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. 2024 Dec 13;12(12):2579. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms12122579

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© 2024 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Mechanism of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) development and dissemination. Gene cassettes are present in various environments and can integrate into plasmids within bacteria. The acquisition of these gene cassettes enables bacteria to develop resistance to antimicrobial agents. Environmental bacteria can interact with humans through air, food, water, and physical contact, facilitating the transmission of resistant bacteria. Humans may encounter resistant bacteria, leading to increased AMR in human-associated bacterial populations.