期临床特征的多中心回顾分析及预后的危险因素分析

Multicenter retrospect analysis of early clinical features and analysis of risk factors on prognosis of elderly patients with severe burns

Qimin Ma 1,2, Wenbin Tang 3, Xiaojian Li 3, Fei Chang 4, Xi Yin 4, Zhaohong Chen 5, Guohua Wu 5, Chengde Xia 6, Xiaoliang Li 6, Deyun Wang 7, Zhigang Chu 7, Yi Zhang 8, Lei Wang 8, Choulang Wu 9, Yalin Tong 10, Pei Cui 10, Guanghua Guo 11, Zhihao Zhu 11, Shengyu Huang 11, Liu Chang 12, Rui Liu 13, Yongji Liu 13, Yusong Wang 1, Xiaobin Liu 2, Tuo Shen 2, Feng Zhu 2,*
PMCID: PMC11630337  PMID: 38548395

Abstract

Objective

To investigate the early clinical characteristics of elderly patients with severe burns and the risk factors on prognosis.

Methods

This study was a retrospective case series study. Clinical data of 124 elderly patients with severe burns who met the inclusion criteria and were admitted to the 12 hospitals from January 2015 to December 2020 were collected, including 4 patients from the Fourth People's Hospital of Dalian, 5 patients from Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 22 patients from Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital of Jinan University, 5 patients from Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, 27 patients from the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, 9 patients from the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 10 patients from Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 9 patients from Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University & Wuhan Third Hospital, 12 patients from the 924th Hospital of PLA, 6 patients from Zhangjiagang First People's Hospital, 4 patients from Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, and 11 patients from Zhengzhou First People's Hospital. The patients' overall clinical characteristics, such as gender, age, body mass index, total burn area, full-thickness burn area, inhalation injury, causative factors, whether combined with underlying medical diseases, and admission time after injury were recorded. According to the survival outcome within 28 days after injury, the patients were divided into survival group (89 cases) and death group (35 cases). The following data of patients were compared between the two groups, including the basic data and injuries (the same as the overall clinical characteristics ahead); the coagulation indexes within the first 24 hours of injury such as prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), thrombin time, D-dimer, fibrinogen degradation product (FDP), international normalized ratio (INR), and fibrinogen; the blood routine indexes within the first 24 hours of injury such as white blood cell count, platelet count, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, monocyte count, red blood cell count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit; the organ function indexes within the first 24 hours of injury such as direct bilirubin, total bilirubin, urea, serum creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, total protein, albumin, globulin, blood glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase, creatine kinase, electrolyte indexes (potassium, sodium, chlorine, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus in blood), uric acid, myoglobin, and brain natriuretic peptide; the infection and blood gas indexes within the first 24 hours of injury such as procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, pH value, oxygenation index, base excess, and lactate; treatment such as whether conducted with mechanical ventilation, whether conducted with continuous renal replacement therapy, whether conducted with anticoagulation therapy, whether applied with vasoactive drugs, and fluid resuscitation. The analysis was conducted to screen the independent risk factors for the mortality within 28 days after injury in elderly patients with severe burns.

Results

Among 124 patients, there were 82 males and 42 females, aged 60-97 years, with body mass index of 23.44 (21.09, 25.95) kg/m2, total burn area of 54.00% (42.00%, 75.00%) total body surface area (TBSA), and full-thickness burn area of 25.00% (10.00%, 40.00%) TBSA. The patients were mainly combined with moderate to severe inhalation injury and caused by flame burns. There were 43 cases with underlying medical diseases. The majority of patients were admitted to the hospital within 8 hours after injury. There were statistically significant differences between patients in the 2 groups in terms of age, total burn area, full-thickness burn area, and inhalation injury, and PT, APTT, D-dimer, FDP, INR, white blood cell count, platelet count, urea, serum creatinine, blood glucose, blood sodium, uric acid, myoglobin, and urine volume within the first 24 hours of injury (with Z values of 2.37, 5.49, 5.26, 5.97, 2.18, 1.95, 2.68, 2.68, 2.51, 2.82, 2.14, 3.40, 5.31, 3.41, 2.35, 3.81, 2.16, and -3.82, respectively, P < 0.05); there were statistically significant differences between two groups of patients in whether conducted with mechanical ventilation and whether applied with vasoactive drugs (with χ2 values of 9.44 and 28.50, respectively, P < 0.05). Age, total burn area, full-thickness burn area, serum creatinine within the first 24 hours of injury, and APTT within the first 24 hours of injury were the independent risk factors for the mortality within 28 days after injury in elderly patients with severe burns (with odds ratios of 1.17, 1.10, 1.10, 1.09, and 1.27, 95% confidence intervals of 1.03-1.40, 1.04-1.21, 1.05-1.19, 1.05-1.17, and 1.07-1.69, respectively, P < 0.05).

