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. 2024 Oct 31;56(6):1036–1040. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2024.06.014

抗磷脂抗体在白塞病合并血栓中的临床意义

Clinical significance of antiphospholipid antibodies in Behcet disease with thrombosis

Yukai LI 1,*, Hongyan WANG 1,*, Liang LUO 1,2, Yun LI 1, Chun LI 1,*
PMCID: PMC11653000  PMID: 39690766

Abstract

Objective

To investigate the distribution and clinical significance of antiphospholipid antibody (aPL) in patients with Behcet disease (BD).

Methods

A total of 222 BD patients admitted to the Department of Rheumatology and Immunology in Peking University People' s Hospital from February 2008 to July 2024 were selected retrospectively. General data of the patients including age and gender were collec-ted. Clinical manifestations (including oral ulcers, genital ulcers, and thrombosis) and laboratory indexes (including aPL, human leukocyte antigen-B51, and anti-endothelial cell antibody) were collec-ted. The recurrence of thrombosis in the BD patients with thrombosis was followed up. Chi-square test was used to compare the clinical symptoms and laboratory indicators between aPL positive group and aPL negative group. Log-rank test was used to compare the recurrence rates of the aPL positive group and the aPL negative group, and P correction was performed by Two-stage method. Finally, Graphpad prism was used for plotting.

Results

The prevalence of single aPL, double aPL and triple aPL positivity in the BD patients were 22.1%, 0.5% and 1.4%, respectively. The positive rates of anti-cardiolipin antibody, anti-β2 glycoprotein Ⅰ antibody and lupus anticoagulant (LAC) were 10.4%, 1.8% and 13.1%, respectively. The incidence of thrombosis in the aPL positive group was significantly higher than that in the aPL negative group (44.9% vs. 16.9%, P < 0.001). The erythrocyte sedimentation rate [(20.78±4.91) mm/h vs. (15.85±4.29) mm/h, P=0.005], C-reactive protein [(12.97±5.17) mg/L vs. (7.49± 4.22) mg/L, P=0.010] and IgM [(1.55±0.95) g/L vs. (1.12±0.72) g/L, P < 0.001] in the aPL positive group were significantly higher than those in the aPL negative group. LAC positivity was an independent risk factor for thrombosis in the BD patients (OR=8.51, 95%CI: 2.71-26.72, P < 0.001). The recurrence rate of the aPL positive group was higher than that of the aPL negative group, but there was no statistical difference (69.23% vs. 52.17%, P=0.932).

Conclusion

Positive LAC and aneurysm are independent risk factors for thrombosis in BD patients. At the same time, positive antiphospholipid antibody can also significantly increase the risk of thrombosis in BD patients, which has important significance for guiding the treatment of BD.

Keywords: Antiphospholipid antibody, Behcet disease, Thrombosis, Recurrence, Risk factors


白塞病(Behcet disease, BD)是以反复口腔溃疡、生殖器溃疡和眼炎为主要临床表现的系统性血管炎,可累及消化系统、心血管系统及中枢神经系统[1],其中,口腔及外阴溃疡是BD的主要临床表现。除皮肤、黏膜的临床表现外,血栓形成也常见于BD患者,静脉血栓比动脉血栓更常见,占BD患者的14%~39%[2]

标准抗磷脂抗体(antiphospholipid antibody, aPL)包括抗心磷脂抗体(anti-cardiolipin antibody, aCL)、抗β2糖蛋白Ⅰ抗体(anti-β2 glycoprotein Ⅰ antibody, aβ2GPI)、狼疮抗凝物(lupus anticoagulant, LAC),是抗磷脂综合征(antiphospholipid syndrome, APS)的主要实验室指标。同时,aPL在BD患者中也可能出现阳性,其中,aCL阳性率为2.5%[3],aβ2GPI阳性率为29.4%[4],LAC阳性率为5%[5]。因此,当BD患者出现血栓时,应如何与APS进行鉴别是临床诊治的要点。

本研究探讨BD患者中aPL的阳性率及其与临床症状、实验室指标的相关性,着重分析aPL与BD患者血栓形成的关系,以期指导aPL阳性BD患者的诊治。

1. 资料与方法

1.1. 研究资料

回顾性选取2008年2月至2024年7月于北京大学人民医院风湿免疫科就诊的BD患者222例作为研究对象,其中49例患者aPL阳性(将间隔12周aPL两次检测阳性定义为阳性)。排除恶性肿瘤、严重感染以及蛋白C、蛋白S或抗凝血酶Ⅲ缺乏症等有明确血栓形成原因的患者和合并系统性红斑狼疮、干燥综合征等自身免疫病的患者。

