Abstract
Background
Medical research is an essential aspect of the training of resident doctors and is required by postgraduate medical colleges in Nigeria as part of the fulfilment of fellowship awards. However, research participation among resident doctors in Nigeria is low, despite seemingly high interest in research among resident doctors. The objective of our study is to examine the knowledge, attitudes, practices, and barriers related to medical research among resident doctors in a public and private tertiary care in Nigeria.
Methodology
The study is a descriptive cross-sectional study carried out between November 2023 and December 2023 in a public tertiary hospital and a private tertiary hospital in Nigeria. A total of 352 participants were recruited for the study—303 from the public tertiary hospital and 49 from the private tertiary hospital. The obtained data were analysed using SPSS Statistics version 26 (IBM Corp. Released 2019. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 26.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.). The significance level was set at P < 0.005.
Results
The majority (63.92%) of the participants had spent between 2 and 5 years in residency training. A total of 57.67% had participated in research other than dissertations, while 35.23% had participated in research publications. The majority (48.58%) of participants assessed their research knowledge to be fair, whereas 2.56% assessed their knowledge to be excellent. Multivariate analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between self-reported knowledge of research and the number of research publications (adjusted ρ = 0.332; P < 0.001). The leading (60.8%) barrier to research participation among resident doctors in Nigeria was lack of time due to stress/pressure of the residency program. An overwhelming majority (95.17%) of resident doctors have shown interest in research participation, and up to 75.87% even want it to be mandatory for all resident doctors in Nigeria.
Conclusion
This study showed that despite limited participation, resident doctors have a positive attitude towards research. However, there is a struggle to translate this enthusiasm into practical application; hence, there is a need to address the barriers to effective participation of resident doctors in medical research.
Supplementary Information
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12909-024-06548-y.
Keywords: Research, Medical research, Resident doctors, Residency training
Introduction
Medical research plays a crucial role in the advancement of healthcare and the improvement of patient outcomes. It provides a platform for discovering new treatments, identifying preventive measures, and gaining a deeper understanding of various diseases and conditions. In the context of resident doctors, who are at a critical stage of their medical training, fostering a culture of research is essential to develop their skills as future healthcare providers and researchers [1].
Residency training in Nigeria is focused on three pillars: clinical services, research, and training. As part of their postgraduate medical/dental training, resident doctors are expected to develop logical and analytical skills and gain knowledge in their chosen specialty. Research participation is an essential aspect of their training and is required by the West African College of Physicians/Surgeons and the National Postgraduate Medical College as a partial fulfilment for the attainment of fellowship awards [1, 2]. The rationale behind the aforementioned requirements is to enhance the training outcomes of residents during the period of their residency program [3]. Nevertheless, the current level of participation by resident doctors in Nigeria in research activities remains notably limited [2]. This raises concerns about their insufficient engagement beyond the curriculum.
Knowledge, attitudes, practices, and barriers related to medical research among resident doctors in tertiary hospitals are crucial factors that can significantly impact the progress and success of medical research [4, 5]. Understanding these aspects can help identify areas that require improvement, implement effective strategies to enhance resident doctors’ engagement in research, and ultimately contribute to the growth of medical knowledge and innovation.
In the current body of literature, there is a noticeable scarcity of data regarding the viewpoints of resident doctors on medical research in tertiary hospitals within sub-Saharan Africa, including Nigeria. Most similar studies have been conducted predominantly in Europe and Asia [4, 6, 7–9]. However, separate African studies conducted by Igbokwe et al. [2] and Morges et al. [10] noted that the publication rates were very low despite positive attitudes towards research. This was attributed to lack of funding and time, poor infrastructure, belief about research, and inadequate research knowledge and methodology.
This study aimed to examine the self-reported knowledge level, attitudes, practices, and barriers related to medical research among resident doctors in public and private tertiary care in Nigeria. Understanding these factors is crucial for identifying areas that require improvement and implementing strategies to enhance resident doctors’ engagement in research.
Methodology
The study is descriptive cross-sectional study carried out between November 1, 2023, and December 31, 2023, among resident doctors at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH) in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria, and Babcock University Teaching Hospital (BUTH) in Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria.