Conclusions

The elderly patients with severe burns had the injuries mainly from flame burns, often accompanied by moderate to severe inhalation injury and enhanced inflammatory response, elevated blood glucose levels, activated fibrinolysis, and impaired organ function in the early stage, which are associated with their prognosis. Age, total burn area, full-thickness burn area, and serum creatinine and APTT within the first 24 hours of injury are the independent risk factors for death within 28 days after injury in this population.

Keywords: Burns, Aged, Prognosis, Risk factors, Retrospective studies


烧伤是指因各种热力因素(火焰、电击、蒸汽、热力或化学物质等)引起的组织损伤。危重烧伤会引起剧烈的炎症反应,其影响的不只是皮肤,对各脏器系统也会造成损害,常伴随着休克、出血、SIRS、MODS等严重并发症,给患者及其家庭,乃至社会造成极大负担[1]。尽管现代医学的发展使得烧伤患者的预后有显著改善,但病死率仍然很高,尤其是老年患者。随着年龄增长,老年人对于创伤本身以及治疗措施导致的应激调节能力下降,更容易发生各种难以控制的并发症,给临床治疗带来极大挑战[2-3]。为此,本研究团队回顾性分析了国内多家烧伤中心的危重烧伤老年患者的早期临床特征及其预后危险因素,旨在为该群体的临床诊治提供参考。

1. 对象与方法

本回顾性病例系列研究已通过海军军医大学第一附属医院伦理委员会批准,批号:CHEC2022-243。所有患者受保护的隐私信息皆不纳入收集范围内,且已豁免知情同意。

1.1. 入选标准

纳入标准:(1)烧伤总面积≥30%TBSA或Ⅲ度烧伤面积≥10%TBSA;(2)受伤时年龄≥60岁[4];(3)伤后≤24 h入院且临床资料完整。排除标准:(1)合并严重创伤;(2)烧伤前存在妊娠、肿瘤或严重脏器功能障碍;(3)观察期内因不可预料因素、突发因素造成严重损害(包括死亡)。

1.2. 临床资料和分组统计

收集2015年1月—2020年12月全国12家具有一定规模的烧伤中心/烧伤科收治的124例符合入选标准的危重烧伤老年患者的临床资料,其中大连市第四人民医院烧伤整形科4例、福建医科大学附属协和医院烧伤科5例、暨南大学附属广州市红十字会医院烧伤整形科22例、黑龙江省医院烧伤科5例、海军军医大学第一附属医院烧伤外科27例、南昌大学第一附属医院烧伤整形与创面修复医学中心9例、南通大学附属医院烧伤整形科10例、武汉大学同仁医院暨武汉市第三医院烧伤科9例、解放军第924医院烧伤整形科12例、张家港市第一人民医院烧伤整形科6例、浙江省台州医院烧伤科4例、郑州市第一人民医院烧伤科11例。统计患者总体临床特征,包括性别、年龄、体重指数、烧伤总面积、Ⅲ度烧伤面积、吸入性损伤情况、致伤因素、是否合并基础疾病以及伤后入院时间。

