Dear Editor:
As one of the three major oil crops in the world, rapeseed is the largest source of vegetable oil in China. With the improvement of living standards, people are paying more attention to the health, nutrition, and safety of edible oil. Rapeseed oil is composed of five fatty acids: palmitic acid (16:0), stearic acid (18:0), oleic acid (18:1), linoleic acid (18:2), and linolenic acid (18:3). Among these, oleic acid (C18:1) is the major component of rapeseed oil fatty acids and has good thermal stability. Regular consumption of oleic acid can reduce cholesterol, effectively prevent cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and provide higher nutritional value (Nicolosi et al. 2004; Sales-Campos et al. 2013) than that of stearic acid. Linoleic acid (C18:2) and linolenic acid (C18:3) are polyunsaturated fatty acids, essential amino acids for the human body but cannot be synthesized endogenously. However, the high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids will lead to excessive oxidation and spoilageof rapeseed oil, which hinders preservation. According to the recommended standards of the Chinese Nutrition Society and the World Health Organization,a healthier ratio of linoleic acid to linolenic acid is between 1:1 and 4:1.
Oleic acid plays an important role in human health, such as reducing blood cholesterol levels, softening blood vessels, and preventing the formation of thrombi (Guan et al. 2016; Wang et al. 2023). However, most high-oleic-acid rapeseed varieties are accompanied by low yield, poor cold and waterlogging tolerance (Xian et al. 2022).
The process of lipid accumulation in plant seeds is very complex and involves multiple metabolic pathways (Bates et al. 2013). Initially, acetyl-CoA carboxylase catalyzes the carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA. Subsequently, Mal-CoA: ACP S-malonyltransferase catalyzes the transformation of malonyl-CoA into malonyl-ACP. The carbon chain is then extended through a series of condensation, reduction, and dehydration. Oleic acid is transformed into linoleic acid under the action of desaturation FAD2 and FAD6 genes (Schierholt et al. 2001). Mutation or inhibition of the desaturation gene significantly increases oleic acid content, accounting for more than 80% of the fatty acid content. The high oleic acid trait is mainly controlled by multiple genes and isless affected by the environment (Schierholt and Becker 2001). At present, few high oleic acid rapeseed varieties have been identified, which hinders large-scale popularization and application.
To breed rapeseed for high oleic acid content, a high oleic acid material N73 (EMS mutagenesis material carrying BnA5FAD2 and BnC5FAD2 point mutations with an oleic acid content of 85.1%, created by Jiangsu Province Academy of Agricultural Sciences), was used as the donor parent. N73 was extensively tested with existing elite lines. N73 × Yangguang 2009 hybrid combination exhibited high special combining ability. Yangguang 2009 is a waterlogging-tolerant conventional rape variety and has high general combining ability. N73 was crossed with Yangguang 2009, and the resulting F1 plants were backcrossed with Yangguang 2009. Superior plants with high oleic acid content were selected using the halfgrain method and phenotypic traitanalysis. Through multiple generations of backcrossing combined with the directional transfer, a new high oleic acid strain with genetic background of Yangguang 2009, designated as 801, was obtained (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1.
Breeding process of Changyou 801
In 2019, the high-oleic-acid line 801 was simultaneously utilized for the transfer of sterile lines, and chemical induction of male sterility was applied to develop hybrid combinations. Using 801 as the paternal parent, a stable high oleic acid male sterile line, designated as 801A, was obtained by backcrossing with R3A (Radish cytoplasmic male sterile, Ogu CMS) for 4 generations. 801A exhibites a high oleic acid content of 85%, along with low erucic acid and glucosinolate, improved waterlogging tolerance but compromised resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The sterile plant rate and sterility degree are both 100%, and the line demonstrates strong general combining ability.
The restorer line R3C, isolated from European winter oilseed rape, was crossed with N73. The progeny with moderate growth period, high oleic acid content, strong branching ability, and lodging resistance were directionally selected by the systematic selection method. Twenty-five high oleic acid plants were obtained from the F5 generation. Through sterility testing, a line exhibiting good recovery ability and combining ability, designated as C949, was obtained.
The F1 testcross experiment of 801A × C949 was performed in 2020 resulting in a new hybrid named Changyou 801. Changyou 801 was tested by the Oil and Products Testing Center of the Ministry of Agriculture, and its oleic acid content reached 84.3% (The original name “Changgaoyou NO.1” was changed to “Changyou 801”).