1.2. 方法

从北京大学人民医院临床数据中心提取上述患者的病历资料,包括年龄、性别等一般资料,临床资料及实验室检查指标。

临床资料包括皮肤表现、关节表现、神经表现、眼部表现、胃肠表现、口腔溃疡、外阴溃疡、血栓形成、动脉瘤。血栓形成包括静脉血栓及动脉血栓。实验室检查指标包括人类白细胞抗原(human leukocyte antigen, HLA)-B51、抗内皮细胞抗体(anti-endothelial cell antibody, AECA)、免疫球蛋白(IgA、IgG、IgM)、血红细胞沉降率(erythrocyte sedimentation rate, ESR)、C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein, CRP)、凝血酶原时间(prothrombin time, PT)、纤维蛋白原(fibrinogen, Fib)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(activated partial thromboplastin time, APTT)、纤维蛋白降解产物(fibrin degradation products, FDP)和D-二聚体(D-dimer)。

1.3. 统计学分析

使用SPSS 26.0软件对数据进行统计分析。分类变量采用百分数表示;对连续变量使用Shapiro-Wilk检验进行正态性检验,符合正态分布的连续变量使用均值±标准差表示,两组间比较采用t检验,不符合正态分布的连续变量使用M(P25P75)表示,采用Mann-Whitney U检验。使用卡方检验比较aPL阳性组和aPL阴性组临床症状及实验室指标上的差异,使用Log-rank检验对aPL阳性组和aPL阴性组的血栓复发率进行比较,并用Two-stage方法进行P矫正,最后使用Graphpad prism进行绘图。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2. 结果

2.1. 一般资料

本研究纳入222例BD患者,包括男性110例,女性112例,平均年龄(41.5±13.1)岁。aPL单阳性、双阳性、三阳性患者的比例分别为20. 3%、0.5%、1.4%。女性患者aPL的阳性率为15.2%,男性患者aPL的阳性率为29.1%。23.4% 的患者合并血栓,其中动脉血栓为12.2%,静脉血栓为16.2%,同时出现动脉及静脉血栓的患者比例为5.0%(表 1)。

表 1.

BD患者的基本资料

Baseline characteristics of patients with BD

Items BD patients (n=222)
    Data are presented as x±s or n (%). BD, Behcet disease; aCL, anti-cardiolipin antibody; aβ2GPI, anti-β2 glycoprotein Ⅰ antibody; LAC, lupus anticoagulant; aPL, antiphospholipid antibody.
Age/years 41.5±13.1
Gender (female) 112 (50.5)
Thrombosis
    Venous thrombosis 36 (16.2)
    Arterial thrombosis 27 (12.2)
    Both venous and arterial thrombosis 11 (5.0)
aCL (+) 23 (10.4)
aβ2GPI (+) 4 (1.8)
LAC (+) 29 (13.1)
Single aPL positivity 49 (22.1)
Double aPL positivity 1 (0.5)
Triple aPL positivity 3 (1.4)

2.2. aPL与BD患者临床指标的相关性

aPL阳性组患者的血栓发生率显著高于aPL阴性组(44.9% vs. 16.9%, P < 0.001)。aPL阳性组患者的关节表现(10.2% vs. 26.0%, P=0.019)、外阴溃疡(42.9% vs. 61.6%, P=0.019)、胃肠受累(6.1% vs. 21.4%, P=0.014)的发生率均显著低于aPL阴性组(表 2)。

表 2.

aPL阳性和aPL阴性的BD患者临床症状的比较

Comparison of clinical manifestations between BD patients with aPL positive and aPL negative

Items aPL (+) (n=49), n (%) aPL (-) (n=173), n (%) P value
     BD, Behcet disease; aPL, antiphospholipid antibody.
Oral ulcers 46 (93.9) 167 (97.1) 0.288
Vulvar ulcers 21 (42.9) 106 (61.6) 0.019
Articular involvement 5 (10.2) 45 (26.0) 0.019
Neurologic involvement 6 (12.2) 24 (13.9) 0.769
Skin manifestations 13 (26.5) 62 (35.8) 0.224
Ocular involvement 9 (18.4) 47 (27.2) 0.211
Positive pathergy test 5 (16.1) 32 (30.8) 0.109
Thrombosis 22 (44.9) 29 (16.9) < 0.001
Aneurysms 7 (14.3) 23 (13.4) 0.869
Gastrointestinal involvement 3 (6.1) 37 (21.4) 0.014

2.3. aPL与BD患者实验室检查指标的相关性

aPL阳性组患者的ESR [(20.78±4.91) mm/h vs. (15.85±4.29) mm/h, P=0.005]、CRP [(12.97± 5.17) mg/L vs. (7.49±4.22) mg/L, P=0.010]和IgM [(1.55±0.95) g/L vs. (1.12±0.72) g/L, P < 0.001]数值均显著高于aPL阴性组(表 3)。

