New Species of Diaporthales (Ascomycota) from Diseased Leaves in Fujian Province, China

Xiayu Guan; Taichang Mu; Nemat O Keyhani; Junya Shang; Yuchen Mao; Jiao Yang; Minhai Zheng; Lixia Yang; Huili Pu; Yongsheng Lin; Mengjia Zhu; Huajun Lv; Zhiang Heng; Huiling Liang; Longfei Fan; Xiaoli Ma; Haixia Ma; Zhenxing Qiu; Junzhi Qiu

doi:10.3390/jof11010008

. 2024 Dec 26;11(1):8. doi: 10.3390/jof11010008

New Species of Diaporthales (Ascomycota) from Diseased Leaves in Fujian Province, China

Xiayu Guan ¹, Taichang Mu ², Nemat O Keyhani ³, Junya Shang ², Yuchen Mao ², Jiao Yang ², Minhai Zheng ², Lixia Yang ², Huili Pu ², Yongsheng Lin ², Mengjia Zhu ², Huajun Lv ², Zhiang Heng ², Huiling Liang ⁴, Longfei Fan ⁵, Xiaoli Ma ⁶, Haixia Ma ⁷, Zhenxing Qiu ^8,^*, Junzhi Qiu ^2,^*

Editor: Miloś Č Stupar

¹Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; gxy302@126.com

²State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; mutaichang@163.com (T.M.); 15750811500@163.com (J.S.); maoyuchen301@163.com (Y.M.); jiaoyang0368@163.com (J.Y.); zhengmh0928@163.com (M.Z.); finy1015@163.com (L.Y.); hdpuhuili@163.com (H.P.); linyongsheng0909@163.com (Y.L.); zhumengjia_0529@163.com (M.Z.); 13328626122@163.com (H.L.); 18965917828@163.com (Z.H.)

³Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607, USA; keyhani@uic.edu

⁴Guangxi Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin 541006, China; llhl@gxib.cn

⁵College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; fanlf@gsau.edu.cn

⁶College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China; xlm87@xju.edu.cn

⁷Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Microbe Resources, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; maihaixia@itbb.org.cn

⁸College of Humanities and Law, Fuzhou Technology and Business University, Fuzhou 350715, China

Correspondence: fzgsxywfxy@163.com (Z.Q.); 000q120055@fafu.edu.cn (J.Q.); Tel.: +86-591-83789367 (J.Q.)

Roles

Xiayu Guan: Conceptualization, Data curation, Writing – original draft, Supervision, Funding acquisition

Taichang Mu: Conceptualization, Data curation, Writing – original draft

Junya Shang: Methodology, Data curation

Yuchen Mao: Software, Data curation

Jiao Yang: Validation, Data curation

Minhai Zheng: Validation, Data curation

Lixia Yang: Validation, Data curation

Huili Pu: Formal analysis, Data curation

Yongsheng Lin: Formal analysis, Data curation

Mengjia Zhu: Validation, Investigation, Data curation

Huajun Lv: Resources, Data curation

Zhiang Heng: Resources, Data curation

Longfei Fan: Data curation

Xiaoli Ma: Data curation

Haixia Ma: Data curation

Zhenxing Qiu: Data curation, Visualization, Project administration

Junzhi Qiu: Conceptualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Supervision, Funding acquisition

Miloś Č Stupar: Academic Editor

PMCID: PMC11766186 PMID: 39852428

Abstract

Fungal biota represents important constituents of phyllosphere microorganisms. It is taxonomically highly diverse and influences plant physiology, metabolism and health. Members of the order Diaporthales are distributed worldwide and include devastating plant pathogens as well as endophytes and saprophytes. However, many phyllosphere Diaporthales species remain uncharacterized, with studies examining their diversity needed. Here, we report on the identification of several diaporthalean taxa samples collected from diseased leaves of Cinnamomum camphora (Lauraceae), Castanopsis fordii (Fagaceae) and Schima superba (Theaceae) in Fujian province, China. Based on morphological features coupled to multigene phylogenetic analyses of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, the large subunit of nuclear ribosomal RNA (LSU), the partial beta-tubulin (tub2), histone H3 (his3), DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit (rpb2), translation elongation factor 1-α (tef1) and calmodulin (cal) genes, three new species of Diaporthales are introduced, namely, Diaporthe wuyishanensis, Gnomoniopsis wuyishanensis and Paratubakia schimae. This study contributes to our understanding on the biodiversity of diaporthalean fungi that are inhabitants of the phyllosphere of trees native to Asia.

Keywords: Diaporthe, multigene phylogeny, new species, Paratubakia, taxonomy

1. Introduction

The various fungi that inhabit the outer surface and the inner microenvironment of plant leaves are referred to as phyllosphere fungi [1,2]. These fungi include saprophytes, pathogens, epiphytes and endophytes and can affect plant growth and/or help enhance resistances to biotic and abiotic stress [3,4]. There is significant diversity of phyllosphere fungi whose members span diverse phyla in the Fungal Kingdom, particularly within the Ascomycota and the Basidiomycota [5]. Although studies examining the diversity of fungi in different trophic levels remain limited, fungal diversity on leaves has been shown to be lower than in soil but higher than that found on flowers and fruits, with several studies focusing on entomopathogenic fungi reporting highest diversity in soil, followed by leaves, leaf litter and twigs [6,7]. However, knowledge concerning phyllosphere fungal diversity particularly within the Diaporthales remains limited.

The camphor and timber trees, Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl and Castanopsis fordii Hance, and the flowering plant, Schima superba Gardner & Champ., are widely distributed in south-eastern China, where they can be the dominant members of forest ecosystems [8,9,10]. They play important roles in stabilizing soil, reducing erosion and protecting water sources [11,12]. In addition, these trees have important economic values, with various parts of certain members of the genus Castanopsis and Cinnamomum frequently employed as part of traditional medicinal practices [11,13]. The crude extracts and chemical constituents derived from Castanopsis exhibit a wide range of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial and other effects [11]. Cinnamic acid, eugenol and cinnamyl alcohol from Cinnamomum were the active components of cardiovascular protection [13]. The fungi that associate with Cinnamomum, Castanopsis and Schima plants play different roles, with information concerning fungal Diaporthales diversity lacking, especially from diseased leaves [14,15]. Here, we report on the isolation and characterization of new fungal species isolated from diseased leaves of Cinnamomum camphora, Castanopsis fordii and Schima superba in Fujian Province, China. Based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses, we identify three new fungal species, namely Diaporthe wuyishanensis sp. nov. in Diaporthaceae, Gnomoniopsis wuyishanensis sp. nov. in Gnomoniaceae, and Paratubakia schimae sp. nov. in Tubakiaceae. Detailed descriptions and illustrations of the three new species are given. To the best of our knowledge, our data include the first identification and description of Paratubakia, (P. schimae sp. nov.) in China.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Specimen Sources, Isolation, Morphological Characterization and Selection