In the new variety trials of high-oleic-acid rapeseed, conducted by the Science and Technology Enterprise Consortium (Lizhong Seed Company, Yangtze University, et al.) from 2021 to 2023 in Hubei (Fig. 2B), the yield of Changyou 801 was 622.51 ~ 2824.68 kg / ha2, which was 2.26% ~ 4.09% higher than that of the control Yangguang 80, and the oil content was 41.92 ~ 44.04 and the oleic acid content was 84.12 ~ 84.88 (Table 1). The total growth period was 211.4 ~ 209.6 days, the plant height was 174.1 ~ 185.7 cm, the number of effective siliques per plant was 104.9 ~ 108.2, the number of seed per silique was 20.2 ~ 20.5, the 1000-seed weight was 3.84 ~ 3.80 g, and the productivity per plant was 8.11 ~ 8.40 g. Changyou 801 exhibited low susceptibility to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Overall, Changyou 801 showed a high and stable yield, along with enhanced resistance to waterlogging and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Table 2).
Fig. 2.
Approval of Changyou 801 as a new B. napus variety. A Rapeseed of Changyou801. B Field performance of Changyou801 in Jingmen, 2023. C Test report by the Quality Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center for Oilseeds and Products of the Ministry of Agriculture. D Approval certificate by the Ministry of Agriculture of the PRC
Table 1.
Fatty acid content of Changyou 801 in different test place from 2021 to 2023 year
| Year | Place | Yield (kg/ha2) | Oil content (%) | Oleic acid content (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2021/2022 | Jingzhou | 2824.68 ± 49.31 | 42.55 ± 0.42 | 84.17 ± 0.33 |
| Shayang | 2702.35 ± 45.52 | 41.92 ± 0.55 | 84.15 ± 0.53 | |
| Tianmen | 2550.18 ± 97.32 | 43.57 ± 0.31 | 84.64 ± 0.27 | |
| Xishui | 2639.35 ± 171.81 | 43.30 ± 0.71 | 84.69 ± 0.13 | |
| Shishou | 2672.52 ± 80.55 | 43.75 ± 0.27 | 84.94 ± 0.22 | |
| 2022/2023 | Jingzhou | 2701.18 ± 73.18 | 42.88 ± 0.59 | 84.88 ± 0.27 |
| Shayang | 2707.18 ± 74.89 | 42.75 ± 0.54 | 84.49 ± 0.07 | |
| Tianmen | 2646.01 ± 119.69 | 44.03 ± 0.27 | 84.88 ± 0.35 | |
| Xishui | 2646.25 ± 262.82 | 42.67 ± 0.61 | 84.66 ± 0.25 | |
| Shishou | 2622.51 ± 184.83 | 42.97 ± 0.41 | 84.21 ± 0.21 |
Table 2.
Waterlogging tolerance assessment of Changyou 801 according to yield loss rate under waterlogging treatments from 2021 to 2023 year
| Year | lines | Yield (kg/ha2) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal condition | Waterloggin treatment | Yield loss rate(%) | ||
| 2021/2022 | Changyou 801 | 2716.84 ± 31.62 | 2349.51 ± 58.1 | −13.52 |
| Yanggang 80 | 2352.4 ± 20.07 | 1919.68 ± 54.59 | −18.39 | |
| Yanggang 2009 | 3261.69 ± 57.81 | 2895.35 ± 101.51 | −11.23 | |
| 2022/2023 | Changyou 801 | 2740.51 ± 80.56 | 2392.34 ± 71.77 | −12.70 |
| Yanggang 80 | 2522.68 ± 73.68 | 1917.51 ± 98.04 | −23.99 | |
| Yanggang 2009 | 3191.68 ± 151.52 | 2865.51 ± 210.38 | −10.22 | |
Seedlings of 40 d old were treated with waterlogging for 3 days (Flooded soil surface 1–3 cm), and plants were treated with waterlogging for 3 days during the flowering period
Author contributions
Benbo Xu, Jinsong Xu, Xuekun Zhang, Lingli Xie, Jinghua Zhao and Ying Huang completed the field work of the breeding. Jinghua Zhao, Ying Huang conducted the quality analysis.
Funding
This study was supported by the Entrusted Program of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China (15214011) and the Hubei Provincial Department of Agriculture Project (Hubei Province Nongyou [2022] 7).
Data availability
All data used in this paper are available within the text.
Declarations
Competing interests
The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
Footnotes
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Data Availability Statement
All data used in this paper are available within the text.