表 3.

aPL阳性和aPL阴性的BD患者实验室指标的比较

Comparison of laboratory indexes between BD patients with aPL positive and aPL negative

Items aPL (+)(n=49), x±s aPL (-)(n=173), x±s P value
     BD, Behcet disease; aPL, antiphospholipid antibody; IgA, immunoglobulin A; IgG, immunoglobulin G; IgM, immunoglobulin M; CRP, C-reactive protein; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; PT, prothrombin time; Fib, fibrinogen; APTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; FDP, fibrin degradation products.
IgA/(g/L) 3.11±1.30 2.79±1.25 0.335
IgG/(g/L) 13.66±1.96 11.84±1.82 0.140
IgM/(g/L) 1.55±0.95 1.12±0.72 < 0.001
CRP/(mg/L) 12.97±5.17 7.49±4.22 0.010
ESR/(mm/h) 20.78±4.91 15.85±4.29 0.005
PT/s 13.75±1.89 13.01±3.24 0.931
Fib/(mg/dL) 308.26±9.76 328.72±13.99 0.538
APTT/s 33.65±2.26 32.65±5.10 0.653
FDP/(mg/L) 1.72±1.16 2.13±1.63 0.085
D-dimer/(μg/L) 182.91±14.64 256.19±21.36 0.082

2.4. aPL与BD患者血栓复发率的相关性

aPL阳性组患者的血栓复发率高于aPL阴性组,但组间差异无统计学意义(69.23% vs. 52.17%,P=0.932,图 1)。

图 1.

aPL阳性和aPL阴性的BD患者血栓复发率的比较

Comparison of recurrence thrombosis between BD patients with aPL positive and aPL negative

BD, Behcet disease; aPL, antiphospholipid antibody.

图 1

2.5. 单因素和多因素Logistic分析BD血栓发生的危险因素

单因素Logistic分析显示,BD患者发生血栓组在PT(OR=1.22, 95%CI:1.04~1.43, P=0.014)、LAC(OR=9.06, 95%CI:3.45~23.76, P<0.001)和动脉瘤(OR=2.85, 95%CI:1.16~7.00, P=0.022)方面与非血栓组的差异均有统计学意义(表 4)。

表 4.

BD患者血栓发生危险因素的Logistic分析结果

Logistic regression of risk factors of thrombosis in patients with BD

Items Univariate Multivariate
B SE Z P OR (95%CI) B SE Z P OR (95%CI)
        OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; aβ2GPI, anti-β2 glycoproteinⅠantibody; aCL, anti-cardiolipin antibody; LAC, lupus anticoagulant; HLA-B51, human leukocyte antigen-B51; AECA, anti-endothelial cell antibody; Other abbreviations as in Table 3.
Age/years 0.00 0.01 -0.29 0.770 1.00 (0.97-1.02)
ESR/(mm/h) 0.00 0.01 -0.17 0.868 1.00 (0.98-1.02)
PT/s 0.20 0.08 2.45 0.014 1.22 (1.04-1.43) 0.08 0.09 0.90 0.368 1.09 (0.90-1.31)
Fib/(mg/dL) 0.00 0.00 1.34 0.182 1.00 (1.00-1.00)
APTT/s 0.00 0.01 -0.17 0.868 1.00 (0.98-1.02)
IgA/(g/L) 0.01 0.12 -0.12 0.906 0.99 (0.78-1.25)
IgG/(g/L) 0.05 0.05 0.96 0.337 1.05 (0.95-1.17)
IgM/(g/L) 0.11 0.29 0.39 0.698 1.12 (0.63-1.99)
aβ2GPI (+) 0.25 0.65 -0.39 0.700 0.78 (0.22-2.79)
aCL (+) 2.31 1.24 1.86 0.062 10.06 (0.89-114.09)
LAC (+) 2.20 0.49 4.48 < 0.001 9.06 (3.45-23.76) 2.14 0.58 3.67 < 0.001 8.51 (2.71-26.72)
HLA-B51 (+) 0.59 0.46 1.29 0.196 1.81 (0.74-4.45)
AECA (+) 0.14 0.45 -0.31 0.760 0.87 (0.36-2.11)
Aneurysm 1.05 0.46 2.29 0.022 2.85 (1.16-7.00) 0.99 0.50 1.97 0.049 2.70 (1.01-7.24)

多因素Logistic分析显示,LAC(OR=8.51, 95%CI:2.71~26.72, P < 0.001)和动脉瘤(OR=2.70, 95%CI:1.01~7.24, P=0.049)是BD患者血栓发生的独立危险因素(表 4)。

