Abstract
The basiocciput of 265 Indian adult human skulls was examined for precondylar tubercles, which are single or paired osseous formations anterior to the occipital condyles and foramen magnum. Of the 14% of skulls displaying these tubercles unilaterally or bilaterally, 5.3% demonstrated ridges, 4.9% showed spines and 3.8% exhibited processes. Sexual dimorphism was evident with female skulls showing a higher incidence (8.7%) compared with male skulls (5.3%). The corresponding atlas vertebrae were normal. These craniovertebral anomalies may have clinical relevance for lesions at the foramen magnum.
Full text
PDF
Images in this article
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- BROMAN G. E., Jr Precondylar tubercles in American whites and Negroes. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1957 Mar;15(1):125–135. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330150114. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Berry A. C. Factors affecting the incidence of non-metrical skeletal variants. J Anat. 1975 Dec;120(Pt 3):519–535. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Carolineberry A., Berry R. J. Epigenetic variation in the human cranium. J Anat. 1967 Apr;101(Pt 2):361–379. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gladstone R J, Erichsen-Powell W. Manifestation of Occipital Vertebrae, and Fusion of the Atlas with the Occipital Bone. J Anat Physiol. 1915 Jan;49(Pt 2):190–209. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gladstone R. J., Wakeley C. P. Variations of the Occipito-Atlantal Joint in Relation to the Metameric Structure of the Cranio-Vertebral Region. J Anat. 1925 Jan;59(Pt 2):195–216. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- LOMBARDI G. The occipital vertebra. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1961 Aug;86:260–269. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- MARSHALL D. S. Precondylar tubercle incidence rates. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1955 Mar;13(1):147–151. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330130112. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- McRAE D. L. Bony abnormalities in the region of the foramen magnum: correlation of the anatomic and neurologic findings. Acta radiol. 1953 Aug-Sep;40(2-3):335–354. doi: 10.3109/00016925309176595. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nagashima C., Kubota S. Craniocervical abnormalities. Modern diagnosis and a comprehensive surgical approach. Neurosurg Rev. 1983;6(4):187–197. doi: 10.1007/BF01743100. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nicholson J. T., Sherk H. H. Anomalies of the occipitocervical articulation. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1968 Mar;50(2):295–304. doi: 10.2106/00004623-196850020-00008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pia H. W. Craniocervical malformations. Neurosurg Rev. 1983;6(4):169–175. doi: 10.1007/BF01743098. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Putz R. Zur Manifestation der hypochordalen Spangen im cranio-vertebralen Grenzgebiet beim Menschen. Anat Anz. 1975;137(1-2):65–74. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Shapiro R., Robinson F. Anomalies of the craniovertebral border. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1976 Aug;127(2):281–287. doi: 10.2214/ajr.127.2.281. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Smoker W. R. Craniovertebral junction: normal anatomy, craniometry, and congenital anomalies. Radiographics. 1994 Mar;14(2):255–277. doi: 10.1148/radiographics.14.2.8190952. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]