UBTH: Edo State is situated in the South‒South geopolitical zone of Nigeria, with Benin-City serving as its administrative headquarters. The UBTH is an 860-bed facility that offers primary, secondary, and tertiary healthcare services to the entire state of Edo and neighboring states, including Delta, Ondo, and Kogi. It is situated along the Benin-Lagos expressway. The hospital encompasses 25 clinical departments, each housing an average of 3 to 30 consultants, and it employs a total of 371 resident doctors, distributed across all departments, with an average of 23 residents per department.
BUTH is a distinguished private tertiary hospital located in Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria. Ilishan-Remo is positioned within the Irepodun district in the Ikenne Local Government Area of Ogun State in the southwestern region of Nigeria. BUTH serves as a vital healthcare hub not only for Ogun State but also for patients hailing from these neighboring states. The hospital operates 15 clinical departments, each supported by an average of 3 to 10 consultants, and it employs a total of 60 resident doctors across all departments.
Study: The study participants were recruited through consecutive convenience sampling following the acquisition of written consent. Participation in the study was voluntary, and participants received a detailed explanation of the study’s purpose. All residents who expressed interest were eligible for recruitment. Eligibility criteria: a doctor in UBTH or BUTH undergoing advanced training in any of the medical specialties, supervised by at least one of the following constituted bodies: Nigerian Post-Graduate Medical College (NPMC), West-African College of Physicians (WACP), or West-African College of Surgeons (WACS).
Any information obtained during this study was treated with the utmost confidentiality and solely used for research purposes.
Study Instrument: The study utilized a structured questionnaire for self-administration by the participants. It comprised questions from five parts. The first part obtained information about the biodata of participants (department, age, sex, marital status, cadre and years of residency); the second part obtained information about training and knowledge of medical research by participants; the third part obtained information about participants’ practice of medical research; the fourth part obtained information about participants’ perceived barriers to medical research; the fifth part obtained information about participants’ attitude to medical research. To ensure validity and reliability of the questionnaire, we piloted with a small group of participants. The pilot test with sample size of 40 revealed the questionnaire was clear, relevant, and feasible for participants to complete. The questionnaire showed good performance metrics, such as high response rates (100%) and low missing data rates (2%). The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for our study instrument was 0.85 (95% CI: 0.78–0.92).
Sample size: Based on previous study by Ibokwe et al. [2], which showed low publication rate of about 16% among resident doctors in Nigeria, a small effect size of 0.2 was used. With a confidence level of 95%, power of 95%, and effect size of 0.2, the sample size for the bivariate normal model was calculated using GPower 3.1 statistical software (Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany). A sample size of 320 was obtained; however, when an attrition rate of 10% was taken into consideration, there were 352 participants in this study.
Data analysis: Data obtained were entered and analysed using SPSS Statistics version 26 (IBM Corp. Released 2019. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 26.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.). The data are presented in tables and charts. Frequencies and percentages were used to present categorical variables, and the level of association was tested using the chi-square test, and Spearman’s rank correlation was used. The significance level was set at P < 0.05.
Results
As shown in Table 1, 352 residents participated in the study. The majority (42.61%) of participants were between the ages of 35 and 39 years. Most (57.39%) participants were male. 61% of participants were married, while 36.1% were single (36.1%) or divorced (2.6%). Most (53.98%) participants were junior residents. Two hundred and twenty-five (63.92%) participants had 2–5 years of residency.
Table 1.
Background characteristics of participants
| Variables (N = 352) | Frequency | Percent |
|---|---|---|
| Age | ||
| < 25 years | 4 | 1.14 |
| 25–29 years | 20 | 5.68 |
| 30–34 years | 103 | 29.26 |
| 35–39 years | 150 | 42.61 |
| 40–44 years | 64 | 18.18 |
| > 45 years | 11 | 3.12 |
| Sex | ||
| Male | 202 | 57.39 |
| Female | 150 | 42.61 |
| Marital status | ||
| Single | 127 | 36.08 |
| Married | 216 | 61.36 |
| Divorced | 9 | 2.56 |
| Cadre | ||
| Junior resident | 190 | 53.98 |
| Senior resident | 162 | 46.02 |
| Years of residency | ||
| < 2 years | 41 | 11.65 |
| 2–5 years | 225 | 63.92 |
| > 5 years | 86 | 24.43 |
N = total number
As shown in Table 2, of the 352 participants in the study, 303 were from the UBTH, while 49 were from the BUTH. Most participants (17.33%) were from the department of surgery, followed by dentistry (11.36%) and paediatrics (10.8%).