Fungal spot disease specimens found on leaves of Cinnamomum camphora, Castanopsis fordii and Schima superba were collected at Meihua Mountain National Nature Reserve, Longyan City and Wuyi Mountain National Nature Reserve, Wuyishan City in Fujian Province, China. The two sampling sites are representative areas of large Cinnamomum, Castanopsis and Schima forests, with high plant diversity, abundant precipitation and more mountains. The leaf specimens were placed in paper bags, which were labeled with the details concerning plant hosts, locations, geographical features and altitudes [16]. Specimens were taken to laboratory and treated as described in Photita et al. [17]. The fungi were isolated using a tissue separation method as follows: ~25 mm² diseased tissue fragments were cut from leaves displaying spot symptoms. The fragments were first sterilized by soaking in 75% ethanol for 60 s and then rinsed once with sterile deionized water for 20 s. Following this, samples were placed in 5% NaOCl for 30 s and then rinsed three times with sterile deionized water for 60 s each time. Finally, fragments were dried on sterilized filter paper and then placed onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates for fungal outgrowth [17]. Pure colonies were obtained after sequential passage via culturing of growing fungal colony edges on PDA. Plates were incubated in a light incubator (12:12) at 25 °C. Strains were presumptively identified following three steps: firstly, each strain was sequenced with ITS and tef1 phylogenetic markers. The BLASTn searches were used to determine the most closely related taxa in the GenBank database with the ITS sequences. Secondly, the family or genus level phylogenetic analysis was conducted using ITS-tef1 sequences. For Diaporthe, strains were assigned to Diaporthe different complexes and referred to Dissanayake et al. [18]. Thirdly, amplification of other different loci and phylogenetic analyses were conducted using different multi-locus datasets. Ultimately, herbarium materials were kept at the Herbarium Mycologicum Academiae Sinicae, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (HMAS), and living cultures were maintained in the China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center (CGMCC). Colony features were imaged with digital camera (Canon EOS 6D MarkII, Tokyo, Japan) at 7 and 15 days after inoculation in indicated media. Microstructures were observed and photographed using a stereo microscope (Nikon SMZ745, Tokyo, Japan) and biological microscope (Ni-U, Tokyo, Japan) with a digital camera (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) using differential interference contrast (DIC) [19]. Structural measurements were measured using Digimizer 5.4.4 software (https://www.digimizer.com).

2.2. DNA Extraction, PCR Amplification and Sequencing

Fungal DNA was directly extracted from growing mycelia on PDA after 5–7 days of growth using the Fungal DNA Mini Kit (OMEGA-D3390, Feiyang Biological Engineering Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China) according to the product manual. Nucleotide sequences corresponding to seven genetic loci were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using a Bio-Rad Thermocycler (Hercules, CA, USA). For Diaporthe, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified with primers ITS5 and ITS4, the calmodulin (cal) gene with primers CAL-228F and CAL-737R, the histone H3 (his3) gene with primers CYLH3F and H3-1b, the translation elongation factor 1-α (tef1) gene with primers EF1-728F and TEF1-986R and the beta-tubulin (tub2) gene with primers Bt2a and Bt2b as described [20,21,22,23]. The same primers were used for Gnomoniopsis, with the exception of amplification of the tef1 gene, which was performed using primers EF1-728F and EF-2 [20,21,23,24]. For Paratubakia, the ITS and tub2 sequences were amplified with the primers listed above, and in addition, the LSU gene was amplified with primers LROR and LR5, the DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit (rpb2) gene with primers fRPB2-5F and fRPB2-7cR and the tef1 gene with primers EF1-728F and EF-2 [20,21,23,24,25,26,27]. The PCR thermal cycle program, primer pairs and sequence are listed in Table 1. The PCR reaction mixture was 25 µL, containing 12.5 μL of 2 × Spark Taq PCR Master Mix (Without Dye) (Shandong Sparkjade Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Jinan, China), 1 μL of template DNA, 1 µL each 10 µM primer (Tsingke, Fuzhou, China) and 9.5 µL of sterile water. Qualified PCR products were checked on electrophoresed in 1% agarose gel (RM19009 and RM02852, ABclonal) and were sequenced by a commercial company (Fuzhou Sunya Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Fuzhou, China).

Table 1.

Target sequences, primer pairs and PCR programs used for application in this study.

Loci	PCR Primers	Sequence (5′–3′)	PCR Cycles	References
ITS	ITS5	GGA AGT AAA AGT CGT AAC AAG G	(95 °C: 30 s, 55 °C: 30 s, 72 °C: 1 min) × 35 cycles	[20]
ITS	ITS4	TCC TCC GCT TAT TGA TAT GC	(95 °C: 30 s, 55 °C: 30 s, 72 °C: 1 min) × 35 cycles	[20]
LSU	LROR	GTA CCC GCT GAA CTT AAG C	(95 °C: 30 s, 52 °C: 30 s, 72 °C: 1 min) × 35 cycles	[25,26]
LSU	LR5	TCC TGA GGG AAA CTT CG	(95 °C: 30 s, 52 °C: 30 s, 72 °C: 1 min) × 35 cycles	[25,26]
cal	CAL-228F	GAG TTC AAG GAG GCC TTC TCC C	(95 °C: 30 s, 54 °C: 30 s, 72 °C: 1 min) × 35 cycles	[21]
cal	CAL-737R	CAT CTT CTG GCC ATC ATG G	(95 °C: 30 s, 54 °C: 30 s, 72 °C: 1 min) × 35 cycles	[21]
rpb2	fRPB2-5F	GAY GAY MGW GAT CAY TTY GG	(95 °C: 30 s, 56 °C: 30 s, 72 °C: 1 min) × 35 cycles	[27]
rpb2	fRPB2-7cR	CCC ATW GCY TGC TTM CCC AT	(95 °C: 30 s, 56 °C: 30 s, 72 °C: 1 min) × 35 cycles	[27]
his3	CYLH3F	AGG TCC ACT GGT GGC AAG	(95 °C: 30 s, 58 °C: 30 s, 72 °C: 1 min) × 35 cycles	[22,23]
his3	H3-1b	GCG GGC GAG CTG GAT GTC CTT	(95 °C: 30 s, 58 °C: 30 s, 72 °C: 1 min) × 35 cycles	[22,23]
tef1	EF1-728F	CAT CGA GAA GTT CGA GAA GG	(95 °C: 30 s, 48 °C: 30 s, 72 °C: 1 min) × 35 cycles	[21,24]
	EF-2	GGA RGT ACC AGT SAT CAT GTT	(95 °C: 30 s, 48 °C: 30 s, 72 °C: 1 min) × 35 cycles	[21,24]
	EF1-728F	CAT CGA GAA GTT CGA GAA GG	(95 °C: 30 s, 52 °C: 30 s, 72 °C: 1 min) × 35 cycles	[21]
	TEF1-986R	TAC TTG AAG GAA CCC TTA CC	(95 °C: 30 s, 52 °C: 30 s, 72 °C: 1 min) × 35 cycles	[21]
tub2	Bt2a	GGT AAC CAA ATC GGT GCT GCT TTC	(95 °C: 30 s, 53 °C: 30 s, 72 °C: 1 min) × 35 cycles	[23]
tub2	Bt2b	ACC CTC AGT GTA GTG ACC CTT GGC	(95 °C: 30 s, 53 °C: 30 s, 72 °C: 1 min) × 35 cycles	[23]

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2.3. Sequence Alignment and Phylogenetic Analysis

