Ganglion cysts of the wrist: A bibliometric analysis review of the top 50 highly cited publications

Abstract

Introduction

Ganglion cysts (GCs) are a form of benign soft tissue mass commonly seen on the dorsum of the wrist that could also form in the hand. They can cause pain and impede physical activities. Despite extensive studies, there has not been a thorough analysis of the top 50 GC articles. This bibliometric analysis examines the most cited research on GC of the wrist with the aim of uncovering existing trends and future directions in the field.

Methods

The authors conducted a comprehensive search utilizing the Web of Science Core Collection on November 16, 2023, to identify the top 50 cited articles on wrist GC published between 1988 and 2023. Subsequently, data were extracted from each article encompassing details such as the title, authors, first/senior authors, publication year, country, journal, total citations, annual average citations, research setting, funding, study design, level of evidence, and primary outcome.

Results

The predominant publication venue was identified as The Journal of Hand Surgery, with (44 %) originating from the United States, followed by contributions from the United Kingdom (14 %), South Korea (8 %), and China (4 %). Key findings included surgical techniques, diagnostic investigations, patient outcomes, treatment plans, epidemiology, and comparative analyses. Notably, there was a peak in citations in the early 2010s.

Conclusion

In recent decades, significant progress has been made in the study of wrist GC, mostly driven by the United States with an emphasis on surgical techniques and diagnostic investigations.

Table of abbreviations:

GC

Ganglion cysts

RCT

Randomized controlled trials

IF

Impact Factor

1. Introduction

Ganglion cysts (GCs) are gelatinous-filled benign cysts commonly affecting the wrists, but they can also form in the hand, particularly at the distal interphalangeal joint and within the flexor sheath.1, 2, 3 These cysts are not limited to the upper extremities; they may form in various locations including the lower limbs.⁴ GC is the most prevalent soft tissue mass in the wrist, affecting the dorsal aspect in 70 % of patients followed by 20 % on the volar aspect.^1,2,5 However, other benign masses in this area include giant cell tumors of the tendon sheath, lipomas, nerve sheath tumors, and hemangiomas.⁶ GC tends to occur more frequently in females. Although the etiology remains unclear, trauma precedes GC in 10 % of patients, resulting in fluid escaping through a joint capsule and mucoid degeneration of periarticular connective tissue forming the cyst.^2,5,7 GC is associated with pain, tenderness, and activity limitation.^1,2 This condition is managed conservatively via needle aspiration, steroid injections, hyaluronidase, and surgically with open surgical excision or arthroscopic resection.^8,9

Throughout the years, GC has been extensively studied, leading to abundant medical literature on this topic. Nevertheless, there is a noticeable absence of an assessment of the most-cited GC articles, which are regarded as the most influential in the field of hand surgery. A paper's significance is frequently measured by the number of citations it receives. Moreover, citation scoring recognizes authors, countries of origin, and journals within a specific scientific community. Lastly, it is crucial to determine a journal's Impact Factor (IF).10, 11, 12

Bibliometric analysis is utilized to examine the literature, institutions, and highlight the productivity of countries, aiding in assessing the current research status and trends.¹³ A common bibliometric tool is citation analysis, which serves to discern impactful papers within a designated field.¹⁴ Furthermore, it is used to examine the qualities of these papers and their different characteristics.¹⁵ Identifying high-quality research could potentially shape the course of future research.¹⁶ Several studies have been published to identify the top 50 most cited articles on topics related to hand surgery, such as carpal tunnel syndrome and Dupuytren's contracture.^17,18 However, there is no similar study on GC, our primary goal is to identify the top 50 most-cited articles on GC and evaluate their various characteristics to highlight emerging research trends.

2. Methods & materials

2.1. Search strategy

On November 16, 2023, a search of the Web of Science Core Collection database was conducted to determine the most cited articles on GC of the Wrist. The terms “ganglion cyst,” “myxoid cyst,” “ganglionic cysts,” “wrist,” “dorsal wrist,” and “volar wrist” were utilized. Only original research articles and reviews were included in the search. We retrieved the top 50 most cited papers and ranked them according to how many citations they had. Articles having the same number of citations were distinguished based on the average number of citations per year, with preference given to more recently published articles. Through this procedure, the top 50 articles cited for GC of the Wrist were found for bibliometric analysis.