根据伤后28 d内的存活结局,将患者分为存活组(89例)与死亡组(35例)。比较2组患者以下临床资料:(1)基本资料与伤情,包括性别、年龄、烧伤总面积、Ⅲ度烧伤面积、体重指数、致伤因素、吸入性损伤情况、是否合并基础疾病以及伤后入院时间。(2)伤后第1个24 h凝血指标,包括凝血酶原时间(prothrombin time,PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(activated partial thromboplatin time,APTT)、凝血酶时间、D- 二聚体、纤维蛋白降解产物(fibrin degradation product,FDP)、国际标准化比值(international normalized ratio,INR)、纤维蛋白原。(3)伤后第1个24 h血常规指标,包括白细胞计数、血小板计数、中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值、单核细胞计数、红细胞计数、血红蛋白、血细胞比容。(4)伤后第1个24 h脏器功能指标,包括直接胆红素、总胆红素、尿素、血肌酐、AST、ALT、总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白、血糖、甘油三酯、总胆固醇、碱性磷酸酶、肌酸激酶、电解质指标(血钾、血钠、血氯、血钙、血镁及血磷)、尿酸、肌红蛋白、脑钠肽。(5)伤后第1个24 h感染及血气指标,包括降钙素原、C反应蛋白、pH值、氧合指数、碱剩余、乳酸。(6)治疗情况,包括是否行机械通气、是否行连续性肾脏替代治疗(continuous renal replacement therapy,CRRT)、是否行抗凝治疗、是否应用血管活性药以及液体复苏情况(伤后第1个24 h补液量、伤后第1个24 h尿量)。

1.3. 统计学处理

采用R Studio 2023. 03. 0+386及SPSS 25. 0统计软件对数据进行分析。符合正态分布的计量资料数据以x ± s表示,组间比较行独立样本t检验;不符合正态分布的计量资料数据以MQ1Q3)表示,组间比较行Wilcoxon秩和检验;计数资料数据采用频数表示,组间比较行Fisher确切概率法检验、χ2检验;等级资料数据用频数表示,行Wilcoxon秩和检验。选取2组间比较,差异有统计学意义的自变量进行多因素logistic回归分析,筛选影响危重烧伤老年患者伤后28 d死亡的独立危险因素。变量筛选采用向后逐步回归法。P < 0. 05为差异有统计学意义。

2. 结果

2.1. 总体临床特征

124例患者中男82例、女42例,年龄60~ 97 [67. 00(63. 75,75. 00)] 岁,体重指数23. 44(21. 09,25. 95)kg/m2,烧伤总面积54. 00%(42. 00%,75. 00%)TBSA,Ⅲ度烧伤面积25. 00%(10. 00%,40. 00%)TBSA,无吸入性损伤者29例、轻度吸入性损伤者37例、中度吸入性损伤者30例、重度吸入性损伤者28例,火焰烧伤者112例、热液烫伤者3例、化学烧伤者5例、电击伤者4例,合并基础疾病者43例,伤后入院时间为≤2 h者39例、> 2 h且≤4 h者36例、>4 h且≤8 h者30例、>8 h且≤ 16 h者13例、>16 h且≤24 h者6例。

2.2. 危重烧伤老年患者预后的危险因素分析

2.2.1. 单因素分析

2.2.1.1. 基本资料与伤情

2组患者年龄、烧伤总面积、Ⅲ度烧伤面积、吸入性损伤情况比较,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0. 05)。见表 1

表 1.

2组危重烧伤老年患者基本资料与伤情比较

Comparison of basic data and injuries of elderly patients with severe burns between 2 groups