New sequences generated from this study were deposited in GenBank (Table 2, Table 3 and Table 4). Reference sequences were downloaded from GenBank (Table 2, Table 3 and Table 4). Sequences were aligned with MAFFT v.7 (http://mafft.cbrc.jp/alignment/server/, (accessed on 29 August 2024)) and corrected manually by MEGA 7 software [28,29]. The concatenated aligned sequences were analyzed by Maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) methods using the CIPRES Science Gateway portal (https://www.phylo.org/, accessed on (30 August 2024)) and Phylosuite software v. 1.2.3 [30,31]. The Maximum likelihood (ML) analysis was performed with 1000 rapid bootstrap replicates using the GTRGAMMA substitution model by RaxML-HPC2 on ACCESS v. 8.2.12 [32,33]. For Bayesian inference (BI) analyses, Partition Finder2 was used to select the evolutionary model for each locus [34]. Four simultaneous Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) chains were initiated from random trees with 1 million generations for the Diaporthe, 15 million generations for the Gnomoniopsis and 5 million generations for the Tubakiaceae analyses. In the tests, analyses were sampled every 100 generations. The first 25% of trees were discarded, and remaining trees were used to determine posterior probabilities (PPs). System diagrams were plotted using FigTree v. 1.4.5_pre (https://github.com/rambaut/figtree/releases (accessed on 3 September 2024)).

Table 2.

Information of specimens and GenBank accession numbers of the sequences used in the analysis of the Diaporthe virgiliae species complex.

Species	Culture/Voucher	Host/Substrate	Locations	GenBank Accession Number
Species	Culture/Voucher	Host/Substrate	Locations	ITS	tub2	tef1	cal	his3
Diaporthe wuyishanensis sp. nov.	CGMCC3.27490 *	Cinnamomum camphora	China	PQ385851	PQ404036	PQ404034	PQ404030	PQ404032
Diaporthe wuyishanensis sp. nov.	CGMCC3.27491	Cinnamomum camphora	China	PQ385852	PQ404037	PQ404035	PQ404031	PQ404033
Diaporthe grandiflori	SAUCC194.84 *	Heterostemma grandiflorum	China	MT822612	MT855809	MT855924	MT855691	MT855580
Diaporthe heterophyllae	CBS 143769 *	Acacia heterophylla	France	MG600222	MG600226	MG600224	MG600218	MG600220
Diaporthe penetriteum	LC3353 *	Camellia sinensis	China	KP714505	KP714529	KP714517	–	KP714493
Diaporthe penetriteum	NKDL–3–19	Citrus sinensis	China	MW202992	MW208612	MW221578	MW221746	MW221677
Diaporthe shennongjiaensis	CNUCC 201905	Juglans regia	China	MN216229	MN227012	MN224672	MN224551	MN224560
Diaporthe virgiliae	CMW 40748	Virgilia oroboides	South Africa	KP247566	KP247575	–	–	–
Diaporthe virgiliae	CMW 40752	Virgilia oroboides	South Africa	KP247570	KP247579	–	–	–
Diaporthe virgiliae	CMW40755 *	Virgilia oroboides	South Africa	KP247573	KP247582	–	–	–
Diaporthe virgiliae	SCF 006–607	Cyclopia subternata	South Africa	MW959685	MW979256	MT833892	–	MT833906
Diaporthe zaofenghuang	CGMCC3.20271 *	Prunus persica	China	MW477883	MW480875	MW480871	MW480867	MW480863
Diaporthe zaofenghuang	TZFH3	Prunus persica	China	MW477884	MW480876	MW480872	MW480868	MW480864

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Notes: Newly generated sequences are in bold. The ex-type, ex-epitype and ex-neotype strains are marked with *.

Table 3.

Information of specimens and GenBank accession numbers of the sequences used in the analysis of Gnomoniopsis.

