Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Biochemical Journal logoLink to Biochemical Journal
. 1975 Sep;150(3):419–432. doi: 10.1042/bj1500419

Amino acids attached to transfer ribonucleic acid in vivo.

M Butler, A Darbre, H R Arnstein
PMCID: PMC1165757  PMID: 2156

Abstract

1. tRNA was extracted from rabbit liver by both the phenol and diethyl pyrocarbonate methods under conditions preventing deacylation of the amino acids attached in vivo. 2. After deacylation 12 amino acids were determined by gas-liquid chromatography, by using the flame-ionization and nitrogen-sensitive thermionic detectors. 3. Comparison of the distribution of 12 amino acids attached to tRNA with those contained in total tissue protein and in the free pool showed little correlation. 4. Results for the enzymic charging assay for tRNA in vitro did not correlate satisfactorily with the analysis of amino acids attached to tRNA in vivo. Marked differences were ntoed in comparison made between our own and other published results.

Full text

PDF
419

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Abadom P. N., Elson D. A procedure for isolating transfer ribonucleic acid from human placenta. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1970 Feb 18;199(2):528–531. doi: 10.1016/0005-2787(70)90097-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Allen R. E., Raines P. L., Regen D. M. Regulatory significance of transfer RNA charging levels. I. Measurements of charging levels in livers of chow-fed rats, fasting rats, and rats fed balanced or imbalanced mixtures of amino acids. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1969 Oct 22;190(2):323–336. doi: 10.1016/0005-2787(69)90083-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. BOLLUM F. J. Thermal conversion of nonpriming deoxyribonucleic acid to primer. J Biol Chem. 1959 Oct;234:2733–2734. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Blobel G., Potter V. R. Distribution of radioactivity between the acid-soluble pool and the pools of RNA in the nuclear, nonsedimethable and ribosome fractions of rat liver after a single injection of lebaled orotic acid. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1968 Aug 23;166(1):48–57. doi: 10.1016/0005-2787(68)90489-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Butler M., Darbre A. Determination of amino acids by gas-liquid chromatography with the nitrogen-sensitive thermionic detector. J Chromatogr. 1974 Dec 4;101(1):51–56. doi: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)94729-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Caskey C. T., Beaudet A., Nirenberg M. RNA codons and protein synthesis. 15. Dissimilar responses of mammalian and bacterial transfer RNA fractions to messenger RNA codons. J Mol Biol. 1968 Oct 14;37(1):99–118. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(68)90076-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Darbre A., Islam A. Gas-liquid chromatography of trifluoroacetylated amino acid methyl esters. Biochem J. 1968 Feb;106(4):923–925. doi: 10.1042/bj1060923. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Darbre A. Protein hydrolysis and chemical reactions using Rotaflo stopcocks. Lab Pract. 1971 Sep;20(9):726–726. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Davey P. J., Manchester K. L. Isolation of labelled aminoacyl transfer RNA from muscle. Studies of the entry of labelled amino acids into acyl transfer RNA linkage in situ and its control by insulin. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1969 May 20;182(1):85–97. doi: 10.1016/0005-2787(69)90523-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Delihas N., Staehelin M. The preparation of rat-liver soluble ribonucleic acid. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1966 May 19;119(2):385–391. doi: 10.1016/0005-2787(66)90196-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Denić M., Ehrenberg L., Fedorcsák I., Solymosy F. The effect of diethyl pyrocarbonate on the biological activity of messenger RNA and transfer RNA. Acta Chem Scand. 1970;24(10):3753–3755. doi: 10.3891/acta.chem.scand.24-3753. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Deutscher M. P. Synthesis and functions of the -C-C-A terminus of transfer RNA. Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol. 1973;13:51–92. doi: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60100-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Erdos T., Bessada R. The turnover of ribosomal RNA and soluble RNA in the rabbit uterus. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1966 Dec 21;129(3):628–631. doi: 10.1016/0005-2787(66)90080-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Folk W. R., Berg P. Characterization of altered forms of glycyl transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase and the effects of such alterations on aminoacyl transfer ribonucleic acid synthesis in vivo. J Bacteriol. 1970 Apr;102(1):204–212. doi: 10.1128/jb.102.1.204-212.1970. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Gallo R. C., Pestka S. Transfer RNA species in normal and leukemic human lymphoblasts. J Mol Biol. 1970 Sep 14;52(2):195–219. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(70)90025-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Gan J. C., Jeffay H. The kinetics of transfer of plasma amino acids to tissues, and the turnover rates of liver and muscle proteins. