Abstract
目的
探讨应用颞浅动脉分叶穿支皮瓣修复颞区肿瘤切除后皮肤软组织缺损的可行性和临床效果。
方法
采用回顾性观察性研究方法。2017年3月—2022年10月,遵义医科大学附属医院收治颞区皮肤肿瘤患者10例,其中女6例、男4例,年龄42~87岁,鳞状细胞癌者3例、基底细胞癌者7例,病程为6个月~5年。对所有颞区肿瘤均行扩大切除,肿瘤切除后遗留创面面积为5.4 cm×4.2 cm~7.0 cm×4.0 cm。设计颞浅动脉额支皮瓣(面积为5.5 cm×1.2 cm~7.0 cm×1.5 cm)、颞浅动脉下行支皮瓣(面积为4.2 cm×3.5 cm~5.0 cm×4.0 cm)及颞浅动脉顶支皮瓣(面积为4.2 cm×1.0 cm~5.0 cm×1.0 cm)修复创面并重建发际线。将皮瓣供区直接拉拢缝合。术后3~5 d观察皮瓣成活情况,术后5~7 d拆线时观察供受区创面愈合情况。术后随访时,观察患侧颞区外观、瘢痕增生情况、发际线重建情况及肿瘤复发情况。
结果
术后3~5 d所有皮瓣存活良好。术后5~7 d所有供受区创面愈合良好。术后3~6个月随访时,术区切口隐蔽,皮瓣不臃肿且色泽与周围皮肤无明显差异,未见明显瘢痕增生,患侧重建发际线与健侧无明显差异,局部肿瘤均无复发。
结论
针对颞区的大面积皮肤软组织缺损,应用颞浅动脉分叶穿支皮瓣可在分区修复创面的同时Ⅰ期缝合供区,手术操作简便,术后面部外观符合美学要求,局部肿瘤均无复发,修复效果良好。本术式特别适合老年患者颞区大面积皮肤软组织缺损的修复。
Keywords: 外科皮瓣, 面部肿瘤, 颞浅动脉, 创面修复, 颞区
Abstract
Objective
To explore the feasibility and clinical effects of using superficial temporal artery lobulated perforator flaps in repairing skin and soft tissue defects after tumor resection in the temporal region.
Methods
A retrospective observational study method was used. From March 2017 to October 2022, ten patients with temporal skin tumors were admitted to the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, including six women and four men, with age ranging from 42 to 87 years. Among them, three patients had squamous cell carcinoma and seven patients had basal cell carcinoma, with disease duration ranging from 6 months to 5 years. All temporal tumors underwent expanded resection, leaving wound areas of 5.4 cm×4.2 cm to 7.0 cm×4.0 cm after tumor resection. Superficial temporal artery frontal branch flaps with areas of 5.5 cm×1.2 cm to 7.0 cm×1.5 cm, superficial temporal artery descending branch flaps with areas of 4.2 cm×3.5 cm to 5.0 cm×4.0 cm, and superficial temporal artery parietal branch flaps with areas of 4.2 cm×1.0 cm to 5.0 cm×1.0 cm were designed to repair the wounds and reconstruct the hairline. The donor areas of the flaps were closed and sutured directly. The survival of the flaps was observed on 3 to 5 days after surgery, and the healing of wounds on the donor and recipient sites was observed when the stitches were removed on 5 to 7 days after surgery. During follow-up after surgery, the appearance of the temporal area, scar hyperplasia, hairline reconstruction, and tumor recurrence were observed in the temporal region on the affected side.
Results
All the flaps survived well on 3 to 5 days after surgery, and all the donor and recipient site wounds healed well on 5 to 7 days after surgery. During follow-up of 3 to 6 months after surgery, the surgical incisions were concealed; the flaps were not swollen, with a consistent color to the surrounding skin; there were no obvious hypertrophic scars; the reconstructed hairline on the affected side was not significantly different from that of the healthy side; there was no tumor recurrence in the local area.