Species	Culture/Voucher	Host/Substrate	Locations	GenBank Accession Number
Species	Culture/Voucher	Host/Substrate	Locations	ITS	tef1	tub2
Gnomoniopsis agrimoniae	MFLUCC 14–0844 *	Agrimonia eupatoria	Italy	–	MF377585	–
Gnomoniopsis agrimoniae	MFLUCC 17–1662	Agrimonia eupatoria	Italy	–	MF377586	–
Gnomoniopsis alderdunensis	CBS 125680 *	Rubus parviflorus	USA	GU320825	GU320801	GU320787
Gnomoniopsis alderdunensis	CBS 125681	Rubus parviflorus	USA	GU320827	GU320802	GU320789
Gnomoniopsis alderdunensis	CBS 125679	Rubus pedatus	USA	GU320826	GU320813	GU320788
Gnomoniopsis angolensis	CPC 33595 = CBS 145057 *	unknown host plant	Angola	MK047428	–	–
Gnomoniopsis castanopsidis	CFCC 54437 *	Castanopsis hystrix	China	MZ902909	MZ936385	–
Gnomoniopsis castanopsidis	CFCC 54438	Castanopsis hystrix	China	MZ902910	MZ936386	–
Gnomoniopsis chamaemori	CBS 804.79	Rubus chamaemorus	Finland	GU320817	GU320809	GU320777
Gnomoniopsis chinensis	CFCC 52286 *	Castanea mollissima	China	MG866032	MH545370	MH545366
Gnomoniopsis chinensis	CFCC 52288	Castanea mollissima	China	MG866034	MH545372	MH545368
Gnomoniopsis chinensis	CFCC 52287	Castanea mollissima	China	MG866033	MH545371	MH545367
Gnomoniopsis chinensis	CFCC 52289	Castanea mollissima	China	MG866035	MH545373	MH545369
Gnomoniopsis clavulata	CBS 121255	Quercus falcata	USA	EU254818	EU221934	EU219211
Gnomoniopsis comari	CBS 807.79	Comarum palustre	Finland	EU254822	GU320814	GU320779
Gnomoniopsis comari	CBS 809.79	Comarum palustre	Switzerland	EU254823	GU320794	GU320778
Gnomoniopsis comari	CBS 806.79	Oryza sativa	UK	EU254821	GU320810	EU219156
Gnomoniopsis daii	CFCC 54043 *	Castanea mollissima	China	MZ902911	MZ936387	MZ936403
Gnomoniopsis daii	CFCC 55517	Castanea mollissima	China	MN598671	MN605519	MN605517
Gnomoniopsis daii	CMF002B	Castanea mollissima	China	MN598672	MN605520	MN605518
Gnomoniopsis daii	CFCC 55294B	Quercus aliena	China	MZ902912	MZ936388	MZ936404
Gnomoniopsis diaoluoshanensis	SAUCC DL0963 *	Castanopsis chinensis	China	ON753744	ON759769	ON759777
Gnomoniopsis diaoluoshanensis	SAUCC DL0964	Castanopsis chinensis	China	ON753743	ON759768	ON759776
Gnomoniopsis diaoluoshanensis	SAUCC DL0961	Castanopsis chinensis	China	ON753745	ON759770	ON759778
Gnomoniopsis fagacearum	CFCC 54412	Castanopsis chunii	China	MZ902917	MZ936393	MZ936409
Gnomoniopsis fagacearum	CFCC 54414	Castanopsis eyrei	China	MZ902915	MZ936391	MZ936407
Gnomoniopsis fagacearum	CFCC 54288	Castanopsis faberi	China	MZ902913	MZ936389	MZ936405
Gnomoniopsis fagacearum	CFCC 54316 *	Lithocarpus glaber	China	MZ902916	MZ936392	MZ936408
Gnomoniopsis fagacearum	CFCC 54439	Quercus variabilis	China	MZ902914	MZ936390	MZ936406
Gnomoniopsis fragariae = Gnomoniopsis fructicola	CBS 121226	Fragaria vesca	USA	EU254824	EU221961	EU219144
Gnomoniopsis fragariae = Gnomoniopsis fructicola	CBS 125671	Fragaria sp.	USA	GU320816	GU320793	GU320776
Gnomoniopsis fragariae = Gnomoniopsis fructicola	CBS 208.34	Fragaria sp.	USA	EU254826	EU221968	EU219149
Gnomoniopsis guangdongensis	CFCC 54443 *	Castanopsis fargesii	China	MZ902918	MZ936394	MZ936410
Gnomoniopsis guangdongensis	CFCC 54331	Castanopsis fargesii	China	MZ902919	MZ936395	MZ936411
Gnomoniopsis guangdongensis	CFCC 54282	Castanopsis fargesii	China	MZ902920	MZ936396	MZ936412
Gnomoniopsis guttulata	MS 0312	Agrimonia eupatoria	Bulgaria	EU254812	–	–
Gnomoniopsis hainanensis	CFCC 54376 *	Castanopsis hainanensis	China	MZ902921	MZ936397	MZ936413
Gnomoniopsis hainanensis	CFCC 55877	Castanopsis hainanensis	China	MZ902922	MZ936398	MZ936414
Gnomoniopsis idaeicola	CBS 125673	Rubus pedatus	USA	GU320824	GU320798	GU320782
Gnomoniopsis idaeicola	CBS 125675	Rubus pedatus	USA	GU320822	GU320799	GU320783
Gnomoniopsis idaeicola	CBS 125676	Rubus pedatus	USA	GU320821	GU320811	GU320784
Gnomoniopsis idaeicola	CBS 125672	Rubus sp.	USA	GU320823	GU320797	GU320781
Gnomoniopsis idaeicola	CBS 125674	Rubus sp.	France	GU320820	GU320796	GU320780
Gnomoniopsis lithocarpi	SAUCC YN0743*	Lithocarpus fohaiensis	China	ON753749	ON759765	ON759783
Gnomoniopsis lithocarpi	SAUCC YN0742	Lithocarpus fohaiensis	China	ON753750	ON759764	ON759782
Gnomoniopsis macounii	CBS 121468	Spiraea sp.	USA	EU254762	EU221979	EU219126
Gnomoniopsis mengyinensis	SAUCC MY0293 *	Castanea mollissima	China	ON753741	ON759766	ON759774
Gnomoniopsis mengyinensis	SAUCC MY0296	Castanea mollissima	China	ON753742	ON759767	ON759775
Gnomoniopsis occulta	CBS 125677	Potentilla sp.	USA	GU320828	GU320812	GU320785
Gnomoniopsis occulta	CBS 125678	Potentilla sp.	USA	GU320829	GU320800	GU320786
Gnomoniopsis paraclavulata	CBS 123202	Quercus alba	USA	GU320830	GU320815	GU320775
Gnomoniopsis quercicola	IRAN 4313C = CBS 149773 *	Quercus brantii	Iran	OR540614	OR561996	OR561907
Gnomoniopsis racemula	CBS 121469 *	Triticum aestivum	USA	EU254841	EU221889	EU219125
Gnomoniopsis rosae	CPC 34440 = CBS 145085 *	Rosa sp.	New Zealand	MK047451	–	–
Gnomoniopsis rossmaniae	CFCC 54307 *	Castanopsis hainanensis	China	MZ902923	MZ936399	MZ936415
Gnomoniopsis rossmaniae	CFCC 55876	Castanopsis hainanensis	China	MZ902924	MZ936400	MZ936416
Gnomoniopsis sanguisorbae	CBS 858.79	Sanguisorba minor	Switzerland	GU320818	GU320805	GU320790
Gnomoniopsis silvicola	CFCC 54304	Castanopsis hystrix	China	MZ902925	MZ936401	MZ936417
Gnomoniopsis silvicola	CFCC 54418 *	Quercus serrata	China	MZ902926	MZ936402	MZ936418
Gnomoniopsis smithogilvyi	MUT 401	Castanea sativa	Italy	HM142946	KR072537	KR072532
Gnomoniopsis smithogilvyi	MUT 411	Castanea sativa	New Zealand	HM142948	KR072538	KR072533
Gnomoniopsis smithogilvyi	CBS 130190 *	Castanea sp.	Australia	JQ910642	JQ910645	JQ910639
Gnomoniopsis smithogilvyi	CBS 130189	Castanea sp.	Australia	JQ910644	JQ910647	JQ910641
Gnomoniopsis smithogilvyi	CBS 130188	Castanea sp.	Australia	JQ910643	KR072536	JQ910640
Gnomoniopsis tormentillae	CBS 904.79	Potentilla sp.	Switzerland	EU254856	GU320795	EU219165
Gnomoniopsis wuyishanensis sp. nov.	CGMCC3.27834	Castanopsis fordii	China	PQ381256	PQ404016	PQ404018
Gnomoniopsis wuyishanensis sp. nov.	CGMCC3.27836 *	Castanopsis fordii	China	PQ381257	PQ404017	PQ404019
Gnomoniopsis xunwuensis	CFCC 53115 *	Castanopsis fissa	China	MK432667	MK578141	MK578067
Gnomoniopsis xunwuensis	CFCC 53116	Castanopsis fissa	China	MK432668	MK578142	MK578068
Gnomoniopsis yunnanensis	SAUCC YN1659 *	Castanea mollissima	China	ON753746	ON759771	ON759779
Gnomoniopsis yunnanensis	SAUCC YN1657	Castanea mollissima	China	ON753747	ON759772	ON759780
Gnomoniopsis yunnanensis	SAUCC YN1641	Castanea mollissima	China	ON753748	ON759773	ON759781
Melanconis stilbostoma	CBS 109778	Betula pendula	Australia	DQ323524	EU221886	EU219104

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Notes: Newly generated sequences are in bold. The ex-type, ex-epitype and ex-neotype strains are marked with *.

Table 4.

Information of specimens and GenBank accession numbers of the sequences used in the analysis of Tubakiaceae.