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1971 Oct;252(1):125–135. doi: 10.1016/0304-4165(71)90100-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Garel J. P., Mandel P., Chavancy G., Daillie J. Functional adaptation of tRNAs to fibroin biosynthesis in the silkgland of Bombyx mori L. FEBS Lett. 1970 May 1;7(4):327–329. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(70)80196-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Gilbert J. M., Anderson W. F. Cell-free hemoglobin synthesis. II. Characteristics of the transfer ribonucleic acid-dependent assay system. J Biol Chem. 1970 May 10;245(9):2342–2349. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. HOAGLAND M. B., KELLER E. B., ZAMECNIK P. C. Enzymatic carboxyl activation of amino acids. J Biol Chem. 1956 Jan;218(1):345–358. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. HOLLEY R. W., APGAR J., DOCTOR B. P., FARROW J., MARINI M. A., MERRILL S. H. A simplified procedure for the preparation of tyrosine and valine-acceptor fractions of yeast "soluble ribonucleic acid". J Biol Chem. 1961 Jan;236:200–202. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Hecht L. I., Stephenson M. L., Zamecnik P. C. BINDING OF AMINO ACIDS TO THE END GROUP OF A SOLUBLE RIBONUCLEIC ACID. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1959 Apr;45(4):505–518. doi: 10.1073/pnas.45.4.505. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Igarashi S. J., Dufresne M. J. Large-scale preparation of rabbit liver tRNA. Anal Biochem. 1972 May;47(1):102–108. doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(72)90283-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Islam A., Darbre A. Gas-liquid chromatography of trifluoroacetylated amino acid methyl esters. Determination of their molar responses with the flame ionization detector. J Chromatogr. 1972 Sep 6;71(2):223–232. doi: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)80680-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Johnson T. C., Chou L. Level and amino acid acceptor activity of mouse brain tRNA during neural development. J Neurochem. 1973 Feb;20(2):405–414. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1973.tb12139.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Judes C., Jacob M. Method for rapid isolation of free aminoacyl-transfer RNA. Anal Biochem. 1972 Dec;50(2):586–591. doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(72)90069-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. KIRBY K. S. A new method for the isolation of ribonucleic acids from mammalian tissues. Biochem J. 1956 Nov;64(3):405–408. doi: 10.1042/bj0640405. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Lanks K. W., Weinstein I. B. Quantitative differences in proline tRNA content of rat liver and granulation tissue. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1970 Aug 11;40(3):708–715. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(70)90961-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Leonard N. J., McDonald J. J., Henderson R. E., Reichmann M. E. Reaction of diethyl pyrocarbonate with nucleic acid components. Adenosine. Biochemistry. 1971 Aug 31;10(18):3335–3342. doi: 10.1021/bi00794a003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Lewis J. A., Ames B. N. Histidine regulation in Salmonella typhimurium. XI. The percentage of transfer RNA His charged in vivo and its relation to the repression of the histidine operon. J Mol Biol. 1972 Apr 28;66(1):131–142. doi: 10.1016/s0022-2836(72)80011-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Litt M., Kabat D. Studies of transfer ribonucleic acids and of hemoglobin synthesis in sheep reticulocytes. J Biol Chem. 1972 Oct 25;247(20):6659–6664. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Marshall R. E., Caskey C. T., Nirenberg M. Fine structure of RNA codewords recognized by bacterial, amphibian, and mammalian transfer RNA. Science. 1967 Feb 17;155(3764):820–826. doi: 10.1126/science.155.3764.820. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Merrick W. C., Dure L. S., 3rd The developmental biochemistry of cotton seed embryogenesis and germination. IV. Levels of cytoplasmic and chloroplastic transfer ribonucleic acid species. J Biol Chem. 1972 Dec 25;247(24):7988–7999. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Muench K. H., Safille P. A. Transfer ribonucleic acids in Escherichia coli. Multiplicity and variation. Biochemistry. 1968 Aug;7(8):2799–2808. doi: 10.1021/bi00848a015. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Mäenpä P. H., Bernfield M. R. Quantitative variation in serine transfer ribonucleic acid during estrogen-induced phosphoprotein synthesis in rooster liver. Biochemistry. 1969 Dec;8(12):4926–4935. doi: 10.1021/bi00840a041. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. NEUBERGER A., PERRONE J. C., SLACK H. G. B. The relative metabolic inertia of tendon collagen in the rat. Biochem J. 1951 Jul;49(2):199–204. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Nwagwu M., Lianga J. Changes in seryl-tRNA formation in developing chick muscle. Can J Biochem. 1974 Oct;52(10):838–844. doi: 10.1139/o74-120. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Oberg B. Carbethoxylation of polynucleotides. Eur J Biochem. 1971 Apr 30;19(4):496–501. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1971.tb01340.