2.2. Study selection

The article encompassed studies that were written in English, had a specific focus on wrist Ganglion cysts, involved human subjects or patient populations affected by the condition, were published in peer-reviewed journals, and received citations from other publications. Studies published in non-peer-reviewed journals, such as conference proceedings, abstracts, posters, editorials, letters, or other non-English language publications, did not primarily address wrist Ganglion cysts, or had not received any citations from other publications were excluded (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1.

Summary flowchart of our methodology.

2.3. Data extraction and management

Data were extracted from the included studies using a pre-made, standard extraction form in an Excel file. The first author managed the data. The following points were recorded from the included papers: Article title, authors, first author, senior author, year of publication, country of publication, journal, total number of citations, average number of citations annually, research setting, financial status, study design, strength of the evidence, and primary topic.

2.4. Treatment of missing data

In case any data was absent from an article, the authors were notified and requested to provide the information. The missing information was identified, and if unable to be obtained, the study fully explained any potential impacts on the conclusions drawn.

2.5. Statistical analysis

To compile the data, descriptive statistics were employed. For continuous variables, the acceptable presentation was either the mean ± standard deviation (SD) or the median (interquartile range [IQR]). Frequencies and percentages were used to represent categorical variables. The statistical analyses were carried out employing IBM Corp.'s SPSS version 25.0, located in Armonk, NY, USA.

3. Results

This bibliometric analysis explores the top 50 most cited articles on wrist GC from 1988 to 2023 (Table 1). Over the span of thirty-five years, a diverse array of research outcomes were found, including surgical techniques, diagnostic investigations, patient-reported results, treatment plans, epidemiological information, comparative analyses of techniques, and complications.^5,7,9,19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65 Notably, 9 out of 50 articles (18 %) were published in the esteemed “Journal of Hand Surgery,” making significant contributions to the literature. Other prominent publications, such as “The Journal of Hand Surgery: British & European Volume” (16 %), “Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery” (8 %) and “Annals of Plastic Surgery” (6 %), also featured prominently in the corpus of literature. The remaining articles were sourced from various journals.

Table 1.

The basic information of the top 50 cited articles.

