ABSTRACT
Objective:
To assess the morbidity profile and identify factors associated with frailty syndrome in post-COVID-19 elderly patients treated at the only Reference Center for Elderly Health Care in northern Minas Gerais.
Methods:
This is a case series study, utilizing the Clinical-Functional Vulnerability Index-20 (CFVI-20) and Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA) to characterize and evaluate the health condition of the group. To define the variables associated with frailty, a multivariate analysis was conducted.
Results:
The study included 204 elderly individuals, with a predominance of females (63.7%). The variables associated with frailty were cognitive impairment (OR: 2.95; 95% CI: 1.12-7.80; p=0.029), the presence of five or more comorbidities (OR: 11.55; 95% CI: 2.22-60.01; p=0.004), and impairment in instrumental activities of daily living (OR: 41.97; 95% CI: 5.47-321.93; p<0.001).
Conclusions:
The results of this study highlight the need for a well-established and prepared coordination of integrated care to meet the demands of the post-COVID-19 elderly population.
Descriptors: Health Services for the Aged, Epidemiology, Frailty, COVID-19, Secondary Care
RESUMEN
Objetivo:
Evaluar el perfil de morbidez e identificar los factores asociados con el síndrome de fragilidad en ancianos post-COVID-19 atendidos en el único Centro de Referencia en Asistencia a la Salud del Anciano en el norte de Minas Gerais.
Métodos:
Estudio de serie de casos, utilizando el Índice de Vulnerabilidad Clínico-Funcional-20 (IVCF-20) y la Evaluación Geriátrica Ampliada (AGA) para la caracterización y evaluación de la condición de salud del grupo. Para definir las variables asociadas a la fragilidad, se realizó un análisis multivariado.
Resultados:
Participaron en el estudio 204 ancianos, con predomínio del sexo femenino (63,7%). Las variables asociadas a la fragilidad fueron: deterioro cognitivo (OR: 2,95; IC95%: 1,12-7,80; p=0,029), presencia de cinco o más morbilidades (OR: 11,55; IC95%: 2,22-60,01; p=0,004) y deterioro en las actividades instrumentales de la vida diaria (OR: 41,97; IC95%: 5,47-321,93; p<0,001).
Conclusiones:
Los resultados de este estudio resaltan la necesidad de una coordinación del cuidado integrado, bien establecida y preparada para atender las demandas de la población anciana post-COVID-19.
Descriptores: Servicios de Salud para Ancianos, Epidemiología, Fragilidad, COVID-19, Atención Secundaria de Salud
INTRODUCTION
In Brazil, as in many other regions around the world, the elderly population has proven to be the most vulnerable to COVID-19, suffering from high mortality rates due to the disease(1, 2, 3). Research has found that among the survivors of this group, there is a significant incidence of sequelae and complications that still require further study(2, 3, 4). Additionally, Frailty Syndrome (FS) — a condition frequently observed among the elderly(5) — is an independent predictor of an increased risk of death associated with COVID-19(6, 7).
It is worth noting that, even before the COVID-19 pandemic, FS was already a significant global public health issue among the elderly(8). The process of epidemiological transition has led to the replacement of infectious diseases with chronic non-communicable diseases, shifting the burden of morbidity and mortality from younger groups to the elderly population, particularly those with clinical-functional frailty(9).
Although there is no universally established definition for this condition, the literature describes frailty as a syndrome with multiple causes and risk factors, characterized by a decrease in physical strength and endurance, as well as impairment of physiological functions, which increases susceptibility to negative outcomes such as cognitive decline, decompensation and complications of comorbidities, institutionalization, hospitalization, physical-functional dependency, and/or death(10, 11).
It is understood that the COVID-19 pandemic coincided with the significant phenomenon of population aging, which is considered a major demographic event of the 21st century, both nationally and globally. This phenomenon has negatively impacted healthcare systems, overburdening and in some cases collapsing them, as they are primarily utilized by the elderly population(3, 12, 13, 14). An international study revealed that frailty was associated with a higher risk of developing severe forms of COVID-19, post-infection sequelae, and/or exacerbation and decompensation of chronic diseases among elderly patients(7).