Conclusions
For large areas of skin and soft tissue defects in the temporal region, the use of superficial temporal artery lobulated perforator flaps can repair the wounds in different regions and suture the donor sites in the primary stage simultaneously. The surgical operation is simple, and the facial appearance conforms to the aesthetic requirement after surgery with no tumor recurrence in the local area but a good repair effect. This method is particularly suitable for repairing large areas of skin and soft tissue defects in the temporal region in elderly patients.
Keywords: Surgical flaps, Facial neoplasms, Superficial temporal artery, Wound repair, Temporal region
由于紫外线暴露增加,面部皮肤癌发生率正逐年上升,其中颞区是皮肤肿瘤多发的解剖部位[1]。颞区皮肤癌的常规外科治疗方法包括:对面积≤3 cm×2 cm的病灶进行切除后直接闭合创面;对面积 > 3 cm×2 cm的病灶通常行Ⅰ期切除并行组织病理学检查,Ⅱ期进行软组织缺损修复。颞区在人体侧面,具有重要的美学价值,涵盖了多个具有不同美学特征的亚单位,一旦缺损将严重影响患者侧面部外观,影响患者身心健康。针对颞区无法Ⅰ期直接缝合的创面,多采用皮片移植及带蒂皮瓣、游离皮瓣移植等闭合创面。因颞区修复要求较高,闭合创面的同时必须兼顾术区良好美学效果,故局部皮瓣移植成为颞区创面修复的首选[2]。目前已有不同血供来源的多种皮瓣被用于修复颞区软组织缺损,成功封闭创面并修复区域美学亚单位[3-6],但临床仍在不停探索在行颞区美学修复的同时,使供区创面可Ⅰ期直接拉拢缝合以及减少额外创面的方法。近年来,本研究团队采用同一血供(颞浅动脉)来源不同穿支皮瓣共同修复10例患者颞区大面积皮肤软组织缺损,直接拉拢缝合供区,获得良好外观。
1. 对象与方法
本回顾性观察性研究符合《赫尔辛基宣言》的基本原则,按照遵义医科大学附属医院(以下简称本院)伦理委员会政策要求,可以在不泄露患者信息的情况下对其临床资料进行分析、使用。
1.1. 入选标准
纳入标准:(1)颞区皮肤肿瘤患者,病灶扩大切除后皮肤软组织有大面积缺损,不能Ⅰ期缝合,使用颞浅动脉分叶穿支皮瓣修复;(2)年龄18~90岁,性别不限。排除标准:临床资料不完整者。
1.2. 临床资料
2017年3月—2022年10月,本院收治10例颞区皮肤肿瘤患者,其中女6例、男4例;年龄42~87岁,平均70岁。患者中基底细胞癌者7例、鳞状细胞癌者3例;病程6个月~5年,平均16个月。
1.3. 手术方法
1.3.1. 病灶切除
术前采用便携式多普勒超声血流探测仪对颞浅动脉额支、顶支及下行支进行定位,确定颞浅动脉走行。用亚甲蓝标记需切除病灶范围,观察患侧发际线、美学亚单位分布并标记其大致形状。患者于全身麻醉下,根据肿瘤病理类型及大小行病灶扩大切除术,其中基底细胞癌沿肿瘤边缘扩大切除0.5 cm,鳞状细胞癌沿肿瘤边缘扩大切除1~2 cm。将扩大切除组织行快速冰冻诊断,切除组织的边缘及基底未见肿瘤。切除肿瘤后,遗留面积为5.4 cm×4.2 cm~7.0 cm×4.0 cm的创面。