Rank	Title	First Author	Year	Citations	Average number of citations annually	Citations per journal
1	Ganglion cysts of the wrist: pathophysiology, clinical picture, and management7	Warren Gude	2008	236	15.7	236
2	The Treatment of Dorsal Wrist Ganglia by Radical Excision19	N. R. Clay	1988	173	4.9	75.47
3	The natural history of untreated dorsal wrist ganglia and patient reported outcome 6 years after intervention20	J J Dias	2007	153	9.5	75.47
4	Arthroscopic resection in the management of dorsal wrist ganglions: Results with a minimum 2-year follow-up period21	Marco Rizzo, MD	2003	142	7.1	75.47
5	Prospective Outcomes and Associations of Wrist Ganglion Cysts Resected Arthroscopically22	Scott G. Edwards	2009	139	9.9	75.47
6	Arthroscopic resection of dorsal wrist ganglia and treatment of recurrences23	R. Luchetti	2000	125	5.43	75.47
7	Ganglia of the hand and wrist: A sonographic analysis24	Sharlene A. Teefey	2008	120	8	75.5
8	Arthroscopic resection of volar ganglion of the wrist: A new technique25	Pak-Cheong Ho, F.R.C.S.(Edin)	2003	94	4.7	69
9	The prevalence of wrist ganglia in an asymptomatic population: Magnetic resonance evaluation5	C. M. Lowden	2005	93	5.1	75.47
10	Arthroscopic Resection of Dorsal Wrist Ganglia: 114 Cases with Minimum Follow-Up of 2 Years26	Sabrina Gallego, M.D.	2010	91	7	69
11	The Volar Wrist Ganglion - Just A Simple Cyst27	L. G. H. Jacobs	1990	77	2.3	75.47
12	Arthroscopic diagnosis and treatment of dorsal wrist ganglion28	S. Nishikawa	2001	73	3.31	75.47
13	Results and Complications in Dorsal and Volar Wrist Ganglia Arthroscopic Resection29	L. Rocchi	2006	59	3.5	59
14	Scapholunate Instability Following Ganglion Cyst Excision - A Case-Report30	Keneth H. Duncun M.D.	1988	57	1.6	57
15	Intraosseous Ganglion Cyst of The Scaphoid31	Micheal J. Fealy	1994	57	1.9	32
16	Arthroscopic Excision of Dorsal Wrist Ganglion: Factors Related to Recurrence and Postoperative Residual Pain 32	Jong Pil Kim, M.D.	2013	55	5.5	69
17	Diagnostic validity of ultrasound in patients with persistent wrist pain and suspected occult ganglion33	J J Osterwalder	1997	52	2	75.47
18	Longitudinal observation of pediatric hand and wrist ganglia34	Angela A. Wang, MD	2001	50	2.3	75.47
19	Arthroscopic Management of Dorsal and Volar Wrist Ganglion35	Christophe Mathoulin, MD	2017	49	8.16	49
20	Surgical excision of wrist ganglia; literature review and nine-year retrospective study of recurrence and patient satisfaction36	Surjit Lidder	2009	48	3.4	48
21	Surgical Excision Versus Aspiration Combined with Intralesional Triamcinolone Acetonide Injection Plus Wrist Immobilization Therapy in the Treatment of Dorsal Wrist Ganglion; A Randomized Controlled Trial9	Parwez Sajad	2011	45	3.8	45
22	Evaluating Dorsal Wrist Pain - MRI Diagnosis of Occult Dorsal Wrist Ganglion37	P Vo	1995	44	1.6	75.47
23	Arthroscopic resection of the dorsal ganglia of the wrist by Bienz38	T Bienz	1999	42	1.75	42
24	Dorsal and volar wrist ganglions: The results of surgical treatment39	Sebastian Kuliński	2019	40	10	30
25	Arthroscopic findings in patients with painful wrist ganglia by Povlsen40	B Povlsen	2001	39	1.77	39
26	Color-Aided Visualization of Dorsal Wrist Ganglion Stalks Aids in Complete Arthroscopic Excision41	Jeffrey Yao	2011	36	3	69
27	The effect of dorsal carpal ganglion excision on the scaphoid shift test42	J. J. HWANG	1999	34	1.41	75.47
28	Joint Fluid, Bone Marrow Edemalike Changes, and Ganglion Cysts in the Pediatric Wrist: Features That May Mimic Pathologic Abnormalities-Follow-Up of a Healthy Cohort43	Derk F. M. Avenarius	2016	31	4.4	75.5
29	Ulnar Nerve Compression in Guyon's Canal by Ganglion Cyst44	Kyung-Woo Kwak	2011	31	2.5	31
30	Arthroscopic versus open excision of dorsal ganglion cysts: a systematic review45	DesRaj M. Clark	2023	29	29	29
31	Outcomes of Open Dorsal Wrist Ganglion Excision in Active-Duty Military Personnel46	George C. Balazs	2015	28	3.5	75.47
32	Ganglion cyst in children: Reviewing treatment and recurrence rates47	Tatiana Karine Simon Cypel	2011	28	2.3	28
33	Localized Depigmentation After Steroid Injection Of A Ganglion Cyst On The Hand48	Stapczynski	1990	28	0.85	28
34	Ligamentous Hyper laxity and Dorsal Wrist Ganglions49	Kathleen E. McKeon	2013	26	2.6	75.47
35	Necessity of Routine Pathological Examination After Surgical Excision of Wrist Ganglions50	Guitton TG	2010	26	2	75.47
36	Deep ulnar intraneural ganglia in the palm51	Robert J Spinner	2012	26	2.3	26
37	Extensor Digitorum-Brevis-Manus Associated With a Dorsal Wrist Ganglion - A Review of 5 Cases52	G H Dostal	1995	25	1.11	75.47
38	Ultrasound-guided aspiration of wrist ganglions: a follow-up survey of patient satisfaction and outcomes53	Joshua Zeidenberg	2015	24	3	24
39	Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Diagnosis of Occult Dorsal Wrist Ganglions54	S. GoldSmith	2008	23	1.5	75.47
40	Considerations in performing open surgical excision of dorsal wrist ganglion cysts55	Jin Young Kim	2016	23	3.3	23
41	A New Sclerotherapy Technique for the Wrist Ganglion Transcutaneous Electrocauterization56	Nazim Gümüş	2009	22	1.57	32
42	Treatment of dorsal wrist ganglia by transfixation technique57	Rathod, C M	2011	21	1.75	21
43	Ganglions of the hand and wrist: Retrospective statistical analysis of 520 cases58	Sebastian Kuliński	2016	20	2.9	30
44	Coexisting Intraarticular Disorders Are Unrelated To Outcomes After Arthroscopic Resection of Dorsal Wrist Ganglions59	Ho Jung Kang	2013	20	2	20
45	Arthroscopic resection of occult dorsal wrist ganglia60	Nicola Borisch	2016	18	2.57	18
46	Ganglion cyst of the carpal navicular. A case report and review of the literature61	H Mnif	2010	18	1.4	18
47	Morbidity of Hand and Wrist Ganglia62	P. J. Tomlinson	2006	18	1.1	18
48	Ultrasound-Guided Aspiration Does Not Reduce the Recurrence Rate of Ganglion Cysts of the Wrist63	Gregory Kurkis,	2019	18	3.6	18
49	Treatment of Intraosseous Ganglion Cyst of the Lunate: A Systematic Review64	Sunlong Li, MD,	2018	17	3.4	32
50	Ulnar nerve entrapment in Guyon's canal caused by a ganglion cyst: two case reports and review of the literature65	Stylianos Tottas	2019	16	4	16