组别 例数 性别(例) 年龄[岁,MQ1Q3)] 烧伤总面积[%TBSA,MQ1Q3)] Ⅲ度烧伤面积[%TBSA,MQ1Q3)] 体重指数[kg/m2MQ1Q3)] 致伤因素(例)
火焰 热液 化学 电击
注:TBSA为体表总面积,“—”表示无此项
存活组 89 30 59 66.00(63.00,75.00) 50.00(37.00,65.00) 20.00(5.00,32.00) 22.58(20.76,25.95) 80 2 3 4
死亡组 35 12 23 70.00(66.00,81.00) 85.00(60.00,94.00) 50.00(32.50,75.00) 24.03(22.53,25.95) 32 1 2 0
统计量值 χ2 < 0.01 Z=2.37 Z=5.49 Z=5.26 Z=12.90
P > 0.999 0.018 < 0.001 < 0.001 0.198 0.682
组别 例数 吸入性损伤(例) 合并基础疾病(例) 伤后入院时间(例)
轻度 中度 重度 ≤2 h > 2 h且≤4 h > 4 h且≤8 h > 8 h且≤16 h > 16 h且≤24 h
存活组 89 20 33 25 11 58 31 25 28 22 9 5
死亡组 35 9 4 5 17 23 12 14 8 8 4 1
统计量值 Z=5.97 χ2 < 0.01 Z=0.79
P 0.015 > 0.999 0.375
2.2.1.2. 伤后第1个24 h凝血指标

2组患者伤后第1个24 h PT、APTT、D-二聚体、FDP、INR比较,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0. 05)。见表 2

表 2.

2组危重烧伤老年患者伤后第1个24 h凝血指标比较

Comparison of coagulation indexes within the first 24 hours of injury of elderly patients with severe burns between 2 groups

组别 例数 PT[s,MQ1Q3)] APTT[s,MQ1Q3)] TT(s,x ± s D-二聚体[mg/L,MQ1Q3)] FDP[μg/mL,MQ1Q3)] INR[MQ1Q3)] FIB[g/L,MQ1Q3)]
注:PT为凝血酶原时间、APTT为活化部分凝血活酶时间、TT为凝血酶时间、FDP为纤维蛋白降解产物、INR为国际标准化比值、FIB为纤维蛋白原
存活组 89 11.70(10.90,12.60) 25.90(22.80,30.50) 18.0±2.7 4.40(1.85,8.62) 10.30(6.21,21.20) 0.99(0.94,1.06) 2.90(2.38,3.30)
死亡组 35 12.40(11.15,14.00) 29.70(23.45,35.70) 18.4±2.8 8.62(3.37,16.00) 39.50(8.68,61.45) 1.06(0.98,1.18) 2.95(2.31,3.35)
统计量值 Z=2.18 Z=1.95 t=0.56 Z=2.68 Z=2.68 Z=2.51 Z=-1.44
P 0.029 0.046 0.469 0.007 0.007 0.012 0.909
2.2.1.3. 伤后第1个24 h血常规指标

2组患者伤后第1个24 h白细胞计数、血小板计数比较,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0. 05)。见表 3

表 3.

2组危重烧伤老年患者伤后第1个24 h血常规指标比较[MQ1Q3

Comparison of blood routine indexes within the first 24 hours of injury of elderly patients with severe burns between 2 groups

组别 例数 白细胞计数(×109/L) 血小板计数(×109/L) NLR 单核细胞计数(×109/L) 红细胞计数(×1012/L) 血红蛋白(g/L) 血细胞比容
注:NLR为中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值
存活组 89 17.16(12.94,22.69) 232.00(156.00,275.00) 12.40(8.56,19.15) 1.04(0.64,1.60) 5.21(4.74,5.55) 160.00(139.00,169.00) 0.46(0.41,0.50)
死亡组 35 21.97(17.57,25.35) 253.00(201.50,330.50) 10.21(5.32,20.40) 1.16(0.84,1.75) 4.88(4.45,5.28) 150.00(128.50,165.50) 0.43(0.37,0.50)
统计量值 Z=2.82 Z=2.14 Z=-1.37 Z=1.36 Z=-1.88 Z=-1.52 Z=-1.08
P 0.005 0.032 0.169 0.175 0.061 0.127 0.281
2.2.1.4. 伤后第1个24 h脏器功能指标

2组患者伤后第1个24 h尿素、血肌酐、血糖、血钠、尿酸、肌红蛋白比较,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0. 05)。见表 4

表 4.