Species	Culture/Voucher	Host/Substrate	Locations	GenBank Accession Number
Species	Culture/Voucher	Host/Substrate	Locations	ITS	LSU	tef1	tub2	rpb2
Apiognomonioides supraseptata	CBS 632.92 *	Quercus glauca	Japan	MG976447	MG976448	–	–	–
Apiognomonioides supraseptata	ATCC 58737	Quercus glauca	Japan	–	AF277127	–	–	–
Ellipsoidisporodochium photiniae	SAUCC 210421 *	Photinia serratifolia	China	OK175559	OK189532	OK206440	OK206442	OK206438
Ellipsoidisporodochium photiniae	SAUCC 210423	Photinia serratifolia	China	OK175560	OK189533	OK206441	OK206443	OK206439
Greeneria uvicola	FI12007	unknown host plant	Uruguay	HQ586009	GQ870619	–	–	–
Involutiscutellula rubra	CBS 192.71 *	Quercus phillyraeoides	Japan	MG591899	MG591993	MG592086	MG592180	MG976476
Involutiscutellula rubra	MUCC 2303	Quercus phillyraeoides	Japan	MG591900	MG591994	MG592087	MG592181	MG976477
Oblongisporothyrium castanopsidis	CBS 124732	Castanopsis cuspidata	Japan	MG591849	MG591942	MG592037	MG592131	MG976453
Oblongisporothyrium castanopsidis	CBS 189.71 *	Castanopsis cuspidata	Japan	MG591850	MG591943	MG592038	MG592132	MG976454
Obovoideisporodochium lithocarpi	SAUCC 0748 *	Lithocarpus fohaiensis	China	MW820279	MW821346	MZ996876	MZ962157	MZ962155
Obovoideisporodochium lithocarpi	SAUCC 0745	Lithocarpus fohaiensis	China	MW820280	MW821347	MZ996877	MZ962158	MZ962156
Paratubakia schimae sp. nov.	CGMCC3.27842 *	Schima superba	China	PQ408642	PQ408644	PQ404020	PQ404022	PQ404024
Paratubakia schimae sp. nov.	CGMCC3.27855	Schima superba	China	PQ408643	PQ408645	PQ404021	PQ404023	PQ404025
Paratubakia subglobosa	CBS 124733	Quercus glauca	Japan	MG591913	MG592008	MG592102	MG592194	MG976489
Paratubakia subglobosa	CBS 193.71 *	Quercus glauca	Japan	MG591914	MG592009	MG592103	MG592195	MG976490
Paratubakia subglobosoides	MUCC 2293 *	Quercus glauca	Japan	MG591915	MG592010	MG592104	MG592196	MG976491
Phaeotubakia lithocarpicola	CFCC 54422 *	Lithocarpus glaber	China	OP951017	OP951015	OQ127584	OQ127586	–
Phaeotubakia lithocarpicola	RK7CX	Lithocarpus glaber	China	OP951018	OP951016	OQ127585	OQ127587	–
Racheliella saprophytica	MFLUCC 12–0298 *	Syzygium cumini	Thailand	KJ021933	KJ021935	–	–	–
Racheliella wingfieldiana	CBS 143669 *	Syzigium guineense	South Africa	MG591911	MG592006	MG592100	MG592192	MG976487
Saprothyrium thailandense	MFLUCC 12–0303 *	Decaying leaf	Thailand	MF190163	MF190110	–	–	–
Saprothyrium thailandense	MFLUCC 17–1672	Decaying leaf	Thailand	MF190164	MF190111	–	–	–
Sphaerosporithyrium mexicanum	CPC 32258	Quercus eduardi	Mexico	MG591895	MG591989	MG592082	MG592176	–
Sphaerosporithyrium mexicanum	CPC 33021 *	Quercus eduardi	Mexico	MG591896	MG591990	MG592083	MG592177	MG976473
Tubakia americana	CBS 129014	Quercus macrocarpa	USA	MG591873	MG591966	MG592058	MG592152	MG976449
Tubakia byeongjinii	CDH040	Quercus variabilis	Republic of Korea	OR727896	OR727898	OR732731	–	–
Tubakia byeongjinii	CDH041 *	Quercus variabilis	Republic of Korea	OR727897	OR727899	OR732732	–	–
Tubakia californica	CPC 31505 *	Quercus kelloggii	USA	MG591835	MG591928	MG592023	MG592117	MG976451
Tubakia cyclobalanopsidis	CFCC 55979 *	Quercus glauca	China	OP114639	–	OP254247	OP329290	–
Tubakia cyclobalanopsidis	CFCC 55973	Quercus glauca	China	OP114640	–	OP254248	OP329291	–
Tubakia dryina	CBS 112097 *	Quercus robur	Italy	MG591851	MG591944	MG592039	MG592133	MG976455
Tubakia dryinoides	MUCC2291	Castanea crenata	Japan	MG591877	MG591969	MG592062	MG592156	MG976460
Tubakia dryinoides	MUCC2292 *	Quercus phillyraeoides	Japan	MG591878	MG591970	MG592063	MG592157	MG976461
Tubakia hallii	CBS 129013 *	Quercus stellata	USA	MG591880	MG591972	MG592065	MG592159	MG976462
Tubakia hallii	CBS 12901	Quercus stellata	USA	MG591881	MG591973	MG592066	MG592160	–
Tubakia iowensis	CBS 129012 *	Quercus macrocarpa	USA	MG591879	MG591971	MG592064	MG592158	–
Tubakia japonica	ATCC 22472 *	Castanea crenata	Japan	MG591886	MG591978	MG592071	MG592165	MG976465
Tubakia koreana	KCTC46072	Quercus mongolica	Republic of Korea	KP886837	–	–	–	–
Tubakia liquidambaris	CBS 139744	Liquidambar styraciflua	USA	MG605068	MG605077	MG603578	–	–
Tubakia lushanensis	SAUCC 1921	Quercus palustris	China	MW784677	MW784850	MW842262	MW842265	MW842268
Tubakia lushanensis	SAUCC 1923 *	Quercus palustris	China	MW784678	MW784851	MW842261	MW842264	MW842267
Tubakia macnabbii	CBS 137349 *	Quercus palustris	USA	MG605069	–	MG603579	–	–
Tubakia melnikiana	CPC 32255 *	Quercus canbyi	Mexico	MG591893	MG591987	MG592080	MG592174	MG976472
Tubakia oblongispora	MUCC 2295 *	Quercus serrata	Japan	MG591897	MG591991	MG592084	MG592178	MG976474
Tubakia paradryinoides	MUCC 2294 *	Quercus acutissima	Japan	MG591898	MG591992	MG592085	MG592179	MG976475
Tubakia quercicola	CFCC 55106 *	Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata	China	OP114635	–	OP254243	OP254289	–
Tubakia quercicola	CFCC 54912	Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata	China	OP114636	–	OP254244	OP254290	–
Tubakia seoraksanensis	CBS 127490 *	Quercus mongolica	Republic of Korea	MG591907	KP260499	MG592094	MG592186	–
Tubakia seoraksanensis	CBS 127491	Quercus mongolica	Republic of Korea	HM991735	KP260500	MG592095	MG592187	MG976484
Tubakia sierrafriensis	CPC 33020 *	Quercus eduardi	Mexico	MG591910	MG592005	MG592099	MG592191	MG976486
Tubakia suttoniana	CBS 639.93	Quercus sp.	Italy	MG591921	MG592016	MG592110	MG592202	MG976493
Tubakia tiffanyae	CBS 137345 *	Quercus rubra	USA	MG605081	–	MG603581	–	–

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Notes: Newly generated sequences are in bold. The ex-type, ex-epitype and ex-neotype strains are marked with *.

3. Results

3.1. Phylogenetic Analyses

For the Diaporthe virgiliae species complex, the concatenated sequences dataset for the ITS, cal, his3, tef1 and tub2 genes were analyzed. The alignment included 13 taxa with Diaporthe shennongjiaensis as the outgroup (CNUCC 201905) (Figure 1). The sequence dataset contained 2653 characters (cal: 1–468, his3: 469–936, ITS: 937–1528, tef1: 1529–1865, tub2: 1866–2653) including gaps. Of these, 2418 characters were constant, 148 variable characters were parsimony-uninformative and 87 characters were parsimony informative. The SYM + I model was proposed for ITS, and the GTR model was proposed for tef1, and the HKY + I model was proposed for cal, his3 and tub2. The topology of Bayesian analyses was almost identical to the ML tree; thus, the Bayesian tree is shown.