The number of citations ranged from 236 to 16, with an average of 55.18 citations across all the studies. The most cited paper was by Warren Gude et al., 2008⁷ with an overall 236 citations and an average of 15.70 citations annually.

Upon examination of the impact factor of each journal, the average impact factor was approximately 2.27, with the highest being 5.8 and the lowest 0.4. Assessing the Q ranking of all the journals revealed that many studies were published in journals ranked Q1 (54.17 %), followed by Q3 (20.83 %), Q2 (16.67 %), and lastly Q4 (8.33 %). Table 2 demonstrates the characteristics of the journals.

Table 2.

Publication count, Impact factor, and Q ranking of the journals.

Rank	Journal	Publications	Impact Factor (2022)	Q ranking
1	The Journal of Hand Surgery	9	1.9	Q1
2	The Journal of Hand Surgery: British & European Volume	8	1.8	Q1
3	Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related surgery	4	4.7	Q1
4	Annals of Plastic Surgery	3	1.5	Q2
5	American Journal of Roentgenology	2	5.0	Q1
6	Advances in Clinical and Experimental Medicine	2	2.1	Q1
7	The Journal of Hand Surgery (Asian-Pacific Volume)	2	0.5	Q3
8	Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine	1	4.1	Q1
9	Clinical Orthopedics and Related Research	2	4.1	Q1
10	Hand Clinics	2	1.17	Q2
11	Orthopedic review	1	1.96	Q3
12	The Journal of Hand Microsurgery	1	0.4	Q3
13	Scandinavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery	1	NA	Q4
14	The Korean Neurosurgical Society	1	1.6	Q2
15	Journal of Wrist Surgery	2	0.7	Q4
16	The Canadian Journal of Plastic Surgery	1	0.947 (2020)	Q2
17	Annals of Emergency Medicine	1	5.8	Q1
18	Acta Neurochirurgica	1	2.4	Q1
19	The Foundation Acta Radiologica	1	1.3	Q3
20	International Orthopaedics (SICOT)	1	2.7	Q1
21	Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice	1	1.12	Q3
22	Archives of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery	1	2.3	Q1
23	Orthopedics & Traumatology: Surgery & Research	1	2.3	Q1
24	European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology	1	1.7	Q1

Geographical distribution of the studies is shown in Fig. 2, with contributions spanning 17 countries, showcasing global engagement in wrist ganglion research. The United States is the leading contributor in this field with 23 studies (46 %). Followed by the United Kingdom with 7 studies (14 %). Other significant contributors included South Korea (8 %), China (4 %), France (4 %), Poland (4 %), and India (4 %).

Fig. 2.

Geographical distribution of the studies.

The research settings varied widely in time and geography, encompassing diverse regions within these participating countries. Two studies extended beyond continental boundaries, one study between the USA and Italy, another study between Canada and the UK. This highlights the global significance and interest in wrist ganglion cyst research.

A significant portion of the literature (26 %) focused on improving diagnostic techniques, while surgical intervention techniques (24 %) and complications (10 %) were also prominent areas of study. Comparative analyses (8 %), patient perspectives post-treatment (8 %), treatment plans (6 %), and contributions to current knowledge (6 %) were also observed. Additionally, studies on epidemiology (2 %) and the efficacy of arthroscopic treatment (2 %) were included.