2组危重烧伤老年患者伤后第1个24 h脏器功能指标比较

Comparison of organ function indexes within the first 24 hours of injury of elderly patients with severe burns between 2 groups

组别 例数 直接胆红素[μmol/L,MQ1Q3)] 总胆红素[μmol/L,MQ1Q3)] 尿素[mmol/L,MQ1Q3)] 血肌酐[μmol/L,MQ1Q3)] AST[U/L,MQ1Q3)] ALT[U/L,MQ1Q3)]
注:AST为天冬氨酸转氨酶,ALT为丙氨酸转氨酶
存活组 89 4.50(3.30,6.20) 14.40(11.00,21.10) 7.20(5.80,8.40) 76.90(64.00,88.00) 48.00(32.00,64.00) 22.00(18.00,32.00)
死亡组 35 5.00(2.60,10.30) 17.70(10.50,31.40) 8.40(7.30,11.30) 129.00(83.55,175.80) 52.00(39.00,129.00) 24.10(16.00,32.50)
统计量值 Z=0.65 Z=0.92 Z=3.40 Z=5.31 Z=1.67 Z=-0.44
P 0.516 0.355 0.001 < 0.001 0.096 0.661
组别 例数 总蛋白[g/L,MQ1Q3)] 白蛋白(g/L,x ± s 球蛋白(g/L,x ± s 血糖[mmol/L,MQ1Q3)] 甘油三酯[mmol/L,MQ1Q3)] 总胆固醇[mmol/L,MQ1Q3)]
存活组 89 58.70(49.70,62.40) 33±6 24±6 9.30(7.40,12.29) 1.27(0.80,2.20) 4.76(3.77,5.15)
死亡组 35 55.70(48.60,63.00) 32±7 24±6 12.41(9.79,14.35) 1.30(0.94,1.62) 4.35(3.54,5.94)
统计量值 Z=-0.47 t=1.11 t=0.15 Z=3.41 Z=0.19 Z=-0.02
P 0.637 0.270 0.883 0.001 0.848 0.982
组别 例数 碱性磷酸酶[U/L,MQ1Q3)] 肌酸激酶[U/L,MQ1Q3)] 血钾[mmol/L,MQ1Q3)] 血钠[mmol/L,MQ1Q3)] 血氯(mmol/L,x ± s 血钙[mmol/L,MQ1Q3)]
存活组 89 59.00(48.00,78.00) 163.00(125.00,457.00) 3.90(3.55,4.21) 137.00(136.00,140.00) 105±5 2.00(1.80,2.15)
死亡组 35 61.00(43.00,79.00) 177.00(121.50,318.00) 4.00(3.42,4.48) 140.00(136.40,142.05) 105±6 2.04(1.92,2.18)
统计量值 Z=-0.21 Z=0.24 Z=1.02 Z=2.35 t=-0.51 Z=1.33
P 0.835 0.807 0.308 0.019 0.609 0.184
组别 例数 血镁[mmol/L,MQ1Q3)] 血磷[mmol/L,MQ1Q3)] 尿酸[μmol/L,MQ1Q3)] 肌红蛋白[μg/L,MQ1Q3)] 脑钠肽[ng/L,MQ1Q3)]
存活组 89 0.76(0.67,0.80) 1.03(0.96,1.27) 342.00(265.70,430.00) 82.24(48.00,236.00) 75.00(37.49,178.90)
死亡组 35 0.78(0.68,0.83) 1.12(0.96,1.43) 478.00(367.00,550.50) 234.00(72.00,351.80) 151.00(37.49,613.44)
统计量值 Z=1.34 Z=1.10 Z=3.81 Z=2.16 Z=1.57
P 0.180 0.271 < 0.001 0.031 0.115
2.2.1.5. 伤后第1个24 h感染及血气指标

2组患者伤后第1个24 h感染及血气指标比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0. 05)。见表 5

表 5.

