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. 2005 Jul;49(7):3040–3045. doi: 10.1128/AAC.49.7.3040-3045.2005

In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of DX-619, a Novel Des-Fluoro(6) Quinolone

Katsuko Fujikawa 1,*, Megumi Chiba 1, Mayumi Tanaka 1, Kenichi Sato 1
PMCID: PMC1168666  PMID: 15980395

Abstract

The in vitro activities of DX-619, des-fluoro(6) quinolone, against 1,208 clinical isolates were examined. DX-619 was particularly potent against staphylococci, including ciprofloxacin- and methicillin-resistant strains; the MIC at which 90% of the strains tested were inhibited was 0.5 μg/ml. In addition, DX-619 was also active against gram-negative bacteria.

The development of resistance to antimicrobial agents and the emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCNS), penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing gram-negative rods, and multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1, 8, 10, 13, 17, 20), have generated worldwide concern in the medical community. Among these, MRSA and VRE are common gram-positive pathogens of nosocomial infections which account for outbreaks and are increasing in frequency (4, 5, 14). Furthermore, community-acquired MRSA infections have been reported in recent years (6). Vancomycin is still widely used against serious infections caused by MRSA and enterococci, because there are only a few therapeutic options (19). The emergence of vancomycin-resistant strains of MRSA has been reported sporadically since 2002 (2, 9, 18). Recently, linezolid, a new synthetic oxazolidinone active against MRSA and VRE, has been a potential alternative (3, 22). However, linezolid- and vancomycin-resistant enterococci have been reported already (15). These problems reveal an urgent need for new antibacterials that are active against multidrug-resistant gram-positive bacteria. In this context, a novel des-fluoro(6) quinolone, DX-619, has been synthesized, with the chemical structure shown in Fig. 1.

FIG. 1.

FIG. 1.

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Chemical structure of DX-619.

In this study, we compared the antimicrobial activity of DX-619 with those of other quinolones and the other classes of antibacterial agents, including anti-gram-positive bacterial agents, against freshly isolated bacteria.

(This study was presented in part at the 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, Ill., 14 to 17 September 2003 [H. Inagaki et al., abstr. F-1054].)

DX-619, ciprofloxacin, clinafloxacin, garenoxacin, gatifloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, sitafloxacin, and linezolid were synthesized at Daiichi Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan. Ampicillin, benzylpenicillin, cefaclor, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, imipenem, oxacillin, arbekacin, clindamycin, metronidazole, minocycline, quinupristin-dalfopristin, teicoplanin, and vancomycin were purchased from the manufacturers or Sigma Aldrich Japan (Tokyo, Japan). Each drug was used as an anhydrous free base.

Bacterial strains were collected by the Levofloxacin Surveillance Group from patients in Japan in 2000 (20), with the exception of the strains mentioned below. Streptococcus agalactiae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and anaerobic bacteria isolated in Japan were obtained from BML, Inc. (Saitama, Japan). Five ciprofloxacin-resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae were isolated in Asia and Europe in 1997 and 1998 (16), and nine such strains were collected by the Levofloxacin Surveillance Group in Japan in 2002 (21). VRE were obtained from Creighton University (Omaha, Nebr.) and from Kyoto Pharmaceutical University and Gunma University in Japan.

MICs were determined according to the standard agar dilution method recommended by NCCLS (11) for bacterial species other than Haemophilus influenzae and anaerobes, for which the agar dilution method recommended by the Japanese Society of Chemotherapy was used (7). Mueller-Hinton agar (Becton Dickinson, Sparks, Md.)supplemented with 5% sheep blood (Kohjin Bio Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan) was used for streptococci and Moraxella catarrhalis, and GC agar (Becton Dickinson) was used for N. gonorrhoeae. Mueller-Hinton agar supplemented with 5% Fildes enrichment (Becton Dickinson) was used for H. influenzae, and modified Gifu anaerobe medium agar (Nissui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) was used for anaerobic bacteria. Drug-containing agar plates were incubated with one loopful of inoculum, corresponding to about 104 CFU (about 105 CFU for S. pneumoniae) per spot, and were incubated at 35°C for 20 h (48 h for Peptostreptococcus spp. and Clostridium difficile). N. gonorrhoeae was incubated under 5% CO2, and anaerobic bacteria were incubated under an anaerobic atmosphere. The MIC was defined as the lowest drug concentration that prevented visible growth of bacteria. Staphylococci, S. pneumoniae, enterococci, H. influenzae, P. aeruginosa, and N. gonorrhoeae were classified into three categories, susceptible, intermediate, or resistant, according to the breakpoint of NCCLS standards (12). The quality control strains recommended by NCCLS were included as internal controls throughout the study.