Consensus tree of *Diaporthe virgiliae* species complex inferred from Bayesian inference analyses based on the combined ITS, *cal, his3, tef1* and *tub2* sequence dataset, with *Diaporthe shennongjiaensis* (CNUCC 201905) as the outgroup. The Maximum likelihood (ML) bootstrap support values and Bayesian posterior probabilities (BPPs) above 80% and 0.90 are shown at the nodes. Strains marked with “T” are ex-type, ex-epitype and ex-neotype. The isolates from this study are indicated in red.

For Gnomoniopsis phylogenetic analyses, the concatenated sequence dataset combining the ITS, tef1 and tub2 gene loci was used. The alignment included 73 taxa with Melanconis stilbostoma as the outgroup (CBS 109778) (Figure 2). The sequence dataset contained 2584 characters (ITS: 1–564, tef1: 565–1710, tub2: 1711–2584) including gaps. Of these, 1462 characters were constant, 142 variable characters were parsimony-uninformative and 980 characters were parsimony informative. The GTR + I + G model was proposed for ITS, tef1 and tub2 analysis. The topology of the Bayesian analyses was almost identical to the ML tree; thus, the Bayesian tree is shown.

Consensus tree of *Gnomoniopsis* inferred from Bayesian inference analyses based on the combined ITS, *tef1* and *tub2* sequence dataset, with *Melanconis stilbostoma* (CBS 109778) as the outgroup. The Maximum likelihood (ML) bootstrap support values and Bayesian posterior probabilities (BPPs) above 80% and 0.90 were shown at the nodes. Strains marked with “T” are ex-type, ex-epitype and ex-neotype. The isolates from this study are indicated in red.

To infer the interspecific relationships between Paratubakia within Tubakiaceae, a dataset consisting of ITS, LSU, rpb2, tef1 and tub2 sequences was assembled and analyzed. The alignment included 52 taxa with Greeneria uvicola (FI12007) as the outgroup (Figure 3). The sequence dataset contained 3809 characters (ITS: 1–666, LSU: 667–1516, rpb2: 1517–2501, tef1: 2502–3217, tub2: 3218–3809) including gaps. Of these, 2473 characters were constant, 148 variable characters were parsimony-uninformative and 1188 characters were parsimony informative. The GTR + I + G model was proposed for ITS, LSU, rpb2 and tub2, and the HKY + I + G model was proposed for tef1 analyses. The topology of Bayesian analysis was almost identical to the ML tree; thus, the Bayesian tree is shown.

Consensus tree of *Tubakiaceae* inferred from Bayesian inference analyses based on the combined ITS, LSU, *rpb2*, *tef1* and *tub2* sequence dataset, with *Greeneria uvicola* (FI12007) as the outgroup. The Maximum likelihood (ML) bootstrap support values and Bayesian posterior probabilities (BPPs) above 80% and 0.90 were shown at the nodes. Strains marked with “T” are ex-type, ex-epitype and ex-neotype. The isolates from this study are indicated in red.

3.2. Taxonomy

3.2.1. Diaporthe wuyishanensis W.B. Zhang and J.Z. Qiu, sp. nov., Figure 4

MycoBank Number: MB856022

Etymology: the epithet “wuyishanensis” refers to the locality, Wuyi Mountain National Nature Reserve.

Holotype: China: Fujian Province, Wuyi Mountain National Nature Reserve, 27°38′37.88″ N, 117°55′52.39″ E, on diseased leaves of Cinnamomum camphora, 7 September 2022, T.C. Mu, holotype HMAS 352949, ex-holotype living culture CGMCC3.27490.

*Diaporthe wuyishanensis* (HMAS 352949). (a) Diseased leaves of *Cinnamomum camphora*; (b,c) surface and reverse sides of colony after 7 days on PDA (d,e) and 14 days; (f,g) conidiomata; (h) conidiogenous cells and conidia; and (i,j) alpha conidia. Scale bars: (h–j) 10 µm.

Description: Asexual morphs: Conidiomata on PDA medium, coriaceous, pycnidial, solitaryor aggregated, superfical, dark brown to black, globose to subglobose, creamy yellowish conidial droplets exuded from ostioles. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells hyaline, phialidic, densely aggregated, cylindrical or clavate, straight to slightly curved, 19.7–22.4 × 1.7–2.3 μm, n = 20. Conidia septate, hyaline, smooth, cylindrical or subcylindrical, cylindric-clavate, 4.3–6.5 × 1.4–2.6 μm, mean = 5.6 × 1.9 μm, L/W ratio = 3.0, n = 30. Beta conidia, gamma conidia and sexual morph not observed.

Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA were fluffy, and aerial mycelia were abundant, grayish in the center and white at the edge. The surface was initially white, then became pale yellow with age and reverse grayish yellow spots in the middle. Colonies on PDA covered 90 mm plates after 1 week at 25 °C, growth rate 11.8–12.5 mm/day.

Other materials examined: China: Fujian Province, Wuyi Mountain National Nature Reserve, 27°38′37.88″ N, 117°55′52.39″ E, on diseased leaves of Cinnamomum camphora, 7 September 2022, T.C. Mu, paratype HMAS 352950, ex-paratype living culture CGMCC3.27491.

Notes: In this study, multigene phylogenetic analysis showed that Diaporthe wuyishanensis (CGMCC3.27490 and CGMCC3.27491) formed an independent clade (92% ML/0.99 PP, Figure 1) with Diaporthe grandiflori [35]. However, Diaporthe wuyishanensis distinguished from Diaporthe grandiflori by ITS and tef1 loci comparison (32/552 in ITS and 19/317 in tef1). Morphologically, the alpha conidia of Diaporthe wuyishanensis are smaller than Diaporthe grandiflori (4.3–6.5 × 1.4–2.6 vs. 6.3–8.3 × 2.8–3.3 μm), and Diaporthe grandiflori produces alpha conidia and beta conidia, whereas Diaporthe wuyishanensis appears to only produce alpha conidia. Therefore, we introduce this fungus as a new species.

3.2.2. Gnomoniopsis wuyishanensis T.C. Mu and J.Z. Qiu, sp. nov., Figure 5

MycoBank Number: MB856023

Etymology: The epithet “wuyishanensis” refers to the collection site of the holotype, Wuyi Mountain National Nature Reserve.

Holotype: China: Fujian Province, Wuyi Mountain National Nature Reserve, 27°43′42.05″ N, 117°42′49.13″ E, on diseased leaves of Castanopsis fordii, 30 June 2023, T.C. Mu and Z.A. Heng, holotype HMAS 353149, ex-holotype living culture CGMCC3.27836.

*Gnomoniopsis wuyishanensis* (HMAS 353149). (a) Diseased leaves of *Castanopsis fordii*; (b) surface and reverse sides of colony after 7 days on PDA (c) and 14 days; (d,e) conidiomata; (f–k) conidiogenous cells and conidia; and (l,m) conidia. Scale bars: (f–m) 10 µm.