The degree of evidence varied among the studies; (44 %) did not state the level, while Level IV evidence was the most prevalent (34 %), followed by Level III (12 %), Level II (6 %), and Level I being the lowest (4 %). Retrospective cohort studies were the predominant study design, with a total of 19 (38 %) papers. Case reports were the next significant category, contributing 7 cases (14 %). Prospective studies accounted for 5 studies (10 %) and descriptive studies accounted for 3 cases (6 %). Additionally, other study types, including reviews, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), systematic reviews, case series, and literature reviews, collectively comprised (32 %) of the total studies. A comprehensive analysis of citation trends over time reveals a dynamic landscape of impact and intellectual involvement in the topic of wrist ganglion cyst treatment. The associated graph (Fig. 3) illustrates the fluctuating levels of academic attention, characterized by a series of peaks and valleys. Particularly noteworthy is the noticeable increase in citations throughout the early 2010s.

Fig. 3.

Trend analysis by year of publication for the included studies.

4. Discussion

Our bibliometric analysis has provided valuable insights into the characteristics of the top 50 cited articles on GC of the wrist, shedding light on the trajectory of research in this field. The vast majority of these articles originated from the United States. While a significant portion delved into various diagnostic methods for identifying wrist GC, another remarkable number of studies focused on different surgical techniques and patient-reported outcomes following GC treatment. This study holds significance, as gaining insights from these publications enhances our comprehension of the current research direction and interests in this topic, thus providing a valuable resource to guide future researchers. To the best of our knowledge, no prior publications have addressed the 50 most cited articles on GC in the literature.

Notably, similar studies have consistently revealed that the United States is the leading contributor to research in various topics, including carpal tunnel syndrome,⁶⁶ spine tumors,⁶⁷ rheumatology,⁶⁸ and Dupuytren's Contracture.¹⁸ This dominance can be linked to much higher levels of government financing and resource allocation for research in the United States compared to other countries.^69,70 Another aspect that may be influencing these findings is the greater number of researchers in the United States.

In our analysis, we observed a predominant focus in numerous studies (26 %) on various diagnostic imaging modalities for identifying wrist ganglion cysts. While the diagnosis of GC remains primarily clinical, a substantial number of studies aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound.^71,72 This emphasis, particularly in cases involving suspicious occult dorsal ganglion, are not clinically visible or palpable but identified through imaging studies or intraoperatively. This shows that there is a greater emphasis on overcoming diagnostic challenges in such cases. Furthermore, this underscores the importance of precisely identifying and characterizing occult wrist ganglion cysts, reflecting the evolving research landscape in this area.

A significant portion of the highly cited articles (24 %) focused on various surgical intervention methods for wrist ganglion cysts, with a particular emphasis on the outcomes and recurrence rates related to arthroscopic resection of GC. Minimally invasive approaches, such as arthroscopy, are becoming increasingly popular due to significantly decreased postoperative complication and recurrence rates when compared to open surgical excision.^28,73 This shift toward minimally invasive, cost-effective surgical management represents a notable trend in the treatment of wrist GC and underscores the importance of evaluating surgical outcomes and exploring innovative techniques to improve patient care.

The current study showed that the preponderance of these cited articles on GC were published in The Journal of Hand Surgery, highlighting the research community's notable focus on the surgical aspects of GC. The journal had the highest citation count among all the examined publications, indicating its crucial role in disseminating impactful research within this field. Notably, specialized publications such as “Annals of Plastic Surgery” and “Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery” also amassed a substantial number of citations, indicating their importance for researchers and practitioners in this area. Our results demonstrated that the highest number of citations occurred in the early 2010s with a subsequent decline in the overall number of citations in more recent years. This decline could be related to the fact that the papers were relatively recent, giving them less time to accumulate citations.¹⁰ Additionally, it is plausible that emerging developments and trends in the subject have not been fully recognized in the existing literature. It's important to note that high citation count alone doesn't determine the scientific merit of an article, it does signify its influence on the progress of research or clinical practices and the level of engagement from researchers within the relevant field.74, 75, 76 Lastly, the IF should not be the only indicator to assess the quality and how prestigious the journal is. It is imperative to combine it with the quartile ranking for a more comprehensive evaluation.⁷⁷ For instance, the Journal of Hand Surgery had a relatively low IF(IF = 1.9). However, its Q1 quartile ranking signifies that it is among the most prestigious journals with a significant impact, despite the low IF.