1.3.2. 皮瓣设计切取及创面修复
设计总面积较缺损面积大10%~20%的颞浅动脉额支、顶支及下行支皮瓣。沿皮瓣设计线做切口,然后将皮瓣远端切开至浅表肌腱膜系统(superficial musculo-aponeurotic system),在深筋膜深面由远及近充分剥离皮瓣,注意保护颞浅动脉及其分支血管。皮瓣蒂部靠近耳前颞浅动脉,为保证皮瓣有效静脉回流,应在距离颞浅动脉外侧1 cm以上切取皮瓣蒂部。描绘出患侧颞区发际线并标记两端的a、b点,使用蒂长2 cm的颞浅动脉顶支皮瓣(面积为4.2 cm×1.0 cm~5.0 cm×1.0 cm)修复发际线以上有毛发区,切取后a点组织保持不动,将顶支皮瓣近端(b1点)顺行推进至b点重建发际线。使用蒂长1 cm的颞浅动脉下行支皮瓣(面积为4.2 cm×3.5 cm~5.0 cm×4.0 cm)与蒂长6 cm的颞浅动脉额支皮瓣(面积为5.5 cm×1.2 cm~7.0 cm×1.5 cm)修复发际线以下无毛发区皮肤软组织缺损,切取后额支皮瓣远、近端(d、e点)分别通过明道逆行转移至b、c点(c点为b点斜上方创周的1点),下行支皮瓣远、近端(a1、b2点)通过明道转移至c、b点。见图 1。3个带蒂皮瓣缝合拼接后,均无张力覆盖创面。皮瓣供区直接拉拢缝合,常规放置引流条,切口关闭后适当加压包扎,术后24 h拔除引流条。每日予生理盐水清洗、金霉素眼膏涂抹皮瓣供受区,5~7 d后根据切口愈合情况拆线。
图 1.
颞浅动脉分叶穿支皮瓣设计示意图
注:a点和b点间的连线为颞区发际线,a1点为下行支皮瓣远端,b1点为顶支皮瓣近端,b2点为下行支皮瓣近端,c点为b点斜上方创周的1点,d点为额支皮瓣远端,e点为额支皮瓣近端;灰色圆形示颞区肿瘤切除后创面,蓝色椭圆形示颞浅动脉顶支皮瓣,绿色椭圆形示颞浅动脉额支皮瓣,橙色椭圆形示颞浅动脉下行支皮瓣;蓝色箭头示颞浅动脉顶支,绿色箭头示颞浅动脉额支,红色箭头示颞浅动脉下行支

1.4. 观察指标
术后3~5 d观察皮瓣成活情况,术后5~7 d拆线时观察供受区创面愈合情况。术后3~6个月随访时观察患侧颞区外观、瘢痕增生情况、发际线重建情况及肿瘤复发情况。
2. 结果
术后3~5 d所有皮瓣存活良好,术后5~7 d所有供受区创面愈合良好。术后3~6个月随访时,术区切口隐蔽,皮瓣不臃肿且色泽与周围组织无明显差异,未见明显瘢痕增生,患侧重建发际线与健侧无明显差异,患侧颞区外观具有较佳的美学效果,局部肿瘤均无复发。
典型病例:患者女,82岁,因左面部包块形成2年于2018年3月在本院就诊。2017年患者曾因面部包块进行性增大而于本院就诊,建议手术切除包块行病理检查,但患者因个人原因拒绝,2个月后患者于外院门诊取颞区组织标本送病理检查显示:左面部鳞状细胞癌。2017年9月患者出现包块皮肤破溃,表面有淡黄色液体渗出。2018年3月9日于全身麻醉下行左面部巨大肿瘤切除术+颞浅动脉额支、顶支、下行支皮瓣转移修复。沿肿瘤边缘扩大1 cm切除病灶后遗留创面面积为7.0 cm×4.0 cm,同前设计蒂长2 cm的颞浅动脉顶支皮瓣(面积为5.0 cm×1.0 cm)、蒂长6 cm的颞浅动脉额支皮瓣(面积为7.0 cm×1.5 cm)、蒂长1 cm的颞浅动脉下行支皮瓣(面积为5.0 cm×4.0 cm)。将供瓣区直接拉拢缝合。术后3 d皮瓣存活良好,供受区创面均在术后6 d愈合。术后6个月随访时,术区切口隐蔽,皮瓣不臃肿,色泽与周围组织无明显差异,未见明显瘢痕增生,患侧重建发际线与健侧无明显差异,无肿瘤复发。见图 2。
图 2.