2组危重烧伤老年患者伤后第1个24 h感染及血气指标比较[MQ1Q3)]

Comparison of infection and blood gas indexes within the first 24 hours of injury of elderly patients with severe burns between 2 groups

组别 例数 降钙素原(ng/mL) C反应蛋白(mg/L) pH值 氧合指数 碱剩余(mmol/L) 乳酸(mmol/L)
存活组 89 0.37(0.13,2.21) 5.00(1.90,24.30) 7.37(7.34,7.43) 307.76(253.69,352.76) -4.10(-5.90,-1.60) 2.91(2.10,4.20)
死亡组 35 1.06(0.12,6.62) 5.00(1.40,26.12) 7.36(7.27,7.38) 336.36(241.40,402.23) -5.40(-8.60,-2.60) 3.80(2.54,4.90)
统计量值 Z=0.94 Z=-0.14 Z=-1.87 Z=1.10 Z=-1.84 Z=1.89
P 0.349 0.909 0.062 0.273 0.066 0.059
2.2.1.6. 治疗情况

2组患者是否行机械通气、是否应用血管活性药、伤后第1个24 h尿量比较,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0. 05)。见表 6

表 6.

2组危重烧伤老年患者治疗情况比较

Comparison of treatment of elderly patients with severe burns between 2 groups

组别 例数 行机械通气(例) 行CRRT(例) 行抗凝治疗(例) 应用血管活性药(例) 伤后第1个24 h补液量[mL·kg-1·%TBSA-1MQ1Q3)] 伤后第1个24 h尿量[mL·kg-1·h-1MQ1Q3)]
注:CRRT为连续性肾脏替代治疗,TBSA为体表总面积
存活组 89 59 30 87 2 78 11 86 3 2.16(1.61,2.60) 1.14(0.73,1.58)
死亡组 35 12 23 31 4 27 8 21 14 2.38(1.61,2.89) 0.67(0.38,1.00)
统计量值 χ2=9.44 χ2=4.60 χ2=2.13 χ2=28.50 Z=0.60 Z=-3.82
P 0.002 0.093 0.237 < 0.001 0.551 < 0.001

2.2.2. 多因素分析

以患者是否死亡(死亡=1、存活=0)为因变量;将纳入的分类变量进行赋值,其中吸入性损伤中无=1、轻度=2、中度=3、重度=4,行机械通气、应用血管活性药均赋值为是=1、否=0;年龄,烧伤总面积,Ⅲ度烧伤面积,伤后第1个24 h PT、APTT、D-二聚体、FDP、INR、白细胞计数、血小板计数、尿素、血肌酐、血糖、血钠、尿酸、肌红蛋白、尿量以原始值代入,进行多因素logistic回归分析。结果显示,年龄、烧伤总面积、Ⅲ度烧伤面积、伤后第1个24 h血肌酐、伤后第1个24 h APTT均为危重烧伤老年患者伤后28 d死亡的独立危险因素(P < 0. 05)。见表 7

表 7.

影响124例危重烧伤老年患者伤后28 d死亡的多因素logistic回归分析结果

Results of the multivariate logistic regression analysis on the influencing factors for the mortality within 28 days after injury in elderly patients with severe burns

因素 比值比 95%置信区间 P
注:TBSA为体表总面积,APTT为活化部分凝血活酶时间
年龄(岁) 1.17 1.03~1.40 0.039
烧伤总面积(%TBSA) 1.10 1.04~1.21 0.001
Ⅲ度烧伤面积(%TBSA) 1.10 1.05~1.19 0.003
伤后第1个24 h的血肌酐(μmol/L) 1.09 1.05~1.17 0.001
伤后第1个24 h的APTT(s) 1.27 1.07~1.69 0.024

3. 讨论

随着人口老龄化的不断加剧,老年烧伤发病率逐年上升。老年患者机体老化,更易出现感染、器官功能损害等并发症,救治难度大,预后不容乐观。因此,了解危重烧伤老年患者早期临床特征及其预后的危险因素,对临床诊疗具有一定指导意义。

从本研究的总体临床特征中可以看到,危重烧伤老年患者致伤因素多为火焰烧伤,与既往流行病学调查结果[5]一致,约3/4的患者伴有吸入性损伤,近1/2的患者合并中重度吸入性损伤,这可能是由于老年人居家时间较长且行动力减退,室内火灾发生后,难以及时脱离致伤环境,呼救时易发生吸入性损伤。