Table 2.
Demographics of the study participants
| Department | UBTH, N = 303 | BUTH, N = 49 | TOTAL, N = 352 |
|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
| Public health and community medicine | 10 (3.30) | 2 (4.08) | 12 (3.41) |
| Surgery | 55 (18.15) | 6 (12.24) | 61 (17.33) |
| Radiology | 16 (5.28) | 10 (20.41) | 26 (7.39) |
| Anaesthesiology | 27 (8.91) | 2 (4.08) | 29 (8.24) |
| Family medicine | 23 (7.59) | 5 (10.20) | 28 (7.95) |
| Paediatrics | 31 (10.23) | 7 (14.29) | 38 (10.80) |
| Internal medicine | 31 (10.23) | 6 (12.24) | 37 (10.51) |
| Ophthamology | 14 (4.62) | 1 (2.04) | 15 (4.26) |
| Haematology | 4 (1.32) | 0 (0) | 4 (1.14) |
| Anatomic pathology | 6 (1.98) | 1 (2.04) | 7 (1.99) |
| Medical microbiology | 7 (2.31) | 2 (4.08) | 9 (2.56) |
| Dentistry | 40 (13.20) | 0 (0) | 40 (11.36) |
| Chemical pathology | 12 (3.96) | 0 (0) | 12 (3.41) |
| Obstetrics and gynaecology | 27 (8.91) | 7 (14.29) | 34 (9.66) |
N = total number; n = frequency; % = percentage; UBTH = University of Benin Teaching Hospital; BUTH = Babcock University Teaching Hospital
Table 3 shows the practice and experience of the participants in medical research. 58% of participants had undergraduate training in research, and 51.42% of participants had participated in residency training/update courses in research. Up to 66% of participants claimed that their respective departments had departmental journal reviews. Approximately 58% of the participants had participated in research other than their dissertations, 35.23% of the residents have research publication and only 10.80% have first author publication.
Table 3.
Practice and experience regarding research
| Variables | No | Yes |
|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | |
| Participated in research training course (undergraduate) | 147 (41.76) | 205 (58.24) |
| Participated in research training/update course (residency) | 171 (48.58) | 181 (51.42) |
| Departmental journal review meeting | 118 (33.52) | 234 (66.48) |
| Understanding of the concept of research hypothesis | 107 (30.40) | 245 (69.60) |
| Aware of procedure to obtain informed consent | 73 (20.74) | 279 (79.26) |
| Awareness of body/committee to seek approval before conducting clinical research | 95 (27.07) | 256 (72.93) |
| Participated in research other than dissertation | 149 (42.33) | 203 (57.67) |
| Any research publication | 228 (64.77) | 124 (35.23) |
| Scientific paper/poster presentation | 229 (65.06) | 123 (34.94) |
| First author publication | 314 (89.20) | 38 (10.80) |
n = frequency; % = percentage
As shown in Fig. 1, the majority (48.58%) of participants assessed their research knowledge to be fair, whereas 2.56% assessed their knowledge to be excellent.
Fig. 1.
Self-reported level of research knowledge
As shown in Table 4, undergraduate research training (adjusted ρ = 0.183; P = 0.001) and postgraduate research training (adjusted ρ = 0.242; P < 0.001) were significantly positively correlated with self-reported levels of research knowledge.
Table 4.
Multivariate analysis of the relationships between self-reported levels of research knowledge and age, cadre, years of residency, undergraduate research training, residency research training and departmental journal review meetings
| Variables, N = 352 |
Unadjusted | Adjusted | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ρ | P value | ρ | P value | |
| Age | 0.071 | 0.185 | 0.002 | 0.975 |
| Cadre | 0.197 | < 0.001* | 0.029 | 0.594 |
| Years of residency | 0.127 | 0.017* | 0.008 | 0.875 |
| Undergraduate research training | 0.255 | < 0.001* | 0.183 | 0.001* |
| Residency research training | 0.355 | < 0.001* | 0.242 | < 0.001* |
| Departmental journal review meeting | 0.143 | 0.007* | 0.052 | 0.331 |
ρ = Spearman’s rank correlation; * = significant P value
Figure 2 shows that most participants (66.04%) had no research publications, whereas 21.59% had only one publication, and up to 13% of participants had more than one research publication.