3. 讨论

本研究结果表明,aPL在BD中有较高的阳性率,aPL阳性组患者的血栓发生率显著增加,LAC阳性和动脉瘤是BD患者血栓形成的独立危险因素。

血管病变占BD患者的45%,是BD患者常见的临床表现,动脉及静脉均可累及,其中,下肢深静脉血栓和浅表静脉血栓是最常见的表现[6]。血管病变是BD患者预后不良的主要危险因素[7]。有meta分析显示,aCL及aβ2GPI抗体在BD中显著升高[8]。血管炎导致的内皮细胞损伤是BD患者血栓发生的主要原因,aPL介导的BD血栓发生的机制不详。抗中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网(neutrophil extracellular traps, NETs)是中性粒细胞形成的纤维网状结构,主要由去致密化染色质和颗粒蛋白组成。NETs在APS及BD的发病中均发挥了重要的作用[9-10],它可以进一步激活血管内皮细胞和血小板,从而导致血栓形成。BD患者及APS患者外周血的NETs水平均有明显升高,并且在BD患者中与血栓前状态相关[9],而应用DNA酶清除NETs则可以降低BD患者凝血酶的产生[9]

抗凝治疗是APS患者的主要治疗方案,但是这对以动脉瘤为主要表现的BD患者存在一定的风险。目前,对于存在动脉瘤的患者是否应该抗凝、抗血小板治疗尚存在争论,最新的研究发现,应用阿司匹林抑制血小板神经酰胺产生,可以降低血管炎症,预防腹主动脉瘤的发生[11]。aPL阳性是动脉瘤患者发生血栓的危险因素。我们的研究也发现,动脉瘤是APS患者发生血栓的独立危险因素,因此,对于aPL阳性的BD患者,动脉瘤不能成为抗凝或抗血小板治疗的禁忌证。

男性、红细胞沉降率增快、抗核抗体阳性是BD患者血栓发生的主要危险因素[12]。我们的研究同时证实,aPL是BD患者血栓发生的独立危险因素,aPL阳性与BD患者的炎症指标升高相关。血栓形成与系统性炎症导致组织损伤,进一步激活多种细胞因子和血小板从而加重炎症反应有关,因此,2018年欧洲抗风湿病联盟(European League Against Rheumatism,EULAR)推荐难治性合并血栓的BD患者应加用免疫抑制剂或肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α)拮抗剂[13]

与既往研究一致[14],本研究也发现aPL阳性的BD患者关节表现、胃肠表现、外阴溃疡的发生率低,以黏膜溃疡及关节炎为主要表现的BD患者预后相对较好。外阴溃疡通常出现在BD病程的早期阶段[14],因此提示aPL与较重的BD亚型相关[15]

对于aPL持续阳性的BD患者需进行区分。BD合并APS的患者除BD典型症状外,女性患者可合并妊娠并发症,患者还可能出现广泛的动静脉血栓,包括脑卒中、心肌梗塞等,部分患者合并血小板减少、心脏瓣膜病变、网状青斑等表现。合并灾难性APS的患者可在短期内出现多器官血栓形成,导致器官功能障碍或衰竭。单纯BD伴血栓患者的血栓通常局限于BD常见的部位,如下肢深静脉、腔静脉等,主要与BD引起的血管炎或内皮功能障碍相关,通常不伴有妊娠合并症、心脏病变及血液系统受累等。上述两者的临床表现、治疗及预后存在差异,因此临床需仔细鉴别。

本研究中,有49例BD患者存在aPL持续阳性,36例BD患者伴有血栓,其中,aPL持续阳性的BD患者中有13例患者伴有血栓(5例动脉血栓,6例深静脉血栓,2例颅内静脉血栓),符合2006年悉尼分类标准及2023年美国风湿病学会(American College of Rheumatology,ACR)/EULAR关于APS的分类标准,这部分患者为BD合并APS。36例伴有血栓的BD患者中,有23例无APS的特征表现(血栓、妊娠并发症、血小板减少、心脏瓣膜病变、网状青斑等),这部分患者为单纯BD。

综上所述,LAC阳性和动脉瘤是BD患者血栓形成的独立危险因素,同时,aPL阳性也会显著增加BD患者血栓发生的风险,对指导BD的治疗具有重要意义。

Funding Statement

北京市自然科学基金(7192211)

Supported by the Beijing Natural Science Foundation (7192211)

Footnotes

利益冲突  所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。

作者贡献声明  李春:提供研究思路,设计研究方案,总体把关和审定论文;李钰锴、王红彦:收集、分析、整理数据,撰写论文;李云、罗靓:收集病历资料。

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Articles from Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences) are provided here courtesy of Editorial Office of Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban, Peking University Health Science Center

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