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Ortwerth B. J. The effect of diethyl pyrocarbonate on the transfer RNA of bovine muscle. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1971 Aug 26;246(2):344–348. doi: 10.1016/0005-2787(71)90145-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Rafaeli-Eshkol D., Epstein D., Hershko A. Roles of protein synthesis and tRNA aminoacylation in the regulation of intracellular protein breakdown in E. coli. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1974 Dec 11;61(3):899–905. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(74)90240-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Rubin I. B., Mitchell T. J., Goldstein G. A program of statistical designs for optimizing specific transfer ribonucleic acid assay conditions. Anal Chem. 1971 May;43(6):717–721. doi: 10.1021/ac60301a003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. SARIN P. S., ZAMECNIK P. C. ON THE STABILITY OF AMINOACYL-S-RNA TO NUCLEOPHILIC CATALYSIS. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1964 Dec 16;91:653–655. doi: 10.1016/0926-6550(64)90018-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Smith D. W., McNamara A. L. Specialization of rabbit reticulocyte transfer RNA content for hemoglobin synthesis. Science. 1971 Feb 12;171(3971):577–579. doi: 10.1126/science.171.3971.577. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Smith D. W., McNamara A. L. The distribution of transfer ribonucleic acid in rabbit reticulocytes. Levels of aminoacylation and ribosomal attachment during hemoglobin synthesis. J Biol Chem. 1974 Mar 10;249(5):1330–1334. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Smith D. W., McNamara A. L. The transfer RNA content of rabbit reticulocytes: enumeration of the individual species per cell. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1972 Apr 26;269(1):67–77. doi: 10.1016/0005-2787(72)90075-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Solymosy F., Fedorcsák I., Gulyás A., Farkas G. L., Ehrenberg L. A new method based on the use of diethyl pyrocarbonate as a nuclease inhibitor for the extraction of undegraded nucleic acid from plant tissues. Eur J Biochem. 1968 Sep 24;5(4):520–527. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1968.tb00401.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Solymosy F., Hüvös P., Gulyás A., Kapovits I., Gaál O., Bagi G., Farkas G. L. Diethyl pyrocarbonate, a new tool in the chemical modification of nucleic acids? Biochim Biophys Acta. 1971 May 27;238(3):406–416. doi: 10.1016/0005-2787(71)90615-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Staehelin M. The primary structure of transfer ribonucleic acid. Experientia. 1971 Jan 15;27(1):1–11. doi: 10.1007/BF02137708. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Steiner R., Vogel H. On the kinetics of erythroid cell differentiation in fetal mice. I. Microspectrophotometric determination of the hemoglobin content in erythroid cells during gestation. J Cell Physiol. 1973 Jun;81(3):323–338. doi: 10.1002/jcp.1040810305. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Stephen J. M., Waterlow J. C. Use of carbon-14-labelled arginine to measure the catabolic rate of serum and liver proteins and the extent of amino-acid recycling. Nature. 1966 Aug 27;211(5052):978–980. doi: 10.1038/211978a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Teuwissen B., Darbre A. Preparation of volatile derivatives of amino acids on a solid support followed by direct injection into the gas chromatography column. J Chromatogr. 1970 Jun 3;49(2):298–300. doi: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)93636-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Weiss J. F., Kelmers A. D. A new chromatographic system for increased resolution of transfer ribonucleic acids. Biochemistry. 1967 Aug;6(8):2507–2513. doi: 10.1021/bi00860a030. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. YAMANE T., SUEOKA N. ENZYMIC EXCHANGE OF LEUCINE BETWEEN DIFFERENT COMPONENTS OF LEUCINE ACCEPTOR RNA IN ESCHERICHIA COLI. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1964 Jun;51:1178–1184. doi: 10.1073/pnas.51.6.1178. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Yamane T. Correlation between aminoacyl-sRNA pool and amino acid composition of proteins. J Mol Biol. 1965 Dec;14(2):616–618. doi: 10.1016/s0022-2836(65)80214-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Yang W. K. Isoaccepting transfer RNA's in mammalian differentiated cells and tumor tissues. Cancer Res. 1971 May;31(5):639–643. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Yang W. K., Novelli G. D. Multiple isoaccepting transfer RNA's in a muouse plasma cell tumor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1968 Jan;59(1):208–215. doi: 10.1073/pnas.59.1.208. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Yegian C. D., Stent G. S., Martin E. M. Intracellular condition of Escherichia coli transfer RNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1966 Apr;55(4):839–846. doi: 10.1073/pnas.55.4.839. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Zumwalt R. W., Roach D., Gehrke C. W. Gas-liquid chromatography of amino acids in biological substances. J Chromatogr. 1970 Dec;53(2):171–194. doi: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)98457-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Biochemical Journal are provided here courtesy of The Biochemical Society

RESOURCES