In this context, other studies around the world that have investigated the association between frailty and the increased risk of developing critical forms of COVID-19 highlight that the assessment of clinical-functional status aids in the timely identification of elderly individuals with a high risk of severe disease(7, 15), with a high potential for complications, loss of functionality, hospitalization, and death(3, 15, 16). Therefore, it is highly likely that COVID-19 is a triggering factor for frailty and the exacerbation/decompensation of comorbidities among the elderly, given the vulnerabilities inherent to the aging process(7, 8, 17).
It is evident that the national literature is still evolving on this important topic. Therefore, evaluating the relationships between FS and COVID-19 is, in this context, a necessity and a responsibility for healthcare services, managers, and health professionals. This observation is particularly true given the needs of public health systems and the functional sequelae associated with the socioeconomic vulnerabilities of users, which underlines the importance of providing rehabilitation for the elderly during and after infection with SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2)(15, 16).
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the morbidity profile and identify factors associated with frailty syndrome in post-COVID-19 elderly patients treated at the only Reference Center for Elderly Health Care in northern Minas Gerais.
METHODS
Ethical Aspects
The study was conducted in accordance with the guidelines established by Resolution 466/12 of the National Health Council (CNS). The research project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee (CEP) of the State University of Montes Claros, and data collection was carried out with the agreement of the specialized center through the Institutional Consent Form (TCI).
Study Design, Period, and Location
This is a case series study with exploratory and analytical evaluation, conducted with a group of elderly individuals who were treated at the Reference Center for Elderly Health Care (CRASI) after a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19, following the criteria of the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklist(18).
The Reference Center for Elderly Health Care (CRASI) Eny Faria de Oliveira is responsible for the referred care of 86 municipalities in the northern macro-region of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, with a total estimated population of 1,676,413 inhabitants(19). It is noteworthy that, considering only the municipality of Montes Claros (MG) — the most significant urban center in the region and where the service is located — the specialized center serves as a reference for 132 Family Health Strategy (ESF) units.
The service is supported by a multidisciplinary care team composed of geriatricians, nurses, physiotherapists, speech therapists, dentists, nutritionists, physical educators, and nursing technicians. It includes a support house, performs specialized examinations, offers individualized therapeutic plans, and provides counter-referral to family health teams (eSF), in addition to conducting continuous education activities and providing technical-pedagogical support (matrix support). In this way, it integrates with the Primary Health Care (PHC) service, the Health Care Network (RAS), and hospital care, aiming to connect the different levels of care.
Population or sample, inclusion and exclusion criteria
The population of this study consisted of elderly individuals of both sexes who were referred by Primary Health Care (PHC) professionals after a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 through testing (rapid antigen test, RT-PCR, or serological test), regardless of the severity of their condition or level of frailty, for follow-up, continued care, and rehabilitation in secondary care services.
The sampling process was one of convenience, though not intentional, based on the sequential identification and selection of elderly individuals affected by COVID-19 who were treated following the reopening of services that had previously been interrupted due to the pandemic. No exclusion criteria were applied. It should be noted that no statistical calculation was performed, as the intent was to evaluate the entire group of elderly individuals referred to the reference center.
Study Protocol
Data collection was conducted using the MAIS VIDA system, a software tool utilized by healthcare professionals to record care provided at CRASI. The elderly patients treated at the specialized center were administered a socioeconomic and demographic questionnaire, a health-related factors identification questionnaire, the Clinical-Functional Vulnerability Index (IVCF-20)(20), the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)(21), the Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living(22), and the Pfeffer Functional Activities Questionnaire(23). Information was collected between October 2021 and August 2022.
The socioeconomic and demographic characteristics considered for evaluation included: sex, age, education level, marital status, self-reported skin color, employment status, individual income, number of children, and household arrangement. The following variables were also assessed: Body Mass Index (BMI), with reference values defined as underweight when ≤ 22.0; normal weight when between 22.1 and 26.9; and overweight/obesity when ≥ 27.0(24); presence of comorbidities; and, according to self-report, the number of medications in use, vaccination status, and the need for hospitalization due to COVID-19.
The IVCF-20 is a screening questionnaire for identifying potentially frail elderly individuals, developed and validated in Brazil in 2016, and is used to identify individuals at risk of clinical-functional frailty. The stratification of frailty status is defined by the following scores: robust - 0 to 6 points; pre-frail - 7 to 14 points; and frail - ≥ 15 points(20).