Fig. 2.
Bar chart of the number of research publications by participants
As shown in Table 5, self-reported level of research knowledge (adjusted ρ = 0.332; P < 0.001) had the strongest correlation with the number of research publications when controlling for cadre and years of residency.
Table 5.
Multivariate analysis of the relationships between the number of research publications and level of knowledge, cadre and years of residency
| Variables, N = 254 |
Unadjusted | Adjusted | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ρ | P value | ρ | P value | |
| Level of research knowledge | 0.303 | < 0.001* | 0.332 | < 0.001* |
| Cadre | 0.291 | < 0.001* | 0.108 | 0.043* |
| Years of residency | 0.288 | < 0.001* | 0.159 | 0.003* |
ρ = Spearman’s rank correlation; * = significant P value
As shown in Table 6 and 12.3% of the senior residents had first author publications, while 9.5% of the junior residents had first author publications; however, the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.271).
Table 6.
Association between cadre of participants and first author publication
| Cadre N = 254 |
First author publication | X2 | P - value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No, n (%) | Yes, n (%) | |||
| Junior resident | 172 (90.5) | 18 (9.5) | 0.749 | 0.387 |
| Senior resident | 142 (87.7) | 20 (12.3) | ||
N = total number; % = percent; n = frequency; X2 = chi-square test statistic
As shown in Table 7, the leading barrier to research among participants was lack of time due to the stress/pressure of the residency program (60.8%). Other major barriers include inadequate mentorship (58.8%), inadequate financial support (55.3%), lack of adequate research training courses (53.9%), lack of motivation (53.0%), and lack of adequate knowledge (48.1%).
Table 7.
Barriers to research among participants
| Barriers | Frequency | Percent |
|---|---|---|
| Lack of adequate knowledge | 167 | 48.1 |
| Lack of research materials and equipment | 143 | 41.2 |
| Lack of adequate research training courses | 187 | 53.9 |
| Inadequate mentorship | 204 | 58.8 |
| Inadequate financial support | 192 | 55.3 |
| Lack of motivation | 184 | 53.0 |
| Complicated and onerous paper work | 83 | 23.9 |
| Lack of time due to stress/pressure of residency program | 211 | 60.8 |
| Lack of interest | 51 | 14.7 |
As seen in Table 8, more senior registrars had inadequate financial support (61.11%) as barrier to medical research than junior registrars (48.95%), P = 0.022. Similarly, more senior registrars had lack of motivation (61.11%) as barrier to medical research than junior registrars (44.74%), P = 0.002.
Table 8.
Association between perceived barriers to medical research and cadre of resident doctors
| Barriers to medical research | JR n (%) |
SR n (%) |
X2 | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lack of adequate knowledge | No | 94 (49.47) | 91 (56.17) | 1.574 | 0.210 |
| Yes | 96 (50.53) | 71 (43.83) | |||
| Lack of research materials and equipment | No | 110 (57.89) | 99 (61.11) | 0.375 | 0.540 |
| Yes | 80 (42.11) | 63 (38.89) | |||
| Lack of adequate research training courses | No | 81 (42.63) | 84 (51.85) | 2.985 | 0.084 |
| Yes | 109 (57.37) | 78 (48.11) | |||
| Inadequate mentorship | No | 86 (45.26) | 62 (38.27) | 1.754 | 0.185 |
| Yes | 104 (54.74) | 100 (61.73) | |||
| Inadequate financial support | No | 97 (51.05) | 63 (38.89) | 5.218 | 0.022* |
| Yes | 93 (48.95) | 99 (61.11) | |||
| Lack of motivation | No | 105 (55.26) | 63 (38.89) | 9.395 | 0.002* |
| Yes | 85 (44.74) | 99 (61.11) | |||
| Complicated and onerous paper work | No | 142 (74.74) | 127 (78.40) | 0.649 | 0.420 |
| Yes | 48 (25.26) | 35 (21.60) | |||
| Lack of time due to stress/pressure of residency program | No | 82 (43.39) | 57 (35.40) | 2.314 | 0.128 |
| Yes | 107 (56.61) | 104 (64.60) | |||
| Lack of interest | No | 163 (85.79) | 138 (85.19) | 0.026 | 0.872 |
| Yes | 27 (14.21) | 24 (14.81) | |||
JR = Junior registrar; SR = senior registrar; n = frequency; X2 = Chi-square test statistics; * = Significant P value
As shown in Fig. 3, an overwhelming majority of the participants (95.17%) were interested in conducting research in the future.