The distribution of citations across different publications illustrates the variety of channels via which influential research on wrist GC gets distributed in the medical community. There may be differences in citation counts between journals due to various factors, including the impact factor of the journal, how easily accessible it is to scholars, and the nature of the published papers. The citation count was also influenced by journals with a wider focus, such as those outside the direct field of hand surgery, indicating the interdisciplinary interest and relevance of the study findings.

There are several limitations to this study. First, while this study focuses on English-language publications, it is important to acknowledge that significant research contributions are also made in other languages. Our analysis indicates that the most influential and frequently cited studies on wrist ganglion cysts are predominantly published in English. This trend highlights the role of English as the primary language of scientific communication. However, we recommend that future bibliometric studies incorporate non-English language publications to provide a more comprehensive and inclusive overview of the research landscape. Furthermore, citation analysis is vulnerable to biases such as in-house bias, self-citation, journal bias, and omission bias, in which competitor researchers do not cite the paper on purpose.⁷⁸

5. Conclusion

Our review of the top 50 cited papers on wrist GC highlights the significant contribution of the United States to this field of study, particularly focusing on patient outcomes, surgical techniques, and diagnostic investigations. The majority of the studies were published in “The Journal of Hand Surgery,” and they demonstrate a tendency towards less invasive surgical techniques such as arthroscopy. Citations reached a peak during the early 2010s, indicating that this was a crucial time for research on wrist ganglion cysts. Despite potential biases and limitations, including the underrepresentation of recent publications in citation counts, this bibliometric analysis provides valuable insights into the development and current trends of wrist ganglion cyst research, guiding future investigations in this area.

Ethical approval

Ethical approval was not sought for the present study because it involved a bibliometric analysis of published articles, which does not involve direct interaction with human subjects or the use of personal identifiable information. Therefore, ethical approval was not deemed necessary. This study was conducted in accordance with the principles outlined in the Helsinki Declaration as revised in 2013.

Source of funding

The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Contributorship

A.H. assumed the crucial responsibilities of creating and establishing the conceptual framework for the research and carrying out a thorough literature evaluation. A.H. also put a lot of work into revising and proofreading the manuscript.I.H. actively participated in the conception and design of the idea as well as the creation of the intellectual content. Notably, I.H. conducted a thorough search of the literature, significantly aided in the selection of relevant questions, and was instrumental in the editing and revision of the article.Z.J. was essential to the study's inception and design, its clarification of its intellectual content, and the diligent literature search. Z.J. made a significant contribution to the editing process, the thorough manuscript evaluation, and the choice of important research issues.Am.H. made a substantial contribution to the conception of the idea, the design of the study, the development of the conceptual framework, and the execution of the literature review. Am.H. was also essential in critical evaluation and manuscript editing.R.S. played a pivotal role in formulating the concept, defining the intellectual content, and carrying out an exhaustive literature review. R.S. also gave the manuscript's editing and thorough review a lot of thought.M.B. played a key role in the conception of the idea, the design of the study, the development of the conceptual framework, and the literature review. M.B. also contributed significantly to the editing process and gave the manuscript in-depth peer reviews.M.K. contributed significantly to the conceptualization of the study, providing valuable insights into the design and methodology. M.K. conducted meticulous literature searches and played a crucial role in manuscript preparation, including editing and revising.S.K. was instrumental in shaping the research concept and refining the study's intellectual content. S.K. conducted an extensive literature review and contributed substantially to manuscript editing and refinement.A.M. played a pivotal role in the formulation of research objectives and the development of the study's conceptual framework. A.M. conducted thorough literature searches and provided valuable input during manuscript editing and revision.H.M. contributed substantially to the conceptualization and design of the study, offering critical insights into the research methodology. H.M. conducted comprehensive literature evaluations and played an integral role in manuscript preparation, including editing and proofreading.- All authors reviewed the manuscript.

Data statement

The data associated with this paper can be found in the cited articles (top 50) included in the bibliography. For any additional inquiries or access to specific data not included in these articles, please contact the corresponding author directly.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.