Table 1 shows the antibacterial activity of DX-619 against gram-positive bacteria in comparison with those of reference compounds. The MIC90s (MICs at which 90% of isolates are inhibited) of DX-619 against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-susceptible coagulase-negative staphylococci were both 0.015 μg/ml. MIC90s of DX-619 against ciprofloxacin-susceptible MRSA, ciprofloxacin-resistant MRSA, and MRCNS were 0.008, 0.5, and 0.12 μg/ml, respectively. Against staphylococci, DX-619 showed the most potent activity among the compounds tested, including anti-gram-positive agents. DX-619 was especially potent against ciprofloxacin-resistant MRSA, inhibiting the growth of all strains at 1 μg/ml, a MIC 2-fold lower than those of vancomycin and linezolid, 4-fold lower than those of teicoplanin and quinupristin-dalfopristin, and at least 16-fold lower than those of the other compounds tested. MIC90s of DX-619 against penicillin-susceptible S. pneumoniae, penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, and S. agalactiae were 0.015, 0.03, 0.015, and 0.12 μg/ml, respectively. Against 19 strains of ciprofloxacin-resistant S. pneumoniae, MICs of DX-619 ranged from 0.015 to 0.12 μg/ml, and the activity was also the highest among the compounds tested. MIC90s of DX-619 against vancomycin-susceptible and -resistant Enterococcus faecalis were 0.25 and 0.5 μg/ml, respectively, and MIC90s against vancomycin-susceptible and -resistant Enterococcus faecium and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus gallinarum were all 2 μg/ml. The activity against these VRE was also the highest among the reference compounds. DX-619 inhibited 90% of isolates of Peptostreptococcus spp. and C. difficile at 0.5 and 2 μg/ml, respectively.

TABLE 1.

Antibacterial activities of DX-619 and reference compounds against gram-positive bacteria