The MMSE is employed to detect cognitive decline. The scores indicating cognitive impairment are determined based on education levels, as follows: for illiterate individuals, < 13 points indicate cognitive impairment; for those with 1 to 4 years of education, < 18 points indicate cognitive impairment; and for those with five or more years of education, < 26 points indicate cognitive impairment(21).
The Katz Index is an instrument used to evaluate the geriatric process, with the objective of assessing functional status based on the Basic Activities of Daily Living (BADL), related to the patient’s self-care and essential needs. It scores from zero to six, with zero representing dependency for all activities and six representing independence for all functions (bathing, dressing, eating, toileting, transferring, and maintaining continence)(22).
Additionally, the Pfeffer Functional Activities Questionnaire is used to assess the integrity of Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs). It evaluates the elderly individual’s ability to perform more complex activities and indicates the level of independence within the community. Scores ≥ 6 points indicate impairments in IADLs(23).
Analysis of results and statistics
For data analysis, descriptive statistics were initially synthesized to characterize the absolute and relative frequencies of the events studied. Pearson’s chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test was performed to compare characteristics between male and female elderly individuals, and additionally to analyze the association or independence of the estimates investigated, adopting a significance level of 5% (p<0.05).
To evaluate factors associated with frailty syndrome, bivariate analyses were conducted, and variables that were associated up to the 20% level (p≤0.20) were further analyzed jointly using binary logistic regression. In the final model, only variables associated at the 5% level were retained, with the Odds Ratios and their respective 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) reported. All data were processed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software, version 28.0.
RESULTS
The study included 204 elderly individuals, of whom 130 (63.7%) were women and 74 (36.3%) were men. The majority were aged between 60 and 79 years (77.5%). In terms of education, 133 (64.7%) of the elderly reported having up to four years of schooling.
Statistically significant differences were observed between male and female participants regarding marital status, number of children, and number of cohabitants. These and other characteristics of the evaluated group are presented in Table 1.
Table 1. Socioeconomic and demographic characterization of post-COVID-19 elderly individuals by sex, treated at a reference center, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 2021.
| Socioeconomic and demographic situation | Male (n=74) | Female (n=130) | Total (N=204) | p value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
| Age (years) | 0.913 | ||||||
| 60 - 79 | 57 | 77.0 | 101 | 77.7 | 158 | 77.5 | |
| ≥ 80 | 17 | 23.0 | 29 | 22.3 | 46 | 22.5 | |
| Education (in years of schooling) | 0.291 | ||||||
| Illiterate | 11 | 11.9 | 28 | 21.5 | 39 | 19.1 | |
| 1 to 4 years of schooling | 53 | 71.6 | 79 | 60.8 | 132 | 64.7 | |
| ≥ 5 years of schooling | 10 | 13.5 | 23 | 17.7 | 33 | 16.2 | |
| Marital status | 0.021 | ||||||
| With a partner | 51 | 68.9 | 68 | 52.3 | 119 | 58.3 | |
| Without a partner | 23 | 31.1 | 62 | 47.7 | 85 | 41.7 | |
| Skin color (self-reported) | 0.893 | ||||||
| Black | 6 | 8.1 | 12 | 9.2 | 18 | 8.8 | |
| Brown | 53 | 71.6 | 89 | 68.5 | 142 | 69.6 | |
| White/Other | 15 | 20.3 | 29 | 22.3 | 44 | 21.6 | |
| Employment status | 0.255 | ||||||
| Regular employment | 6 | 8.1 | 4 | 3.1 | 10 | 4.9 | |
| Unemployed | 6 | 8.1 | 9 | 3.9 | 15 | 7.4 | |
| Retired | 62 | 83.8 | 117 | 90.0 | 179 | 87.4 | |
| Elderly income (in minimum wages) | 0.541 | ||||||
| < 1 minimum wage | 8 | 34.8 | 15 | 65.2 | 23 | 11.3 | |
| ≥ 1 minimum wage | 66 | 36.5 | 115 | 63.5 | 181 | 87.7 | |
| Number of children | 0.014 | ||||||
| None | 8 | 10.8 | 4 | 3.1 | 12 | 5.9 | |
| 1 to 5 children | 45 | 60.8 | 79 | 60.8 | 124 | 60.8 | |
| ≥ 6 children | 21 | 29.1 | 47 | 36.1 | 68 | 35.1 | |
| Household arrangement | 0.002 | ||||||
| Lives alone | 6 | 8.1 | 18 | 13.8 | 24 | 11.8 | |
| 1 to 3 people | 64 | 86.5 | 83 | 62.8 | 147 | 72.1 | |
| ≥ 4 people | 4 | 5.4 | 29 | 22.3 | 33 | 16.2 | |
The health profile of the investigated group reveals that more than 70% of the elderly individuals have limitations or impairments in at least one basic activity of daily living (BADL); nearly half of the group has impairments in instrumental activities of daily living (IADL); a similar percentage also has a high BMI. Almost 80% of the group reported having three or more comorbidities, with just over a quarter of the group reporting five or more comorbidities.