Fig. 3.
Pie chart showing participants’ interest in conducting research
As shown in Fig. 4, the majority of participants (75.85%) believed that research training should be mandatory for all residents. Approximately 9% of the participants believed it should be mandatory only for senior residents.
Fig. 4.
Pie chart showing the response of participants to whether research should be mandatory for residents
Discussion
A resident doctor is an individual who is engaged in advanced and specialized graduate medical education under the supervision of a recognized governing body or board, with the aim of becoming a specialist or subspecialist. In Nigeria, the training of resident doctors occurs in accredited centers sanctioned by the Nigerian Postgraduate Medical College (NPMC), West African College of Physicians (WACP), or West African College of Surgeons (WACS).
In this study, the majority of study participants who had participated in undergraduate (58.24%) or postgraduate (51.42%) training courses had fair general knowledge of what research entails. This finding is in accordance with similar studies [2, 8, 10] conducted in other locations. The majority of the study participants had a good understanding of the concept of the research hypothesis, which is similar to the findings of studies by Pawar et al. [4] and Satav et al. [11], who reported that the concept of the research hypothesis was understood by 58% and 48% of respondents, respectively. Purushottam et al. [12] reported that the concept of a research hypothesis was known by only 18.9% of graduate students. This awareness of research concepts among the subjects in this study could be explained by the effort of the training bodies to foster knowledge on research early enough by inculcating it in the school curriculum.
In this study, a good number of the participants (57.67%) had participated in a research study; this finding is similar to that of the study by Sumi et al. [5], who noted a 59.7% rate of research involvement among resident doctors. In contrast, a study conducted among resident doctors in Nigeria by Igbokwe et al. [2] revealed a greater percentage of subjects (85.0%) who had previously participated in research endeavors. Given the considerable proportion of respondents with prior involvement in research, it is proposed that further investigations be undertaken to evaluate the extent of resident doctors’ comprehension of clinical research methodology in Nigeria. This is imperative because mere engagement in research endeavors does not automatically indicate a profound grasp of research methodology.
However, in this study, only a few study participants had any publication (35.23%) or scientific presentation (34.94%). The study by Sumi et al. [5] exhibited a higher publication rate of 48.9% among Japanese resident doctors, while the studies by Satav et al. [11] reported a 15% publication rate, and Pawar et al. [4] reported a very low publication rate of 4% of study participants and 28% had presented research papers at national conferences. Igbokwe et al. [2] reported similarly low publication rates of 15.6% and 16.6% in local and international journals, respectively. These pivotal research-related activities serve as crucial benchmarks for evaluating research outputs and, by extension, the scholarly contributions of resident doctors. This suggests that a considerable portion of Nigerian resident doctors might begin their postresidency careers with their thesis as their sole research output.
This study revealed a significant positive correlation between research publications and self-reported levels of research knowledge when controlled for cadre and year of residency. Multivariate analysis also revealed a positive but weaker correlation between research publications and cadre and between research publications and year of residency. However, the year of residency showed a stronger correlation with research publications than cadre. This finding is similar to the findings of Igbokwe et al. [2], who reported that completing more than four years of residency is positive predictor of number of research publications among resident doctors. This finding implies that longer durations spent in residency programs may increase the likelihood of publishing research findings. This could be attributed to the extended exposure to clinical practice and academic environments, providing residents with more opportunities to engage in research activities and develop their scholarly pursuits.
In this study, a minority of the subjects (33.81%) reported self-assessed knowledge of medical research to be above average, which is similar to the finding of Moges et et al. [10] (27%). This can be attributed to the quality and consistency of medical research training in our settings. As shown in our study, undergraduate research training and postgraduate research training have significant positive correlations with self-reported levels of research knowledge when controlled for other variables, hence, they are the two most important factors influencing knowledge of research among residents. During undergraduate training, medical students only encounter research when taking a course on community health, and most postgraduate students have only one to two updated courses on research during the average 7-year residency program; hence, there is a need to develop a curriculum that mandates yearly research courses for all resident doctors, as also recommended by the study participants.