Organism (no. of strains) and compound MIC (μg/ml)
Range 50% 90%
Staphylococcus aureus
    Methicillin susceptible (48)
  DX-619 ≦0.004-0.06 0.008 0.015
  Levofloxacin 0.12-8 0.25 0.5
  Sitafloxacin 0.008-1 0.03 0.06
  Ciprofloxacin 0.12-32 0.5 2
  Moxifloxacin 0.03-2 0.06 0.12
  Gatifloxacin 0.06-4 0.12 0.25
  Garenoxacin 0.008-1 0.03 0.06
  Vancomycin 1-2 1 1
  Teicoplanin 0.25-1 0.5 0.5
  Quinupristin-dalfopristin 0.12-0.25 0.25 0.25
  Linezolid 2-4 2 4
  Arbekacin 4-128 8 16
  Imipenem 0.03-0.06 0.06 0.06
  Ceftriaxone 2-16 4 4
  Minocycline 0.12-16 0.12 0.12
  Oxacillin 0.25-1 0.5 1
    Methicillin resistant, ciprofloxacin susceptible (24)
  DX-619 ≦0.004-0.015 0.008 0.008
  Levofloxacin 0.12-0.25 0.25 0.25
  Sitafloxacin ≦0.004-0.03 0.03 0.03
  Ciprofloxacin 0.12-0.5 0.5 0.5
  Moxifloxacin 0.015-0.06 0.03 0.06
  Gatifloxacin 0.03-0.12 0.12 0.12
  Garenoxacin 0.008-0.03 0.015 0.03
  Vancomycin 1-2 2 2
  Teicoplanin 0.25-2 0.5 1
  Quinupristin-dalfopristin 0.12-0.5 0.25 0.5
  Linezolid 2 2 2
  Arbekacin 4-32 16 32
  Imipenem 0.25-64 1 32
  Ceftriaxone 32->128 128 >128
  Minocycline 0.12-16 0.12 4
  Oxacillin 16->128 64 >128
    Methicillin resistant, ciprofloxacin resistant (99)
  DX-619 0.03-1 0.06 0.5
  Levofloxacin 4->128 8 >128
  Sitafloxacin 0.25-16 0.5 8
  Ciprofloxacin 8->64 32 >64
  Moxifloxacin 1-64 2 32
  Gatifloxacin 1-128 4 64
  Garenoxacin 0.25-64 1 32
  Vancomycin 0.5-2 1 2
  Teicoplanin 0.25-4 1 1
  Quinupristin-dalfopristin 0.12-4 0.5 0.5
  Linezolid 0.5-2 1 1
  Arbekacin 4->128 8 32
  Imipenem 1->128 32 64
  Ceftriaxone >128 >128 >128
  Minocycline 0.06-16 8 16
  Oxacillin 64->128 >128 >128
Coagulase-negative staphylococci
 Methicillin susceptible (46)
  DX-619 ≦0.004-0.12 0.008 0.015
  Levofloxacin 0.12-16 0.25 0.5
  Sitafloxacin 0.008-0.25 0.015 0.03
  Ciprofloxacin 0.12-32 0.25 0.5
  Moxifloxacin 0.03-4 0.12 0.12
  Gatifloxacin 0.06-4 0.12 0.25
  Garenoxacin 0.015-1 0.03 0.06
  Vancomycin 0.5-4 1 2
  Teicoplanin 0.12-4 0.5 2
  Quinupristin-dalfopristin 0.12-0.25 0.12 0.25
  Linezolid 0.5-1 1 1
  Arbekacin 1-32 2 8
  Imipenem 0.015-0.03 0.03 0.03
  Ceftriaxone 0.5-8 1 2
  Minocycline 0.06-0.5 0.06 0.12
  Oxacillin 0.06-0.25 0.12 0.12
Methicillin resistant (45)
  DX-619 0.008-0.5 0.06 0.12
  Levofloxacin 0.25->128 8 32
  Sitafloxacin 0.015-2 0.25 0.5
  Ciprofloxacin 0.12->64 8 64
  Moxifloxacin 0.06-64 1 4
  Gatifloxacin 0.12-64 2 4
  Garenoxacin 0.03-32 1 4
  Vancomycin 1-4 2 2
  Teicoplanin 0.25-8 1 4
  Quinupristin-dalfopristin 0.12-0.25 0.12 0.25
  Linezolid 1-2 1 2
  Arbekacin 2-64 16 64
  Imipenem 0.12-128 32 64
  Ceftriaxone 8->128 32 >128
  Minocycline 0.06-16 0.25 8
  Oxacillin 2->128 32 >128
Streptococcus pneumoniae
    Penicillin susceptible (48)
  DX-619 ≦0.004-0.03 0.015 0.015
  Levofloxacin 0.5-2 1 2
  Sitafloxacin 0.03-0.12 0.06 0.06
  Ciprofloxacin 0.5-4 1 2
  Moxifloxacin 0.12-0.25 0.12 0.25
  Gatifloxacin 0.25-0.5 0.25 0.5
  Garenoxacin 0.015-0.25 0.06 0.12
  Vancomycin 0.25-1 0.5 1
  Quinupristin-dalfopristin 0.5-2 1 1
  Linezolid 0.5-2 1 2
  Imipenem ≦0.004-0.06 0.008 0.015
  Ceftriaxone 0.015-1 0.12 0.5
  Benzylpenicillin 0.015-0.06 0.03 0.06
Penicillin intermediate and resistant (50)
  DX-619 0.008-0.06 0.03 0.03
  Levofloxacin 1-2 1 2
  Sitafloxacin 0.03-0.25 0.06 0.12
  Ciprofloxacin 1-8 2 4
  Moxifloxacin 0.12-0.5 0.25 0.5
  Gatifloxacin 0.25-1 0.5 0.5
  Garenoxacin 0.03-0.25 0.12 0.12
  Vancomycin 0.25-1 0.5 0.5
  Quinupristin-dalfopristin 0.5-4 1 1
  Linezolid 1-2 1 2
  Imipenem 0.12-0.5 0.25 0.5
  Ceftriaxone 0.5-2 1 2
  Benzylpenicillin 1-4 2 2
Ciprofloxacin resistant (19)
  DX-619 0.015-0.12 0.03 0.12
  Levofloxacin 8-32 16 16
  Sitafloxacin 0.12-0.5 0.25 0.5
  Ciprofloxacin 4-32 16 32
  Moxifloxacin 1-4 2 4
  Gatifloxacin 2-8 4 8
  arenoxacin 0.06-2 0.5 1
  Vancomycin 0.12-1 0.5 1
  Quinupristin-dalfopristin 0.5-2 1 1
  Linezolid 0.25-1 1 1
  Imipenem ≦0.004-0.5 0.06 0.25
  Ceftriaxone 0.008-4 0.25 1
  Benzylpenicillin ≦0.004-4 0.25 4
Streptococcus pyogenes (49)
  DX-619 0.008-0.015 0.008 0.015
  Levofloxacin 0.25-2 0.5 1
  Sitafloxacin 0.015-0.06 0.03 0.06
  Ciprofloxacin 0.25-2 0.5 1
  Moxifloxacin 0.12-0.5 0.25 0.5
  Gatifloxacin 0.25-0.5 0.25 0.5
  Garenoxacin 0.06-0.25 0.12 0.25
  Vancomycin 0.5-1 0.5 1
  Teicoplanin 0.12-0.25 0.25 0.25
  Quinupristin-dalfopristin 0.25-0.5 0.5 0.5
  Linezolid 0.25-1 0.5 1
  Imipenem ≦0.004-0.008 ≦0.004 0.008
  Ceftriaxone ≦0.004-0.03 0.03 0.03
  Benzylpenicillin ≦0.004-0.015 0.015 0.015
Streptococcus agalactiae (19)
  DX-619 0.008-0.12 0.015 0.12
  Levofloxacin 0.5-32 1 32
  Sitafloxacin 0.06-1 0.06 0.5
  Ciprofloxacin 0.5-32 1 32
  Moxifloxacin 0.12-8 0.25 8
  Gatifloxacin 0.25-8 0.25 8
  Garenoxacin 0.06-4 0.12 4
  Vancomycin 0.5-2 1 1
  Teicoplanin 0.12-0.5 0.5 0.5
  Quinupristin-dalfopristin 0.5 0.5 0.5
  Linezolid 1-2 1 2
  Imipenem 0.015-0.03 0.03 0.03
  Ceftriaxone 0.06-0.25 0.12 0.12
  Benzylpenicillin 0.06-0.12 0.06 0.12
Enterococcus faecalis
    Vancomycin susceptible (50)
  DX-619 0.03-0.5 0.06 0.25
  Levofloxacin 1-128 2 32
  Sitafloxacin 0.06-4 0.12 2
  Ciprofloxacin 0.5-64 1 64
  Moxifloxacin 0.12-16 0.25 8
  Gatifloxacin 0.25-32 0.5 16
  Garenoxacin 0.12-8 0.25 4
  Vancomycin 1-4 1 2
  Teicoplanin 0.12-0.5 0.25 0.5
  Quinupristin-dalfopristin 4-32 8 16
  Linezolid 1-2 2 2
  Imipenem 1-4 1 4
 Vancomycin resistant (18)
  DX-619 0.015-0.5 0.25 0.5
  Levofloxacin 0.5-64 32 64
  Sitafloxacin 0.06-4 2 4
  Ciprofloxacin 0.25-128 32 64
  Moxifloxacin 0.12-32 16 32
  Gatifloxacin 0.25-32 16 32
  Garenoxacin 0.06-8 4 8
  Vancomycin 8->128 >128 >128
  Teicoplanin 0.25-128 64 128
  Quinupristin-dalfopristin 0.5-16 8 16
  Linezolid 2 2 2
  Imipenem 1-128 2 64
Enterococcus faecium
    Vancomycin susceptible (47)
  DX-619 0.03-4 1 2
  Levofloxacin 1-128 16 64
  Sitafloxacin 0.06-8 1 4
  Ciprofloxacin 1->64 16 64
  Moxifloxacin 0.25-64 8 32
  Gatifloxacin 0.25-32 16 32