The results show significant differences between men and women regarding functionality, with a higher proportion of women having some functional impairment (p=0.015). Additionally, it is noted that women had a higher frequency of polypharmacy (p=0.046). Furthermore, more than half of the elderly had an incomplete vaccination schedule against SARS-CoV-2, and about 20% had been hospitalized due to COVID-19, but without significant differences between men and women (Table 2).
Table 2. Clinical and functional characterization of post-COVID-19 elderly individuals by sex, treated at a reference center, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 2021.
| Socioeconomic and demographic situation | Male (n=74) | Female (n=130) | Total (N=204) | p value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
| Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) | 0.195 | ||||||
| Not impaired | 58 | 78.4 | 91 | 70.0 | 149 | 73.0 | |
| Impaired | 16 | 21.6 | 39 | 30.0 | 55 | 27.0 | |
| Impaired BADL* | 0.015 | ||||||
| 4 to 6 | 6 | 8.1 | 7 | 5.4 | 13 | 6.4 | |
| 1 to 3 | 40 | 54.1 | 96 | 73.8 | 136 | 66.7 | |
| None | 28 | 37.8 | 27 | 20.8 | 55 | 26.9 | |
| IADL** | |||||||
| Not impaired | 39 | 52.7 | 68 | 52.3 | 107 | 52.4 | 0.957 |
| Impaired | 35 | 47.3 | 62 | 47.7 | 97 | 47.6 | |
| Body Mass Index (BMI) | 0.056 | ||||||
| Underweight | 12 | 16.2 | 11 | 8.5 | 23 | 11.3 | |
| Normal weight/Eutrophy | 35 | 47.3 | 51 | 39.2 | 86 | 42.2 | |
| Overweight/obesity | 27 | 36.5 | 68 | 52.3 | 95 | 46.5 | |
| Number of comorbidities | 0.054 | ||||||
| ≤ 2 | 23 | 31.1 | 22 | 16.9 | 45 | 22.1 | |
| 3 to 4 | 36 | 48.6 | 71 | 54.6 | 107 | 52.4 | |
| ≥ 5 | 15 | 20.3 | 37 | 28.5 | 52 | 25.5 | |
| Medications in use | 0.046 | ||||||
| 0 ato 4 | 52 | 70.3 | 70 | 53.8 | 122 | 59.8 | |
| ≥ 5 | 22 | 29.7 | 60 | 46.2 | 82 | 40.2 | |
| COVID-19 vaccination status | 0.354 | ||||||
| Incomplete | 36 | 48.6 | 72 | 55.4 | 108 | 53.0 | |
| Complete | 38 | 51.4 | 58 | 44.6 | 96 | 47.0 | |
| Hospitalization due to COVID-19 | 0.963 | ||||||
| Yes | 15 | 20.3 | 26 | 20.0 | 41 | 20.1 | |
| No | 59 | 79.7 | 104 | 80.0 | 163 | 79.9 | |
Notes: *BADL - Basic Activities of Daily Living (Katz Index); **IADL - Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (Pfeffer Scale).
The assessment of the group regarding frailty status revealed that 93 elderly individuals (45.6%) were classified as robust, 80 (39.2%) were considered pre-frail, and 31 (15.2%) were classified as frail. Table 3 shows the association between the characteristics of the elderly individuals treated at the specialized center and their frailty status, based on a bivariate analysis.