A substantial number of respondents from our survey expressed the view that medical research training should be mandatory across all stages of residency training. This viewpoint carries significant merit and warrants careful consideration from all stakeholders involved in shaping residency training programs.
In the present study, a significant majority of the subjects (95.17%) expressed a interest in pursuing future research endeavors. However, the realization of this aspiration hinges upon addressing the primary barriers identified in this study. These barriers include time constraints resulting from the stressful nature of the residency program, insufficient mentorship opportunities, and financial limitations among resident doctors in our region, among others. Significant association was noted between inadequate financial support and cadre of resident doctor, as well as between lack of motivation and cadre of resident doctor, as these tend to affect the senior registrars more.
To overcome these obstacles and facilitate a conducive environment for research, several actionable recommendations have been proposed. Firstly, the implementation of annual research leave for all levels of resident doctors may afford them dedicated time to engage in research activities without the burden of clinical duties. Additionally, fostering a culture of mentorship by encouraging senior colleagues to guide and support junior residents in their research pursuits may greatly enhance skill development and knowledge transfer. Furthermore, enhancing financial support mechanisms, such as bolstering the Medical Residency Training Fund, may provide crucial resources for research-related expenses and encourage greater participation in scholarly activities. Moreover, it is imperative to address institutional and infrastructural deficiencies that impede research productivity. This may involve improving access to research facilities, enhancing collaboration with academic institutions and research centers, and providing opportunities for continuing education in research methodology. Lastly, fostering a culture of research appreciation and recognition within the medical community through initiatives such as awards, grants, and research symposiums can further incentivize resident doctors to actively engage in research endeavors, thereby enriching the scholarly landscape and advancing medical knowledge.
A major limitation to the study was the sampling frame restricted to only two hospitals, as well as coverage of only two geographic regions. Also, the self-reported pattern of assessing research knowledge is not exactly accurate in testing the research knowledge of resident doctors, hence, may pose some limitations in predicting its influence on research participation. Due to the above limitations, the study may not be fully generalizable to other regions and tertiary healthcare settings. However, future studies covering more regions and tertiary hospitals would protect against institutional bias as well as inspire more in-depth analysis of interdepartmental factors that may predict knowledge, attitude and barriers to research activities among resident.
Conclusion
Our study revealed that resident doctors possess a moderate level of understanding of medical research and display a favorable disposition toward it. However, there is a struggle to translate this knowledge and enthusiasm into practical application. This discrepancy can be attributed to significant obstacles identified in the index study in their pursuit of research endeavors. Therefore, it is crucial to enhance the research capacity of resident doctors in Nigeria.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Supplementary Material 1: Perspective on research among resident doctors in tertiary hospital data.
Supplementary Material 2: Questionnaire on perspective on research among resident doctors in tertiary hospital.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Author contributions
ACK contributed to the conception and design of the study. He also drafted the initial version of the work and contributed significantly to the final version. He has approved the submitted version and has agreed to be personally held accountable for his contribution or any part of the study.BAS contributed to the study design, analysis and interpretation of the data and contributed in the final version of the work. He has approved the submitted version and has agreed to be held accountable for his contribution or any part of the study.OOJ contributed to the study design and data acquisition. He has approved the submitted version and has agreed to be held accountable for his contribution or any part of the study.EMU contributed to the data acquisition and substantively revised the manuscript. She has approved the submitted version and has agreed to be held accountable for her contribution or any part of the study.
Funding
No funding.
Data availability
All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article [and its supplementary information files].
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The ethical committee of the University of Bening Teaching Hospital granted ethical approval with the protocol number ADME/E 22/A/VOL/V11/1483011210036. Informed consent was gotten from all participants.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Footnotes
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Supplementary Materials
Supplementary Material 1: Perspective on research among resident doctors in tertiary hospital data.
Supplementary Material 2: Questionnaire on perspective on research among resident doctors in tertiary hospital.
Data Availability Statement
All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article [and its supplementary information files].