本研究中死亡组患者年龄、烧伤总面积、Ⅲ度烧伤面积更大,且这三者均为危重烧伤老年患者伤后28 d死亡的独立危险因素。老年患者皮肤薄、皮肤微循环减少和表皮周转率降低[6],创面愈合过程中缺乏恢复能力,导致愈合困难。Nishio等[7]研究得出老龄化小鼠存在炎症缺陷,导致中性粒细胞减少,进而使创面愈合延迟,在年轻小鼠中没有观察到这一现象,这一研究提示老年患者的烧伤创面有转化为全层烧伤的倾向。本研究显示,死亡组患者中重度吸入性损伤者占比大,行机械通气的比例高于存活组,这可能是因为与衰老相关的生理和结构变化,如胸壁弹性丧失和脊柱变形导致肺顺应性下降、呼吸肌减弱影响通过咳嗽清理呼吸道的能力以及气体交换能力降低,这些与年龄有关的变化会加剧吸入性损伤的影响,导致对机械通气的需求增加和病死率升高。此外,由于衰老,危重烧伤老年患者气道感受器功能发生变化,导致呼吸困难感减少,并且对缺氧和高碳酸血症的呼吸反应减弱。因此,老年患者在高负荷状态下更容易发生呼吸衰竭[8]

本研究显示,2组患者伤后第1个24 h血糖比较,差异有统计学意义(P < 0. 05),预示着老年烧伤患者早期肝功能有出现损伤的趋势。研究显示,与年轻烧伤小鼠相比,老年烧伤小鼠伤后2~7 d肝脏重量显著增加,提示烧伤诱导的肝损伤与水肿形成相关,同时可能导致细胞损伤和肝酶的释放[9]。肝酶是肝细胞损伤的敏感指标[10-11]。本研究中,2组患者伤后第1个24 h的ALT和AST比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0. 05),但皆高于正常值上限。肝脏在基础和应激条件下会协调代谢功能、炎症过程和免疫事件,有学者研究了烧伤患者的死亡风险,得出肝转氨酶升高的烧伤患者的存活率明显低于那些肝转氨酶正常的烧伤患者[12]。烧伤患者常伴有胰岛素抵抗,血糖升高通常代表患者处于高应激、高代谢状态,与炎症导致的持续应激叠加[13],高血糖和胰岛素抵抗提高了严重烧伤患者的发病率和病死率,控制血糖的本质是控制高代谢状态,可能是改善临床结果的关键。而老年患者基础疾病多,常合并糖尿病等,较年轻人胰岛素抵抗发生更频繁,且对应激的调节能力差,因此疾病进程易受影响,易出现不良预后。

本研究显示,2组患者伤后第1个24 h血肌酐、尿素、尿酸、肌红蛋白比较,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0. 05)。由于年龄的增长,危重烧伤老年患者心肺功能下降,这可能会影响液体排出。肾脏被认为是缺血再灌注损伤的第1反应者,本研究显示伤后第1个24 h血肌酐为危重烧伤老年患者伤后28 d死亡的独立危险因素。这与既往的认知相符,即肾功能受到肾血流量减少、肾小球滤过率降低和肾小管功能改变的影响,肌酐清除率降低。肾功能指标升高不仅可能是由于血流量减少,也可能是由于急性肾损伤。本研究中以烧伤总面积及体重对伤后第1个24 h补液量进行校准,结果显示2组患者伤后第1个24 h补液量比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0. 05);伤后第1个24 h尿量比较,差异有统计学意义(P < 0. 05)。老年患者肾脏的结构与功能发生变化,是发生急性肾损伤的高危人群。有研究证实,急性肾损伤的发生对烧伤患者在最初住院期间和伤后1年内发病率和病死率的升高相关,针对老年患者进行初始烧伤复苏,避免烧伤后急性肾损伤的发生至关重要[14]。本研究中2组患者是否行CRRT情况相近,值得注意的是由于肌肉质量减少,老年人的血肌酐水平可能表现为正常,因此在决定行CRRT时,应考虑到这一因素影响[15]