Table 3. Factors associated with frailty among post-COVID-19 elderly individuals treated at a reference center, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 2021 (bivariate analysis).
| Variables | IVCF-20 Assessment | p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frailty n (%) | Non-Frailty n (%) | Total (N=204) | ||
| Sex | 0.614 | |||
| Male | 10 (13.5) | 64 (86.5) | 74 (36.3%) | |
| Female | 21 (16.2) | 109 (83.8) | 130 (63.7%) | |
| Age (years) | 0.061 | |||
| 60 - 79 | 11 (23.9) | 35 (76.1) | 46 (22.5%) | |
| ≥ 80 | 20 (12.7) | 138 (87.3) | 158 (77.5%) | |
| Education (in years of schooling) | 0.790 | |||
| Illiterate | 7 (17.9) | 32 (82.1) | 39 (19.1%) | |
| 1 to 4 years of schooling | 20 (15.2) | 112 (84.8) | 132 (64.7%) | |
| ≥ 5 years of schooling | 4 (12.1) | 29 (87.9) | 33 (16.2%) | |
| Marital status | 0.106 | |||
| With a partner | 17 (20.0) | 68 (80.0) | 85 (41.7%) | |
| Without a partner | 14 (11.8) | 105 (88.2) | 119 (58.3%) | |
| Skin color (self-reported) | 0.745 | |||
| Black/Brown | 25 (15.6) | 135 (84.4) | 160 (78.4%) | |
| White/Other | 6 (13.6) | 38 (86.4) | 44 (21.6%) | |
| Elderly income (in minimum wages) | 0.031 | |||
| < 1 | 7 (30.4) | 16 (69.6) | 23 (11.3%) | |
| ≥ 1 | 24 (13.3) | 157 (86.7) | 181 (88.7%) | |
| Impaired BADL* | <0.001 | |||
| ≥ 2 | 29 (33.0) | 59 (67.0) | 88 (43.1%) | |
| < 2 | 2 (1.9) | 114 (98.3) | 116 (56.9%) | |
| Body Mass Index (BMI) | 0.574 | |||
| Overweight/obesity (≥ 27) | 13 (13.7) | 82 (86.3) | 95 (45.6%) | |
| Eutrophy/Underweight (< 27) | 18 (16.5) | 91 (83.5) | 109 (53.4%) | |
| IADL** | <0.001 | |||
| Impaired | 30 (31.3) | 66 (68.7) | 96 (47.1%) | |
| Not impaired | 1 (0.9) | 107 (99.1) | 108 (52.9%) | |
| Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) | 0.001 | |||
| Impaired | 16 (29.1) | 39 (70.9) | 55 (27.0%) | |
| Not Impaired | 15 (10.1) | 134 (89.9) | 149 (73.0%) | |
| Number of Comorbidities | <0.001 | |||
| ≥ 5 | 18 (34.6) | 34 (65.4) | 52 (25.4%) | |
| 3 to 4 | 11 (10.3) | 96 (89.7) | 107 (52.5%) | |
| ≤ 2 | 2 (4.4) | 43 (95.6) | 45 (22.1%) | |
| Medications in use | 0.010 | |||
| ≥ 5 | 25 (20.5) | 97 (79.5) | 122 (59.8%) | |
| < 5 | 6 (7.3) | 79 (92.7) | 82 (40.2%) | |
| COVID-19 vaccination status | 0.073 | |||
| Incomplete | 21 (19.4) | 87 (80.6) | 108 (52.9%) | |
| Complete | 10 (10.4) | 86 (89.6) | 96 (47.1%) | |
| Hospitalization due to COVID-19 | 0.067 | |||
| Yes | 10 (24.4) | 31 (75.6) | 41 (20.1%) | |
| No | 21 (12.9) | 142 (87.1) | 163 (79.9%) | |
Notes: *BADL - Basic Activities of Daily Living (Katz Index); **IADL - Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (Pfeffer Scale).
Variables that were associated up to the 20% level (p<0.20) were evaluated together using binary logistic regression. The variables that remained in the final model (Table 4), assuming a significance level of 5%, were: impaired score on the mental examination (OR: 2.95; 95% CI: 1.12-7.80; p=0.029); presence of five or more comorbidities (OR: 11.55; 95% CI: 2.22-60.01; p=0.004); and impaired score in performing instrumental activities of daily living (OR: 41.97; 95% CI: 5.47-321.93; p<0.001).