颞浅动脉分叶穿支皮瓣修复患者左面部鳞状细胞癌术后皮肤软组织缺损的效果。2A.术前患侧颞区大面积溃疡伴组织液渗出;2B.患侧颞浅动脉皮瓣设计;2C.术中病灶扩大切除后;2D.颞浅动脉顶支(蓝色箭头)皮瓣切取后;2E.颞浅动脉下行支(黑色箭头)皮瓣切取后及颞浅动脉额支(绿色箭头)皮瓣切取后;2F.皮瓣覆盖创面并缝合后即刻;2G.术后6个月随访,患侧眶周无明显瘢痕增生与牵拉;2H.术后6个月随访,患侧发际线形态良好,手术切口瘢痕位于毛发内不易察觉
3. 讨论
颞浅动脉是颈外动脉的末端,从下颌骨后面的腮腺开始穿过颞骨颧突的后根,在颧骨突上方分为额支和顶支,供应头皮和面部的多个区域[7-8]。颞浅动脉除了额支和顶支这2个主要分支外,还有面横动脉、耳前动脉、颧眶动脉、颞中动脉等分支[9]。
额支于面神经颞支浅面、平行于面神经颞支向前上方走行,为额部皮肤、额肌及头皮供血,与来自眶上动脉和滑车上动脉的细小分支形成血管吻合网。顶支沿着两侧头皮向头顶方向走行,沿途发出细小分支血管,向前与来自额支的血管分支在颞顶区形成血管吻合网,向后与来自耳后动脉和枕动脉的血管分支在枕部形成血管吻合网,在中线处两侧顶支的终末支血管形成血管吻合网。颞浅动脉额支比顶支起源更恒定,在颞区,额支可能位于颧骨额突和颞突之间的骨点上,而在颧弓下方很少出现,其在前额的位置与颞浅动脉额顶支分岔点的位置有很强的相关性[10-12]。耳前支是颞浅动脉的1条恒定分支,位于耳螺旋前部,与耳后动脉吻合[13]。面横动脉起源于颞浅动脉,分支进入腮腺和脸颊,与面动脉和颧眶动脉在咬肌筋膜上吻合[8]。颞中动脉是颞浅动脉的近端内侧分支,与颞深动脉一起供应颞肌,颞中动脉有2条主要分支,其中1条是位于颞肌外侧的颞深筋膜内的浅支;另1条是较大的肌支,其穿过骨膜深入颞肌后方,颞中动脉的分支为耳和侧颅底创面修复的各种旋转皮瓣供血[14-15]。颞浅动脉下行支起源于颞浅动脉干或者颞浅动脉耳屏前分支[16]。
颞浅动脉位置表浅、易于探查,因此颞浅动脉及其分支皮瓣是修复面部和头部皮肤软组织缺损的理想选择。已有许多将颞浅动脉皮瓣用于面部创面修复的报道,如颞浅动脉顶支皮瓣因带毛发常被用于重建男性的眉毛或胡须区域[17-18],颞浅动脉额支皮瓣可用于修复头皮、面部无毛发区缺损[19],颞浅动脉下行支皮瓣可用于修复面部小面积缺损[20],耳前反向颞浅动脉皮瓣可用于修复鼻尖缺损[21]。目前极少见到颧眶动脉临床应用的报道,但在颞浅动脉额支缺失或口径较小的情况下,可使用颧眶动脉替代颞浅动脉额支作为皮瓣血管蒂[22-23]。
颞区位于颅顶两侧的上颞线与颧弓上缘之间,为颞肌和颞筋膜附着区[24],并且是侧面部重要美学组成部分,该区皮肤肿瘤发生率高,且以鳞状细胞肿瘤及基底细胞肿瘤居多[1]。颞区皮肤肿瘤病灶首选治疗为手术根治切除,除小病灶扩大切除后创面可直接缝合外,其余创面需行Ⅱ期创面修复术。皮肤肿瘤绝大部分仅侵犯皮肤全层,但在术中切除颞区皮肤肿瘤时,切取深度达浅筋膜层才可将肿瘤组织全部清除。另外,可通过将切除组织行快速冰冻诊断,明确切除病灶边缘、基底有无肿瘤组织。