  Garenoxacin 0.25-64 8 32
  Vancomycin 0.5-2 1 1
  Teicoplanin 0.25-2 0.5 1
  Quinupristin-dalfopristin 0.25-16 0.5 2
  Linezolid 2 2 2
  Imipenem 2->128 >128 >128
    Vancomycin resistant (19)
  DX-619 0.06-4 0.25 2
  Levofloxacin 2-64 4 64
  Sitafloxacin 0.12-8 0.5 8
  Ciprofloxacin 1->128 4 >128
  Moxifloxacin 0.5-32 4 32
  Gatifloxacin 0.5-32 4 32
  Garenoxacin 0.25-32 8 32
  Vancomycin 32->128 >128 >128
  Teicoplanin 0.5-64 32 64
  Quinupristin-dalfopristin 0.5-4 0.5 2
  Linezolid 2 2 2
  Imipenem 16->128 >128 >128
Enterococcus gallinarum Vancomycin resistant (13)
  DX-619 0.12-2 1 2
  Levofloxacin 2-64 16 64
  Sitafloxacin 0.25-8 2 8
  Ciprofloxacin 2->128 128 >128
  Moxifloxacin 0.5-32 4 32
  Gatifloxacin 0.5-64 8 32
  Garenoxacin 0.25-8 2 8
  Vancomycin 8->128 >128 >128
  Teicoplanin 0.5->128 32 >128
  Quinupristin-dalfopristin 0.25-2 0.5 2
  Linezolid 2 2 2
  Imipenem 1->128 >128 >128
Peptostreptococcus spp. (13)
  DX-619 ≦0.004-1 0.06 0.5
  Levofloxacin 0.06-32 4 16
  Sitafloxacin 0.015-2 0.06 0.5
  Ciprofloxacin 0.12-16 2 8
  Moxifloxacin 0.03-32 0.25 2
  Gatifloxacin 0.03-128 0.12 32
  Garenoxacin 0.12-64 1 8
  Vancomycin 0.25-4 0.25 1
  Teicoplanin 0.06-0.12 0.12 0.12
  Quinupristin-dalfopristin 0.25-0.5 0.5 0.5
  Linezolid 0.5-1 1 1
  Imipenem ≦0.004-1 0.03 0.12
  Ceftriaxone 0.06->128 0.25 4
Clostridium difficile (17)
  DX-619 0.25-32 2 2
  Levofloxacin 4-128 64 128
  Sitafloxacin 0.25-32 1 2
  Ciprofloxacin 16-64 32 64
  Moxifloxacin 2-128 32 32
  Gatifloxacin 2-64 32 32
  Garenoxacin 1-128 32 64
  Vancomycin 1-4 2 2
  Teicoplanin 0.06-0.25 0.12 0.25
  Quinupristin-dalfopristin 1-2 1 2
  Linezolid 0.5-4 1 4
  Imipenem 8-32 16 16
  Ceftriaxone 16->128 128 >128
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The antibacterial activity of DX-619 against gram-negative strains is shown in Table 2. DX-619 showed good antibacterial activity against H. influenzae, including ampicillin-resistant strains, and M. catarrhalis, against which the highest MIC was 0.06 μg/ml. DX-619 inhibited 90% of isolates of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter spp., Citrobacter spp., Salmonella spp., Proteus mirabilis, indole-positive Proteus, and Serratia marcescens at 1, 0.12, 0.5, 1, 0.06, 2, 0.5, and 2 μg/ml, respectively, and these activities were comparable to those of levofloxacin. DX-619 also showed activity comparable to that of levofloxacin against ciprofloxacin-susceptible P. aeruginosa, with a MIC90 of 1 μg/ml. The MIC90 of DX-619 against ciprofloxacin-resistant P. aeruginosa was 64 μg/ml. Against Acinetobacter spp. and N. gonorrhoeae including ciprofloxacin-resistant strains, DX-619 showed good antibacterial activity; the highest MIC against these species was 2 μg/ml. The MIC90 of DX-619 was 0.5 μg/ml against Bacteroides fragilis. The MICs of the compounds tested against the reference strains for quality control were reproducible throughout the study.

TABLE 2.

Antibacterial activities of DX-619 and reference compounds against gram-negative bacteria

Organism (no. of strains) and compound MIC (μg/ml)
Range 50% 90%
Haemophilus influenzae
    Ampicillin susceptible (20)
  DX-619 ≦0.004-0.008 ≦0.004 ≦0.004
  Levofloxacin 0.008-0.015 0.015 0.015
  Sitafloxacin ≦0.004 ≦0.004 ≦0.004
  Ciprofloxacin ≦0.004-0.015 0.008 0.008
  Moxifloxacin ≦0.004-0.015 0.008 0.015
  Gatifloxacin ≦0.004-0.015 0.008 0.008
  Garenoxacin ≦0.004-0.008 ≦0.004 0.008
  Imipenem 0.06-4 0.5 1
  Ceftazidime 0.06-0.5 0.12 0.25
  Cefaclor 1-8 2 4
  Ampicillin 0.12-0.5 0.25 0.5
    β-Lactamase positive, ampicillin resistant (21)
  DX-619 ≦0.004-0.008 ≦0.004 ≦0.004
  Levofloxacin ≦0.004-0.015 0.015 0.015
  Sitafloxacin ≦0.004 ≦0.004 ≦0.004
  Ciprofloxacin ≦0.004-0.015 0.008 0.008
  Moxifloxacin ≦0.004-0.03 0.015 0.015
  Gatifloxacin ≦0.004-0.015 0.008 0.008
  Garenoxacin ≦0.004-0.015 ≦0.004 0.008
  Imipenem 0.25-4 1 2
  Ceftazidime 0.06-0.5 0.12 0.5
  Cefaclor 1-32 8 16
  Ampicillin 4-128 16 32
    β-Lactamase negative, ampicillin intermediate and resistant (25)
  DX-619 ≦0.004-0.015 ≦0.004 0.015
  Levofloxacin 0.008-0.015 0.015 0.015
  Sitafloxacin ≦0.004 ≦0.004 ≦0.004
  Ciprofloxacin 0.008-0.015 0.008 0.015
  Moxifloxacin 0.008-0.03 0.015 0.03
  Gatifloxacin ≦0.004-0.015 0.008 0.015
  Garenoxacin ≦0.004-0.015 0.008 0.015
  Imipenem 0.25-8 4 8
  Ceftazidime 0.12-1 0.5 0.5
  Cefaclor 8-128 64 128
  Ampicillin 2-8 4 8
Moraxella catarrhalis (48)
  DX-619 0.008-0.06 0.015 0.03
  Levofloxacin 0.03-0.06 0.03 0.06
  Sitafloxacin ≦0.004-0.015 0.008 0.015
  Ciprofloxacin 0.03-0.06 0.03 0.06
  Moxifloxacin 0.03-0.12 0.06 0.06
  Gatifloxacin 0.03-0.06 0.03 0.06
  Garenoxacin 0.008-0.03 0.015 0.03
  Imipenem 0.12-2 1 1
  Ceftazidime 0.12->32 0.5 2
  Ampicillin 0.25-8 4 8
Escherichia coli (48)
  DX-619 0.015-8 0.03 1
  Levofloxacin 0.015-32 0.06 4
  Sitafloxacin ≦0.004-2 0.015 0.5
  Ciprofloxacin ≦0.004-64 0.015 4
  Moxifloxacin 0.015-32 0.06 8
  Gatifloxacin 0.008-16 0.03 4
  Garenoxacin 0.015-64 0.06 8
  Imipenem 0.06-0.5 0.12 0.25
  Ceftazidime 0.06-8 0.25 0.5
  Ampicillin 1->128 4 >128
Klebsiella pneumoniae (49)
  DX-619 0.03-1 0.06 0.12
  Levofloxacin 0.015-2 0.06 0.12
  Sitafloxacin ≦0.004-0.5 0.03 0.03
  Ciprofloxacin ≦0.004-0.5 0.03 0.06
  Moxifloxacin 0.06-2 0.12 0.25
  Gatifloxacin 0.015-2 0.06 0.12
  Garenoxacin 0.06-2 0.12 0.25
  Imipenem 0.12-0.5 0.12 0.25
  Ceftazidime 0.06-1 0.12 0.25
  Ampicillin 1->128 32 32
Enterobacter spp. (26)
  DX-619 0.03-2 0.06 0.5
  Levofloxacin 0.03-2 0.06 0.5
  Sitafloxacin 0.015-0.5 0.015 0.12
  Ciprofloxacin 0.008-2 0.015 0.25
  Moxifloxacin 0.03-4 0.06 0.5
  Gatifloxacin 0.03-2 0.03 0.5
  Garenoxacin 0.03-8 0.12 1
  Imipenem 0.12-1 0.25 1
  Ceftazidime 0.12->128 0.25 64
Citrobacter spp. (26)
  DX-619 0.03-4 0.25 1
  Levofloxacin 0.015-4 0.12 0.5
  Sitafloxacin 0.008-2 0.06 0.5
  Ciprofloxacin 0.008-2 0.03 0.25
  Moxifloxacin 0.03-8 0.25 2
  Gatifloxacin 0.015-4 0.12 1
  Garenoxacin 0.03-16 0.5 4
  Imipenem 0.25-1 0.5 1
  Ceftazidime 0.12->128 1 128
Salmonella spp. (26)
  DX-619 0.06-0.25 0.06 0.06
  Levofloxacin 0.03-0.12 0.06 0.06
  Sitafloxacin 0.015-0.12 0.015 0.015
  Ciprofloxacin 0.015-0.12 0.015 0.015
  Moxifloxacin 0.06-0.5 0.12 0.12
  Gatifloxacin 0.03-0.25 0.06 0.06
  Garenoxacin 0.06-0.5 0.06 0.12
  Imipenem 0.12-0.25 0.25 0.25
  Ceftazidime 0.25-0.5 0.25 0.5
Proteus mirabilis (26)
  DX-619 0.06-4 0.12 2
  Levofloxacin 0.03-8 0.06 2
  Sitafloxacin 0.015-1 0.03 0.25
  Ciprofloxacin 0.015-4 0.03 1
  Moxifloxacin 0.25-32 0.5 8
  Gatifloxacin 0.06-16 0.12 2
  Garenoxacin 0.12-32 0.5 16
  Imipenem 0.25-4 1 2
  Ceftazidime 0.03-0.25 0.06 0.12
Indole-positive Proteus (25)
  DX-619 0.03-8 0.12 0.5
  Levofloxacin 0.015-4 0.06 0.25
  Sitafloxacin ≦0.004-1 0.015 0.06
  Ciprofloxacin ≦0.004-4 0.015 0.06
  Moxifloxacin 0.06-32 0.25 0.5
  Gatifloxacin 0.03-8 0.12 0.5
  Garenoxacin 0.12-128 0.25 2
  Imipenem 0.25-4 2 4
  Ceftazidime 0.06-16 0.12 0.25
Serratia marcescens (26)
  DX-619 0.12-8 0.5 2
  Levofloxacin 0.06-8 0.25 2
  Sitafloxacin 0.03-1 0.12 0.5
  Ciprofloxacin 0.03-8 0.06 2
  Moxifloxacin 0.12-16 0.5 4 ?xpp Tr>  Gatifloxacin 0.12-8 0.25 2
  Garenoxacin 0.5-64 1 4
  Imipenem 0.5-2 1 1
  Ceftazidime 0.12-16 0.5 4
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
    Ciprofloxacin susceptible (51)
  DX-619 0.25-2 1 1
  Levofloxacin 0.25-2 0.5 1
  Sitafloxacin 0.03-0.25 0.12 0.25
  Ciprofloxacin 0.06-0.5 0.12 0.25
  Moxifloxacin 0.5-4 2 2
  Gatifloxacin 0.25-2 1 1
  Garenoxacin 0.25-4 1 2
  Imipenem 0.5-32 2 16
  Ceftazidime 0.5-128 2 4
    Ciprofloxacin intermediate and    resistant (52)
  DX-619 2->128 16 64
  Levofloxacin 4->128 32 >128
  Sitafloxacin 0.5-32 4 16
  Ciprofloxacin 2->64 16 64
  Moxifloxacin 8->128 64 >128
  Gatifloxacin 4->128 32 64
  Garenoxacin 8->128 64 >128
  Imipenem 0.5->128 16 128
  Ceftazidime 1->128 16 >128
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (20)
  DX-619 0.12-2 0.5 2
  Levofloxacin 0.06-4 1 4
  Sitafloxacin 0.03-0.5 0.12 0.5
  Ciprofloxacin 0.015-8 2 4
  Moxifloxacin 0.12-2 0.5 2
  Gatifloxacin 0.12-4 1 2
