Table 3. Factors associated with frailty among post-COVID-19 elderly individuals treated at a reference center, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 2021 (bivariate analysis).
| Variables | IVCF-20 Assessment | p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frailty n (%) | Non-Frailty n (%) | Total (N=204) | ||
| Sex | 0.614 | |||
| Male | 10 (13.5) | 64 (86.5) | 74 (36.3%) | |
| Female | 21 (16.2) | 109 (83.8) | 130 (63.7%) | |
| Age (years) | 0.061 | |||
| 60 - 79 | 11 (23.9) | 35 (76.1) | 46 (22.5%) | |
| ≥ 80 | 20 (12.7) | 138 (87.3) | 158 (77.5%) | |
| Education (in years of schooling) | 0.790 | |||
| Illiterate | 7 (17.9) | 32 (82.1) | 39 (19.1%) | |
| 1 to 4 years of schooling | 20 (15.2) | 112 (84.8) | 132 (64.7%) | |
| ≥ 5 years of schooling | 4 (12.1) | 29 (87.9) | 33 (16.2%) | |
| Marital status | 0.106 | |||
| With a partner | 17 (20.0) | 68 (80.0) | 85 (41.7%) | |
| Without a partner | 14 (11.8) | 105 (88.2) | 119 (58.3%) | |
| Skin color (self-reported) | 0.745 | |||
| Black/Brown | 25 (15.6) | 135 (84.4) | 160 (78.4%) | |
| White/Other | 6 (13.6) | 38 (86.4) | 44 (21.6%) | |
| Elderly income (in minimum wages) | 0.031 | |||
| < 1 | 7 (30.4) | 16 (69.6) | 23 (11.3%) | |
| ≥ 1 | 24 (13.3) | 157 (86.7) | 181 (88.7%) | |
| Impaired BADL* | <0.001 | |||
| ≥ 2 | 29 (33.0) | 59 (67.0) | 88 (43.1%) | |
| < 2 | 2 (1.9) | 114 (98.3) | 116 (56.9%) | |
| Body Mass Index (BMI) | 0.574 | |||
| Overweight/obesity (≥ 27) | 13 (13.7) | 82 (86.3) | 95 (45.6%) | |
| Eutrophy/Underweight (< 27) | 18 (16.5) | 91 (83.5) | 109 (53.4%) | |
| IADL** | <0.001 | |||
| Impaired | 30 (31.3) | 66 (68.7) | 96 (47.1%) | |
| Not impaired | 1 (0.9) | 107 (99.1) | 108 (52.9%) | |
| Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) | 0.001 | |||
| Impaired | 16 (29.1) | 39 (70.9) | 55 (27.0%) | |
| Not Impaired | 15 (10.1) | 134 (89.9) | 149 (73.0%) | |
| Number of Comorbidities | <0.001 | |||
| ≥ 5 | 18 (34.6) | 34 (65.4) | 52 (25.4%) | |
| 3 to 4 | 11 (10.3) | 96 (89.7) | 107 (52.5%) | |
| ≤ 2 | 2 (4.4) | 43 (95.6) | 45 (22.1%) | |
| Medications in use | 0.010 | |||
| ≥ 5 | 25 (20.5) | 97 (79.5) | 122 (59.8%) | |
| < 5 | 6 (7.3) | 79 (92.7) | 82 (40.2%) | |
| COVID-19 vaccination status | 0.073 | |||
| Incomplete | 21 (19.4) | 87 (80.6) | 108 (52.9%) | |
| Complete | 10 (10.4) | 86 (89.6) | 96 (47.1%) | |
| Hospitalization due to COVID-19 | 0.067 | |||
| Yes | 10 (24.4) | 31 (75.6) | 41 (20.1%) | |
| No | 21 (12.9) | 142 (87.1) | 163 (79.9%) | |
Notes: *BADL - Basic Activities of Daily Living (Katz Index); **IADL - Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (Pfeffer Scale).