颞区皮肤软组织缺损可采用多种方法修复[25]。目前报道了利用全厚皮[26]、颞浅动脉额支及顶支皮瓣[27-29]、逆行耳后动脉皮瓣[30]、游离背阔肌肌皮瓣[31-32]等成功修复颞区皮肤软组织缺损。用皮片移植修复颞区软组织缺损会因皮片收缩、色素沉着等导致外观不佳,游离皮瓣虽避免了皮片移植的局限性,但其术后臃肿、皮瓣色泽与周围皮肤差异较大,无法满足颜面部的美学修复要求,故采用带蒂皮瓣是修复颞区皮肤软组织缺损的最佳选择[33]。本研究在总结既往手术经验的基础上,改进了手术方式,使用颞浅动脉额支皮瓣、顶支皮瓣、下行支皮瓣共同修复颞区有毛发区及无毛发区最大面积为7.0 cm×4.0 cm的创面,术后所有患者均成功重建颞区发际线,所有供区均实现直接缝合,避免了供区因创伤面积大而植皮修复。
本术式特别适用于修复老年患者颞区皮肤软组织缺损。老年患者因面部衰老导致的皮肤松弛,可在一定程度上增加颞浅动脉复合皮瓣的总切取面积,并且术后患侧皮纹较术前减少。但本术式手术时间较长,增加了老年患者的麻醉风险,同时手术难度较大,要求医师具有多年临床手术经验,才可获得较佳的术后效果。
本术式注意事项:(1)术前使用多普勒超声血流探测仪测定颞浅动脉主干及其分支血管位置,方便术中皮瓣切取;术中仔细操作,避免损伤颞浅动脉分支血管。(2)设计皮瓣时考虑颞区美学亚单位分区修复,注意按患侧颞区发际线进行皮瓣设计。(3)切取皮瓣时,皮瓣总面积稍大于皮肤软组织缺损面积,以免张力过大影响血运;同时应注意单个皮瓣面积不宜过大,以使供区可直接拉拢缝合为宜。(4)术后密切监护创面情况,凝血功能障碍和长期吸烟史是本术式的禁忌证。
综上所述,针对颞区大面积皮肤软组织缺损,采用颞浅动脉分叶穿支皮瓣进行修复,可获得令人满意的颞区外观,且供区可直接缝合,避免造成额外手术切口。老年患者面部皮肤松弛,供区可提供更多的皮肤软组织,术后美学效果更好。
Funding Statement
省部共建协同创新中心项目(教科技厅函〔2020〕39号)
Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Ministry of Education (No. 2020-39)
本文亮点
(1) 改良了修复颞区软组织缺损的手术方法,采用颞浅动脉分叶穿支皮瓣修复颞区肿瘤切除术后较大面积皮肤软组织缺损。
(2) 术后供受区均愈合良好,术区切口隐蔽,成功重建患侧发际线,面部外观符合美学要求,局部肿瘤无复发,修复效果良好。
(3) 老年患者面部皮肤松弛,供区可提供更多的皮肤软组织,该术式特别适合老年患者颞区大面积皮肤软组织缺损的修复。
利益冲突 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突
作者贡献声明 廖晓霜:研究设计、实施手术、采集数据、论文撰写;陈伟、蒋海芳、周健:病例资料采集和分析指导;魏在荣、聂开瑜:研究的整体设计和指导、实施手术、对文章的知识性内容作批评性审阅;常树森、张芳:技术支持、论文修改
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