Table 4. Variables associated with frailty syndrome among post-COVID-19 elderly individuals treated at a reference center, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 2021 (multiple analysis by binary logistic regression).
| Variables | Frailty (IVCF-20 ≥ 15) | |
|---|---|---|
| OR* (95% CI**) | p value | |
| Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) | 0.029 | |
| Not impaired | 2.95 (1.12-7.80) | |
| Impaired | 1.00 | |
| Number of comorbidities | 0.004 | |
| ≥ 5 | 11.55 (2.22-60.01) | |
| 3 to 4 | 3.51 (1.30-9.49) | |
| ≤ 2 | 1.00 | |
| Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) | <0.001 | |
| Impaired | 41.97 (5.47-321.93) | |
| Not impaired | 1.00 | |
Notes: *Odds Ratio; **95% Confidence Interval.
DISCUSSION
This study identifies the main socioeconomic, demographic, and health characteristics of post-COVID-19 elderly individuals treated at the only Reference Center for Elderly Health Care (CRASI) in the northern macro-region of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The group evaluated is relatively homogeneous in terms of socioeconomic and demographic characteristics; however, statistically significant differences were observed between male and female elderly individuals regarding marital status, number of children, and household arrangement.
The health profile of the elderly reveals a significant percentage of dependence on functional capacity and autonomy, considering the impairment of basic and instrumental activities of daily living. The presence of multimorbidities and the frequent use of five or more medications (polypharmacy) also highlights the need for special care for post-COVID-19 elderly individuals due to their inherent clinical vulnerability(3, 4).
Due to the nature of the study, it was not possible to determine whether the reported morbidities began before or after the confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nonetheless, it is worth noting that a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies found that COVID-19 can precipitate the onset of certain morbid conditions(6).
A higher percentage of women without partners, with more children, and living alone was observed compared to elderly men. Similarly, other studies addressing the aging process have also found that elderly women without partners are more common than elderly men(24, 25).
Regarding health conditions, the results also show differences between the sexes in terms of functionality, with a higher proportion of women experiencing some level of functional impairment, a finding that is also recorded in other investigations(24, 26).
Additionally, polypharmacy, another relevant factor associated with elderly health, was also found to be more prevalent among women, with higher rates of five or more medications used by women. This is consistent with the literature, as a longitudinal study conducted in 70 Brazilian municipalities found significant disparities between elderly men and women, with considerably higher proportions of polypharmacy among women(27).
Other studies conducted in Europe, the United States, and Brazil warn that polypharmacy is a common condition among the elderly and is often associated with multiple chronic conditions. Furthermore, a significant prevalence of negative outcomes due to this condition has been observed, including higher rates of mortality, falls, hospitalizations, adverse drug reactions, and increased healthcare costs(28, 29, 30).
The multivariate model revealed that cognitive impairment, the presence of five or more comorbidities, and impairment in IADLs were statistically associated with frailty status. The association between frailty and cognitive impairment is consistently reported in the literature, underscoring the need for early detection of cognitive changes to understand their dynamic evolution and their impact on the clinical-functional status of the elderly(31, 32, 33).
In this regard, a prospective cohort study conducted with elderly individuals at an academic medical center in São Paulo observed a higher proportion of frail elderly among those with cognitive impairment, with this group being larger than that observed among elderly individuals without this condition. Additionally, the authors warn that frail patients with cognitive impairment have a higher risk of mortality (Hazard Ratio (HR): 4.38; 95% CI: 1.95-9.87)(33).
Cognitive decline is frequently observed with the progression of the aging process and may be driven by genetic factors, socioeconomic factors, lifestyle habits, and the presence of comorbidities. In this context, frailty has been internationally recognized as a relevant condition. A longitudinal cohort study conducted in Asia found that elderly individuals with cognitive decline had a 3.77 times greater probability (Odds Ratio) of developing clinical-functional frailty (95% CI: 1.42-9.99)(34).