Description: Asexual morphs: Conidiomata developed on PDA, pycnidial, solitary, black, creamy conidial droplets exuded from ostioles. Conidiophores are indistinct, frequently reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells hyaline, smooth, phialidic, clavate, straight to sinuous, attenuate towards apex, 10.8–23.8 × 1.4–2.6 μm, n = 20. Conidia hyaline, smooth, aseptate, oblong to ellipsoid, subcylindrical, 5.1–8.7 × 1.4–3.0 μm, mean = 6.6 ×2.1 μm, L/W ratio = 3.2, n = 30. Sexual morph not observed.

Culture characteristics: Colonies flat with irregular margin, white aerial mycelium then becoming pale gray by age. PDA attaining 36.0–40.7 mm in diameter after 1 week at 25 °C, growth rate 5.1–5.8 mm/day. PDA attaining 77.2–80.1 mm in diameter after 2 weeks at 25 °C, growth rate 5.5–5.7 mm/day.

Other materials examined: China: Fujian Province, Wuyi Mountain National Nature Reserve, 27°43′42.05″ N, 117°42′49.13″ E, on diseased leaves of Castanopsis fordii, 30 June 2023, T.C. Mu and Z.A. Heng, paratype HMAS 353148, ex-paratype living culture CGMCC3.27834.

Notes: Gnomoniopsis wuyishanensis was isolated from diseased leaves of C. fordii from Fujian Province, China. Gnomoniopsis fagacearum (CFCC 54414) was collected from diseased leaves of Castanopsis eyrei from Fujian Province, China, by Jiang et al. [30]. Phylogenetically, Gnomoniopsis wuyishanensis forms a well-supported (83% ML/1 PP, Figure 2) clade that is close, but distinct from Gnomoniopsis guangdongensis, Gnomoniopsis lithocarpi and Gnomoniopsis silvicola [30,36]. Morphologically, the conidia of Gnomoniopsis wuyishanensis are larger than Gnomoniopsis guangdongensis, Gnomoniopsis lithocarpi and Gnomoniopsis silvicola (5.1–8.7 × 1.4–3.0 vs. 4.3–5.2 × 1.4–2.0 vs. 4.0–5.8 × 1.7–2.4 vs. 4.3–5.9 × 1.9–2.7 μm). Therefore, we introduce this taxon as a new species.

3.2.3. Paratubakia schimae T.C. Mu and J.Z. Qiu, sp. nov., Figure 6

MycoBank Number: MB856024

Etymology: The epithet “schimae” refers to the genus of the host plant on which it was collected, Schima.

Holotype: China: Fujian Province, Longyan City, Meihua Mountain National Nature Reserve, 25°39′20.91″ N, 116°55′32.01″ E, on diseased leaves of Schima superba, 14 September 2022, J.H. Chen and C.J. Yang, holotype HMAS 353150, ex-holotype living culture CGMCC3.27842.

Description: Asexual morphs: Conidiomata formed on the surface of PDA medium, pycnothyria grouped together, initially white and apricot, then became black with age. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells, hyaline to pale brown, smooth, thin-walled, phialidic, obclavate, 13.0–20.5 × 4.4–5.8 μm, n = 20. Conidia hyaline to slightly pigmented, smooth, solitary, globose to subglobose, with inconspicuous to conspicuous hilum, 10.6–13.7 × 9.4–11.8 μm, mean = 12.1 × 10.5 μm, L/W ratio = 1.2, n = 30. Sexual morph not observed.

Culture characteristics: Colonies flat with regular margin, aerial mycelium white. This species can produce red pigment during growth, which causes the surface and reverse sides of PDA medium to change from colorless to red. PDA attaining 37.7–40.3 mm in diameter after 1 week at 25 °C, growth rate 5.4–5.8 mm/day. PDA attaining 78.7–85.6 mm in diameter after 2 weeks at 25 °C, growth rate 5.6–6.1 mm/day.

Other materials examined: China: Fujian Province, Longyan City, Meihua Mountain National Nature Reserve, 25°39′20.91″ N, 116°55′32.01″ E, on diseased leaves of Schima superba, 14 September 2022, J.H. Chen and C.J. Yang, paratype HMAS 353151, ex-paratype living culture CGMCC3.27855.

Notes: In this study, Paratubakia schimae form a well-supported (96% ML/1 PP, Figure 3) clade that is close to Paratubakia subglobosa within Tubakiaceae trees. However, Paratubakia schimae is distinguished from Paratubakia subglobosa by ITS, tef1, tub2 and rpb2 loci (24/519 in ITS, 38/569 in tef1, 19/498 in tub2 and 20/760 in rpb2) [37]. Morphologically, the conidiogenous cells of Paratubakia schimae are larger than Paratubakia subglobosa (13.0–20.5 × 4.4–5.8 vs. 8.0–12.0 × 2.0–3.0 μm). Therefore, we introduce this fungus as a new species.

*Paratubakia schimae* (HMAS 353150). (a) Diseased leaves of *Schima superba*; (b) surface and reverse sides of colony after 7 days on PDA (c) and 14 days; (d,e) conidiomata; (f–j) conidiogenous cells and conidia; and (k,l) conidia. Scale bars: (f–l) 10 µm.

4. Discussion

Studies examining fungal diversity on leaves have led to the discovery of a variety of new species and taxa that include pathogens as well as potentially beneficial epi- and endophytes [38,39,40]. Diaporthales Nannf. (phylum Ascomycota) constitutes an important order of phyllosphere fungi [41,42]. Recent advances include the description of a new family, Pyrisporaceae C.M. Tian & N. Jiang, erected based on the type genus Pyrispora C.M. Tian & N. Jiang, with Pyrispora castaneae as the type species, which was collected from leaves of the Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima) [43]. Also, Obovoideisporodochium Z. X. Zhang, J. W. Xia & X. G. Zhang was established with the type species Obovoideisporodochium lithocarpi isolated from leaves of Lithocarpus fohaiensis [44]. In a survey of fungi associated with plant leaves in south-western China, eight new species of Diaporthe were identified from tea (Camellia sinensis): Castanea mollissima, Chrysalidocarpus lutescens, Elaeagnus conferta, Elaeagnus pungens, Heliconia metallica, Heterostemma grandiflorum, Litchi chinensis, Machilus pingii, Melastoma malabathricum and Millettia reticulate [35].

The genus Diaporthe Nitschke (syn. Phomopsis (Sacc.) Bubák) belongs to Diaporthaceae Höhn. ex Wehm. (Diaporthales), with Diaporthe eres as the type species [45,46]. Species of Diaporthe include both plant pathogens and endophytes, typically with broad host ranges, as well as saprophytes [47]. Currently, more 1200 epithets of Diaporthe and 983 of Phomopsis have been recorded in the Index Fungorum (http://www.indexfungorum.org/; (accessed 10 September 2024)). Based on five single genetic loci, as well as multigene phylogentic analyses, the genus Diaporthe was re-structured with seven sections proposed: Betulicola, Crotalariae, Eres, Foeniculina, Psoraleae-pinnatae, Rudis and Sojae, with boundaries for 13 species and 15 species complexes [18]. The lengthy phylogenetic trees of the entire Diaporthe and data analysis were avoided, which provides mycologist and taxonomists with the convenience of focusing on specific sections, species complexes and species. Here, a new species, Diaporthe wuyishanensis, is introduced into the Diaporthe virgiliae species complex, based on both morphological differences and multi-locus (ITS, cal, his3, tef1 and tub2) molecular analyses. The Diaporthe virgiliae species complex contains five species, viz. Diaporthe grandiflori, Diaporthe heterophyllae, Diaporthe penetriteum, Diaporthe virgiliae and Diaporthe zaofenghuang, previously [18].

