Table 2.
Frequency of ESBL resistance genes and Biofilm-associated genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from Poultry, Equine, Human, and Environmental Samples.
| Source | No. of examined samples | Klebsiella spp. | K. pneumoniae | ESBL encoding genes | K. pneumoniae virulence genes (biofilm genes) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. positive* (%) | No. positive* (%) | bla TEM | bla SHV | bla CTX-M | bla OXA-1 | Uge | mrkD | luxS | ||
| Poultry | 90 | 30 (33.3) | 12 (13.3) | 12 | 12 | 11 | 2 | 8 | 7 | 6 |
| Equine | 60 | 9 (15) | 5 (8.3) | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| Wild bird | 40 | 8 (20) | 6 (15) | 6 | 6 | 6 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| Water | 50 | 12 (24) | 5 (10) | 3 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| Feed | 50 | 4 (8) | 1 (2) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Human (hand’s swabs) | 30 | 4 (13.3) | 2 (6.6) | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| Total | 320 | 67 (20.9) | 31 (9.7) | 28 | 28 | 24 | 3 | 21 | 17 | 16 |
| X 2 | – | 12.171 | 4.650 | 3.644 | 1.296 | 1.241 | 1.194 | 1.098 | 1.458 | |
| P value | – | 0.016 | 0.325 | 0.302 | 0.861 | 0.619 | Nd | 0.769 | 0.7775 | 0.691 |
X2: Chi-Square.
p value is significant < 0.05.
ND not detected.