研究表明,凝血与炎症、免疫相关[16-17],本研究团队先前的研究提示凝血是特重度成年烧伤患者死亡的独立危险因素[18],而本研究中伤后第1个24 h APTT为危重烧伤老年患者伤后28 d死亡的独立危险因素。本研究中纳入的危重烧伤老年患者早期凝血指标结果提示其促凝系统功能基本正常,且伴有纤溶激活。死亡组患者伤后第1个24 h凝血指标中PT、APTT、INR较存活组升高但基本处于正常范围内;D-二聚体、FDP升高,呈轻度的纤溶激活趋势,可能是由于热损伤以及全身炎症反应介导的脏器损伤、血管内皮的广泛损伤及微血栓的形成,导致了继发的纤溶激活。

在既往各种可用于预测烧伤患者病死率的公式中,年龄起着决定性作用。除年龄外,烧伤总面积是影响危重烧伤老年患者存活的主要危险因素,常用的改良Baux评分纳入了年龄、烧伤总面积和吸入性损伤情况[19],越来越多的研究显示这种评分方式存在不足之处[20]。也有研究建立了一些高精度公式,但是这些公式通常涉及多个参数,不适合日常临床实践,并且其中一些公式在入院时或初始制订治疗计划时不可用,且缺乏针对老年患者的大型队列研究。本研究提示,年龄、烧伤总面积、Ⅲ度烧伤面积、伤后第1个24 h血肌酐、伤后第1个24 h APTT均为危重烧伤老年患者伤后28 d死亡的独立危险因素,在今后的模型建立中,可以对这几个变量多加关注。

综上,老年危重烧伤多为火焰烧伤,常伴中重度吸入性损伤,Ⅲ度烧伤面积大,早期出现肝、肾、肺功能及凝血损害倾向且与预后有关。本研究依托多中心,基本描述了危重烧伤老年患者早期临床特征。纳入的协变量较多,以寻找患者伤后28 d死亡的独立危险因素。当然,本研究是一项回顾性研究,存在一些不足之处:(1)危重烧伤老年患者群体样本量相对偏小;(2)各单位常用的监测数据不统一,仍有许多变量在采集过程中出现不均一或缺失情况;(3)考虑到篇幅问题及统计因素,未进行生存分析以及部分亚组分析。

Funding Statement

国家重点研发计划“干细胞及转化研究”重点专项(2019YFA0110601);浦东新区临床高峰学科(PWYgf2021-03)

National Key Research and Development Program "Stem Cell and Transformation Research" Key Special Project (2019YFA0110601); Shanghai Pudong New Area Summit (Emergency Medicine and Critical Care) Construction Project (PWYgf2021-03)

本文亮点

(1) 探索多中心危重烧伤老年患者的早期临床特征及与伤后28 d死亡相关的危险因素,如年龄、烧伤 总面积、Ⅲ度烧伤面积、伤后第1个24 h活化部分凝血活酶时间、伤后第1个24 h血肌酐水平。

(2) 分析的数据为各种常见的临床和治疗相关因素,为临床医师早期识别高风险患者,并调整治疗方 式以提高危重烧伤老年患者生存机会提供一定参考。

Highlights

(1) The study explored the early characteristics of elderly patients with severe burns in multiple centers and the risk factors related to the mortality within 28 days after injury, such as age, total burn area, full-thickness burn area, partial thromboplastin time within the first 24 hours of injury, and serum creatinine level within the first 24 hours of injury.

(2) The analyzed data included various common clinical and treatment related factors, providing certain reference for clinical doctors to identify high-risk patients at early stage and adjust treatments to increase survival opportunities for elderly patients with severe burns.

利益冲突  所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突

作者贡献声明  马琪敏:提出研究主题,设计论文框架,采集、分析并解释数据,起草并修改文章;汤文彬、李孝建、常菲:采集、分析数据,指导写作;尹希、陈昭宏、吴国华、夏成德、李晓亮、王德运、储志刚、张逸、王磊、吴抽浪、童亚林、崔培、郭光华、朱志豪、黄圣宇、常刘、刘锐、刘永计、王玉松、刘晓彬、沈拓:数据支持,研究指导,对文章内容进行批判性审阅;朱峰:研究指导,论文审阅及修改,经费支持

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