Gnomoniopsis Berl. is a genus in the Gnomoniaceae G. Winter (Diaporthales) with Gnomoniopsis chamaemori as the type species [48]. Gnomoniopsis was originally studied as a subgenus within Gnomonia Ces. & De Not. because of their similar morphology [49]. However, Gnomoniopsis has been separated from Gnomonia by means of morphology, phylogeny and host associations [36,48,49]. As important pathogens of agricultural and forestry trees, flowers and fruit, species of Gnomoniopsis can cause signficant plant damage and resultant economic losses [50,51,52,53]. It is reported that leaf spot diseases of oak (Quercus alba and Quercus rubra) have also been caused by Gnomoniopsis clavulata infection in North America [54], and Gnomoniopsis fragariae is reported to result in leaf blotch disease of strawberry in Europe [52]. Within the past 10–12 years, Gnomoniopsis smithogilvyi has been isolated from diseased chestnut in Spain, Portugal and Greece, which are important chestnut-producing countries in Europe [55,56]. Gnomoniopsis castaneae infection damages the fruit of chestnuts and can cause cankers and necrosis on leaves. Cankers have also been reported on chestnut wood, red oak and hazelnut trees and are currently considered major threats to global chestnut production, potentially threatening the reintroduction of American chestnut, as the fungus has been found in North America [57].

With respect to host plants, Gnomoniopsis appears to mainly inhabit three plant families, viz. Rosaceae, Fagaceae and Onagraceae [49,58]. This is reflected in phylogram plant host analyses, in which Gnomoniopsis divides into three clades: Rosaceousclade, Fagaceousclade and Onagraceousclade, with most species currently assigned within the former two clades. Species of Gnomoniopsis have host-specific features in each clade, although the molecular basis for this specificity remains unknown. The new species we report, Gnomoniopsis wuyishanensis, fits within the Fagaceous clade. These characterizations and placements allow for surveillance of potential outbreaks in relevant hosts.

The genus Paratubakia U. Braun & C. Nakash. belongs to Tubakiaceae U. Braun, J.Z. Groenew. & Crous (Diaporthales) with Paratubakia subglobosa as the type species [37]. Based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses, Phaeotubakia (type species: Phaeotubakia lithocarpicola) has more recently been proposed. Based on a multigene phylogeny (LSU and rpb2), Paratubakia subglobosa and Paratubakia subglobosoides have been shown to form an independent branch of Tubakiaceae. Currently, Paratubakia includes only two species: Paratubakia subglobosa and Paratubakia subglobosoides. Tubakiaceae has been proposed to accommodate the genera Apiognomonioides, Involutscutellula, Oblongisporothyrium, Paratubakia, Racheliella, Saprothyrium, Sphaerosporithyrium and Tubakia based on LSU sequence alignment and type genus Tubakia [37]. Subsequently, Obovoideisporodochium was established based on the type species Obovoideisporodochium lithocarpi [44], and Ellipsoidisporodochium was erected based on the type species Ellipsoidisporodochium photiniae [59]. Both Obovoideisporodochium lithocarpi and Phaeotubakia lithocarpicola and most Tubakiaceae species were found from Fagaceae plants [60]. Species of Paratubakia were only found and described from the Japanese blue oak (Quercus glauca) [37]. Here, we report on a new species Paratubakia schimae, with, to the best of our knowledge, the genus found and described in China for the first time. As this is the first description of Paratubakia in China, its distribution and potential host range remain unknown. However, our data suggest significant likelihood for additional discovery.

5. Conclusions

In this study, based on morphological features and multigene phylogenetic analyses, we described three new species of Diaporthales distributed within three different genera from China, viz. Diaporthe wuyishanensis, Gnomoniopsis wuyishanensis and Paratubakia schimae. These studies reveal a high diversity of phyllosphere fungi and help plant pathologists, taxonomists and phytologists to improve understanding of plant–fungal interactions.

Acknowledgments

We are deeply indebted to Weibin Zhang, Jinhui Chen, Chenjie Yang and Sen Liu, who helped us with collecting samples, taking pictures and providing us with multigene sequence data of some new species.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, X.G., T.M. and J.Q.; methodology, J.S.; software, Y.M.; validation, J.Y., M.Z. (Mengjia Zhu) and L.Y.; formal analysis, H.P. and Y.L.; investigation, M.Z. (Minhai Zheng); resources, H.L. (Huajun Lv) and Z.H.; data curation, X.G., T.M., J.S., Y.M., J.Y., M.Z. (Minhai Zheng), L.Y., H.P., Y.L., Z.H., H.L. (Huiling Liang), L.F., X.M., H.M. and Z.Q.; writing—original draft preparation, X.G. and T.M.; writing—review and editing, J.Q. and N.O.K.; visualization, Z.Q. and T.M.; supervision, X.G. and J.Q.; project administration, Z.Q. and J.Q.; funding acquisition, X.G. and J.Q. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

All sequences generated in this study were submitted to the NCBI database.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Funding Statement

This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 32270029, U1803232, 31670026), the National Key R & D Program of China (No. 2017YFE0122000), a Social Service Team Support Program Project (No. 11899170165), Science and Technology Innovation Special Fund (Nos. KFB23084, CXZX2019059S, CXZX2019060G) of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, a Fujian Provincial Major Science and Technology Project (No. 2022NZ029017), an Investigation and evaluation of biodiversity in the Jiulong River Basin (No. 082·23259-15), Macrofungal and microbial resource investigation project in Longqishan Nature Reserve (No. SMLH2024 (TP)-JL003#) and an Investigation of macrofungal diversity in Junzifeng National Nature Reserve, Fujian Province (No. Min QianyuSanming Recruitment 2024-23).

Footnotes

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Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Data Availability Statement

All sequences generated in this study were submitted to the NCBI database.

[B1-jof-11-00008] 1.Matthew T.A., Jonas R., Samuel K., Constanze M., Sang-Tae K., Detlef W., Eric M.K. Microbial hub taxa link host and abiotic factors to plant microbiome variation. PLoS Biol. 2016;14:e1002352. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002352. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B2-jof-11-00008] 2.Chen T., Nomura K., Wang X., Sohrabi R., Xu J., Yao L., Paasch B.C., Ma L., Kremer J., Cheng Y., et al. A plant genetic network for preventing dysbiosis in the phyllosphere. Nature. 2020;580:653–657. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2185-0. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B3-jof-11-00008] 3.Arnold A.E., Mejia L.C., Kyllo D., Rojas E.I., Maynard Z., Robbins N., Herre E.A. Fungal endophytes limit pathogen damage in a tropical tree. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2003;100:15649–15654. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2533483100. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B4-jof-11-00008] 4.Kannadan S., Rudgers J.A. Endophyte symbiosis benefits a rare grass under low water availability. Funct. Ecol. 2008;22:706–713. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2008.01395.x. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B5-jof-11-00008] 5.Berlec A. Novel techniques and findings in the study of plant microbiota: Search for plant probiotics. Plant Sci. 2012;193–194:96–102. doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.05.010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B6-jof-11-00008] 6.Abdelfattah A., