Skip to main content
The EMBO Journal logoLink to The EMBO Journal
. 1997 Jul 16;16(14):4384–4392. doi: 10.1093/emboj/16.14.4384

A novel p53-inducible gene, PAG608, encodes a nuclear zinc finger protein whose overexpression promotes apoptosis.

D Israeli 1, E Tessler 1, Y Haupt 1, A Elkeles 1, S Wilder 1, R Amson 1, A Telerman 1, M Oren 1
PMCID: PMC1170064  PMID: 9250682

Abstract

The biological effects of the p53 tumor suppressor protein are elicited, at least in part, through sequence-specific transactivation of a battery of target genes. The differential display method was employed towards identifying additional p53 target genes, with emphasis on genes whose induction may contribute to p53-mediated apoptosis. We report here the cloning of a novel p53-inducible gene, designated PAG608. PAG608 transcripts are induced by DNA damage in a p53-dependent manner. PAG608 encodes a nuclear zinc finger protein, which appears to localize preferentially to nucleoli when expressed at moderate levels in transfected cells. Transient overexpression of PAG608 in human tumor-derived cells leads to distinctive changes in nuclear morphology, and can promote apoptosis. Together with additional p53 target genes, PAG608 may therefore play a role in mediating the biological activities of p53.

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (543.7 KB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Amson R. B., Nemani M., Roperch J. P., Israeli D., Bougueleret L., Le Gall I., Medhioub M., Linares-Cruz G., Lethrosne F., Pasturaud P. Isolation of 10 differentially expressed cDNAs in p53-induced apoptosis: activation of the vertebrate homologue of the drosophila seven in absentia gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Apr 30;93(9):3953–3957. doi: 10.1073/pnas.93.9.3953. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Attardi L. D., Lowe S. W., Brugarolas J., Jacks T. Transcriptional activation by p53, but not induction of the p21 gene, is essential for oncogene-mediated apoptosis. EMBO J. 1996 Jul 15;15(14):3693–3701. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Barak Y., Juven T., Haffner R., Oren M. mdm2 expression is induced by wild type p53 activity. EMBO J. 1993 Feb;12(2):461–468. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb05678.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Bates S., Vousden K. H. p53 in signaling checkpoint arrest or apoptosis. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 1996 Feb;6(1):12–18. doi: 10.1016/s0959-437x(96)90004-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Brugarolas J., Chandrasekaran C., Gordon J. I., Beach D., Jacks T., Hannon G. J. Radiation-induced cell cycle arrest compromised by p21 deficiency. Nature. 1995 Oct 12;377(6549):552–557. doi: 10.1038/377552a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Buckbinder L., Talbott R., Velasco-Miguel S., Takenaka I., Faha B., Seizinger B. R., Kley N. Induction of the growth inhibitor IGF-binding protein 3 by p53. Nature. 1995 Oct 19;377(6550):646–649. doi: 10.1038/377646a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Caelles C., Helmberg A., Karin M. p53-dependent apoptosis in the absence of transcriptional activation of p53-target genes. Nature. 1994 Jul 21;370(6486):220–223. doi: 10.1038/370220a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Cavanaugh A. H., Hempel W. M., Taylor L. J., Rogalsky V., Todorov G., Rothblum L. I. Activity of RNA polymerase I transcription factor UBF blocked by Rb gene product. Nature. 1995 Mar 9;374(6518):177–180. doi: 10.1038/374177a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Chen X., Ko L. J., Jayaraman L., Prives C. p53 levels, functional domains, and DNA damage determine the extent of the apoptotic response of tumor cells. Genes Dev. 1996 Oct 1;10(19):2438–2451. doi: 10.1101/gad.10.19.2438. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Clarke A. R., Purdie C. A., Harrison D. J., Morris R. G., Bird C. C., Hooper M. L., Wyllie A. H. Thymocyte apoptosis induced by p53-dependent and independent pathways. Nature. 1993 Apr 29;362(6423):849–852. doi: 10.1038/362849a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Darzynkiewicz Z. Apoptosis in antitumor strategies: modulation of cell cycle or differentiation. J Cell Biochem. 1995 Jun;58(2):151–159. doi: 10.1002/jcb.240580204. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Deng C., Zhang P., Harper J. W., Elledge S. J., Leder P. Mice lacking p21CIP1/WAF1 undergo normal development, but are defective in G1 checkpoint control. Cell. 1995 Aug 25;82(4):675–684. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90039-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Friedlander P., Haupt Y., Prives C., Oren M. A mutant p53 that discriminates between p53-responsive genes cannot induce apoptosis. Mol Cell Biol. 1996 Sep;16(9):4961–4971. doi: 10.1128/mcb.16.9.4961. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Gottlieb T. M., Oren M. p53 in growth control and neoplasia. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1996 Jun 7;1287(2-3):77–102. doi: 10.1016/0304-419x(95)00019-c. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Haffner R., Oren M. Biochemical properties and biological effects of p53. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 1995 Feb;5(1):84–90. doi: 10.1016/s0959-437x(95)90058-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Haupt Y., Barak Y., Oren M. Cell type-specific inhibition of p53-mediated apoptosis by mdm2. EMBO J. 1996 Apr 1;15(7):1596–1606. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Haupt Y., Oren M. p53-mediated apoptosis: mechanisms and regulation. Behring Inst Mitt. 1996 Oct;(97):32–59. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Haupt Y., Rowan S., Oren M. p53-mediated apoptosis in HeLa cells can be overcome by excess pRB. Oncogene. 1995 Apr 20;10(8):1563–1571. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Haupt Y., Rowan S., Shaulian E., Vousden K. H., Oren M. Induction of apoptosis in HeLa cells by trans-activation-deficient p53. Genes Dev. 1995 Sep 1;9(17):2170–2183. doi: 10.1101/gad.9.17.2170. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Hiebert S. W., Packham G., Strom D. K., Haffner R., Oren M., Zambetti G., Cleveland J. L. E2F-1:DP-1 induces p53 and overrides survival factors to trigger apoptosis. Mol Cell Biol. 1995 Dec;15(12):6864–6874. doi: 10.1128/mcb.15.12.6864. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Johnson P., Chung S., Benchimol S. Growth suppression of Friend virus-transformed erythroleukemia cells by p53 protein is accompanied by hemoglobin production and is sensitive to erythropoietin. Mol Cell Biol. 1993 Mar;13(3):1456–1463. doi: 10.1128/mcb.13.3.1456. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Ko L. J., Prives C. p53: puzzle and paradigm. Genes Dev. 1996 May 1;10(9):1054–1072. doi: 10.1101/gad.10.9.1054. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Lowe S. W., Schmitt E. M., Smith S. W., Osborne B. A., Jacks T. p53 is required for radiation-induced apoptosis in mouse thymocytes. Nature. 1993 Apr 29;362(6423):847–849. doi: 10.1038/362847a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Ludwig R. L., Bates S., Vousden K. H. Differential activation of target cellular promoters by p53 mutants with impaired apoptotic function. Mol Cell Biol. 1996 Sep;16(9):4952–4960. doi: 10.1128/mcb.16.9.4952. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Maheswaran S., Englert C., Bennett P., Heinrich G., Haber D. A. The WT1 gene product stabilizes p53 and inhibits p53-mediated apoptosis. Genes Dev. 1995 Sep 1;9(17):2143–2156. doi: 10.1101/gad.9.17.2143. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Michalovitz D., Halevy O., Oren M. Conditional inhibition of transformation and of cell proliferation by a temperature-sensitive mutant of p53. Cell. 1990 Aug 24;62(4):671–680. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90113-s. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Miyashita T., Krajewski S., Krajewska M., Wang H. G., Lin H. K., Liebermann D. A., Hoffman B., Reed J. C. Tumor suppressor p53 is a regulator of bcl-2 and bax gene expression in vitro and in vivo. Oncogene. 1994 Jun;9(6):1799–1805. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Miyashita T., Reed J. C. Tumor suppressor p53 is a direct transcriptional activator of the human bax gene. Cell. 1995 Jan 27;80(2):293–299. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90412-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Momand J., Zambetti G. P., Olson D. C., George D., Levine A. J. The mdm-2 oncogene product forms a complex with the p53 protein and inhibits p53-mediated transactivation. Cell. 1992 Jun 26;69(7):1237–1245. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90644-r. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Nemani M., Linares-Cruz G., Bruzzoni-Giovanelli H., Roperch J. P., Tuynder M., Bougueleret L., Cherif D., Medhioub M., Pasturaud P., Alvaro V. Activation of the human homologue of the Drosophila sina gene in apoptosis and tumor suppression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Aug 20;93(17):9039–9042. doi: 10.1073/pnas.93.17.9039. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Okamoto K., Beach D. Cyclin G is a transcriptional target of the p53 tumor suppressor protein. EMBO J. 1994 Oct 17;13(20):4816–4822. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1994.tb06807.