  Garenoxacin 0.25-8 2 8
  Imipenem 2->128 >128 >128
  Ceftazidime 2-128 32 128
Acinetobacter spp. (26)
  DX-619 0.03-1 0.03 0.12
  Levofloxacin 0.06-4 0.12
  Sitafloxacin 0.015-1 0.03 0.12
  Ciprofloxacin 0.06-8 0.12 0.5
  Moxifloxacin 0.03-2 0.06 0.5
  Gatifloxacin 0.03-2 0.06 0.25
  Garenoxacin 0.015-2 0.03 0.12
  Imipenem 0.12-0.5 0.25 0.5
  Ceftazidime 1-16 4 8
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
    Ciprofloxacin susceptible (23)
  DX-619 ≦0.004-0.015 ≦0.004 0.015
  Levofloxacin ≦0.004-0.12 0.008 0.06
  Sitafloxacin ≦0.004 ≦0.004 ≦0.004
  Ciprofloxacin ≦0.004-0.06 0.008 0.06
  Moxifloxacin ≦0.004-0.06 0.008 0.06
  Gatifloxacin ≦0.004-0.03 0.008 0.03
  Garenoxacin ≦0.004-0.03 ≦0.004 0.015
  Imipenem 0.03-2 0.06 0.25
  Ceftazidime 0.008-0.25 0.06 0.12
  Benzylpenicillin 0.06-1 0.12 0.25
    Ciprofloxacin resistant (26)
  DX-619 0.25-2 0.5 1
  Levofloxacin 4-16 8 16
  Sitafloxacin 0.12-0.5 0.25 0.5
  Ciprofloxacin 4-32 16 32
  Moxifloxacin 2-8 4 8
  Gatifloxacin 1-4 2 4
  Garenoxacin 1-8 2 4
  Imipenem 0.03-2 1 2
  Ceftazidime 0.06-1 0.5 1
  Benzylpenicillin 0.06-4 2 4
Bacteroides fragilis (20)
  DX-619 0.06-0.5 0.06 0.5
  Levofloxacin 1-32 1 32
  Sitafloxacin 0.03-0.5 0.06 0.25
  Ciprofloxacin 4-64 4 64
  Moxifloxacin 0.25-8 0.25 4
  Gatifloxacin 0.25-8 0.5 8
  Garenoxacin 0.12-2 0.12 2
  Imipenem 0.06-2 0.12 1
  Ceftazidime 4->128 32 >128
  Metronidazole 0.25-1 0.5 1
  Clindamycin 0.06->128 0.25 >128
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This study showed that DX-619, a recently discovered des-fluoro(6) quinolone, possesses the most potent antibacterial activity among the compounds tested against gram-positive bacteria, including ciprofloxacin-resistant MRSA, MRCNS, VRE, and ciprofloxacin-resistant S. pneumoniae. The most common resistant pathogen in hospitals is MRSA, which accounts for outbreaks and is increasing in frequency in many facilities (5). The MIC90 of DX-619 for ciprofloxacin-resistant MRSA was 0.5 μg/ml, which was lower than those of linezolid and vancomycin. This finding may be attributable to the high inhibitory activity of DX-619 against altered target enzymes of MRSA (M. Tanaka et al., 43rd ICAAC, abstr. F-1060). The relative potency of DX-619 will be better understood when the human pharmacokinetics are available. Further studies of DX-619 are warranted based on the available data.

Acknowledgments

We thank T. Otani for valuable comments and critical review of the manuscript.

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