It is noteworthy that both conditions share the same pathophysiological mechanisms of inflammatory activation and neuroendocrine dysregulation, which consequently contribute to the coexistence of these two conditions(34). Therefore, elderly individuals with cognitive impairment are considered at risk for frailty(31, 32, 33, 34, 35).
Similar to this study, a cross-sectional investigation conducted with elderly patients at a specialized gerontology center in the interior of São Paulo found a correlation between frailty and a higher number of comorbidities (r=0.539; p=0.004)(31). The presence of multimorbidities is linked to greater restrictions in daily living activities. Although it does not necessarily indicate the frailty of an individual, with advancing age, this factor can accelerate the development of frailty and indicate a higher risk for the onset of this syndrome(36).
Another variable that also showed a statistically significant association with frailty was the impairment of IADLs. A cross-sectional study conducted with elderly individuals in São Paulo reinforced this association, concluding that more frail elderly individuals exhibit worse functional conditions compared to less frail ones (r=−0.57; p=0.002)(37). These findings suggest that, in general, as the transition to a frailty state progresses, elderly individuals display poorer performance in both basic and instrumental activities of daily living(38).
It is noteworthy that a significant portion of the elderly individuals investigated in the present study fall into the pre-frail category. These individuals are considered to be in the process of becoming frail, which is concerning given the lack of a clear definition of the condition’s evolutionary nature. It is essential that healthcare professionals promote increased vigilance and integrated care for this group, as a longitudinal cohort study conducted at a geriatric specialty outpatient center in Minas Gerais followed elderly patients for twelve months and found that 33.3% of non-frail elderly individuals with cognitive impairment transitioned to frailty(32).
Focusing specifically on the context of COVID-19, it is important to note that most of the elderly individuals in this study had an incomplete vaccination status, and a significant portion of the evaluated group required hospitalization due to the disease. It was not possible to directly assess the impact of the disease on frailty status, considering that the patients were not evaluated beforehand.
Initially, a higher proportion of frail elderly individuals might have been expected in the study, given that other research points to a close relationship between frailty and COVID-19(6, 7, 15, 16). However, it is important to consider that more frail elderly individuals experienced severe outcomes, with prolonged hospitalizations and post-COVID-19 mortality(3, 7, 16). The process of selecting the elderly individuals involved in this study is a limiting factor for more specific considerations about the relationship between COVID-19 and frailty, as it was conducted based on specific and voluntary demand.
In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, international investigations have warned that clinical-functional frailty is correlated with a higher risk of developing severe forms of the disease, postinfection sequelae, and/or exacerbation and decompensation of chronic diseases among elderly patients, particularly when associated with hospitalization(1, 3, 7). Other inquiries also highlight that the hospitalization of frail elderly individuals affected by COVID-19, with multimorbidities, cognitive decline, and functional impairment, significantly reduces survival rates(3, 7, 33, 39, 40).
Study Limitations
The results of this study should be considered in light of some limitations. As previously mentioned, this is a case series with specific analyses, which do not allow for the determination of causality. Additionally, memory and selection biases should be considered, given that the research data were obtained through the service’s patient care records, which were documented based on the accounts of the elderly individuals treated at the specialized center for clinical evaluation after COVID-19 infection. Since the evaluations took place after the disease had manifested, they only refer to elderly survivors who were able to attend the service for care, limiting the generalizability of the findings.
Contributions to Nursing, Health, or Public Policy
Despite these limitations, the observed results underscore the urgent need for comprehensive care for the elderly, focusing on the specificities of frailty syndrome and the post-COVID-19 condition. Additionally, they highlight the need for ongoing education and technical-pedagogical support (matrix support) for the services and healthcare professionals involved in this context of care.
CONCLUSIONS
The health profile of the group is characterized primarily by elderly individuals who have limitations in functionality and autonomy, along with a high percentage of associated comorbidities. Predominantly, the evaluated group was found to be in a frail/pre-frail condition.
The variables associated with frailty in elderly individuals post-SARS-CoV-2 infection were cognitive impairment, the presence of five or more comorbidities, and impairment in instrumental activities of daily living.
Therefore, it becomes relevant to evaluate the post-COVID-19 condition as a potential additional marker of frailty, especially among the elderly. These results highlight the need for well-established and integrated care coordination to meet the demands of the post-COVID-19 elderly population.
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