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Oliner J. D., Kinzler K. W., Meltzer P. S., George D. L., Vogelstein B. Amplification of a gene encoding a p53-associated protein in human sarcomas. Nature. 1992 Jul 2;358(6381):80–83. doi: 10.1038/358080a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Oren M., Prives C. p53: upstream, downstream and off stream. Review of the 8th p53 workshop (Dundee, July 5-9, 1996). Biochim Biophys Acta. 1996 Dec 9;1288(3):R13–R19. doi: 10.1016/s0304-419x(96)00030-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Rowan S., Ludwig R. L., Haupt Y., Bates S., Lu X., Oren M., Vousden K. H. Specific loss of apoptotic but not cell-cycle arrest function in a human tumor derived p53 mutant. EMBO J. 1996 Feb 15;15(4):827–838. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Sabbatini P., Lin J., Levine A. J., White E. Essential role for p53-mediated transcription in E1A-induced apoptosis. Genes Dev. 1995 Sep 1;9(17):2184–2192. doi: 10.1101/gad.9.17.2184. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Selvakumaran M., Lin H. K., Miyashita T., Wang H. G., Krajewski S., Reed J. C., Hoffman B., Liebermann D. Immediate early up-regulation of bax expression by p53 but not TGF beta 1: a paradigm for distinct apoptotic pathways. Oncogene. 1994 Jun;9(6):1791–1798. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Smith M. L., Chen I. T., Zhan Q., Bae I., Chen C. Y., Gilmer T. M., Kastan M. B., O'Connor P. M., Fornace A. J., Jr Interaction of the p53-regulated protein Gadd45 with proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Science. 1994 Nov 25;266(5189):1376–1380. doi: 10.1126/science.7973727. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Su L., Hershberger R. J., Weissman I. L. LYAR, a novel nucleolar protein with zinc finger DNA-binding motifs, is involved in cell growth regulation. Genes Dev. 1993 May;7(5):735–748. doi: 10.1101/gad.7.5.735. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Waldman T., Lengauer C., Kinzler K. W., Vogelstein B. Uncoupling of S phase and mitosis induced by anticancer agents in cells lacking p21. Nature. 1996 Jun 20;381(6584):713–716. doi: 10.1038/381713a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Wales M. M., Biel M. A., el Deiry W., Nelkin B. D., Issa J. P., Cavenee W. K., Kuerbitz S. J., Baylin S. B. p53 activates expression of HIC-1, a new candidate tumour suppressor gene on 17p13.3. Nat Med. 1995 Jun;1(6):570–577. doi: 10.1038/nm0695-570. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Wang X. W., Vermeulen W., Coursen J. D., Gibson M., Lupold S. E., Forrester K., Xu G., Elmore L., Yeh H., Hoeijmakers J. H. The XPB and XPD DNA helicases are components of the p53-mediated apoptosis pathway. Genes Dev. 1996 May 15;10(10):1219–1232. doi: 10.1101/gad.10.10.1219. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. White E. Life, death, and the pursuit of apoptosis. Genes Dev. 1996 Jan 1;10(1):1–15. doi: 10.1101/gad.10.1.1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Wu X., Bayle J. H., Olson D., Levine A. J. The p53-mdm-2 autoregulatory feedback loop. Genes Dev. 1993 Jul;7(7A):1126–1132. doi: 10.1101/gad.7.7a.1126. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Yonish-Rouach E., Deguin V., Zaitchouk T., Breugnot C., Mishal Z., Jenkins J. R., May E. Transcriptional activation plays a role in the induction of apoptosis by transiently transfected wild-type p53. Oncogene. 1995 Dec 7;11(11):2197–2205. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Yonish-Rouach E., Grunwald D., Wilder S., Kimchi A., May E., Lawrence J. J., May P., Oren M. p53-mediated cell death: relationship to cell cycle control. Mol Cell Biol. 1993 Mar;13(3):1415–1423. doi: 10.1128/mcb.13.3.1415. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Yonish-Rouach E., Resnitzky D., Lotem J., Sachs L., Kimchi A., Oren M. Wild-type p53 induces apoptosis of myeloid leukaemic cells that is inhibited by interleukin-6. Nature. 1991 Jul 25;352(6333):345–347. doi: 10.1038/352345a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Zauberman A., Barak Y., Ragimov N., Levy N., Oren M. Sequence-specific DNA binding by p53: identification of target sites and lack of binding to p53 - MDM2 complexes. EMBO J. 1993 Jul;12(7):2799–2808. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb05941.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Zauberman A., Lupo A., Oren M. Identification of p53 target genes through immune selection of genomic DNA: the cyclin G gene contains two distinct p53 binding sites. Oncogene. 1995 Jun 15;10(12):2361–2366. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from The EMBO Journal are provided here courtesy of Nature Publishing Group

RESOURCES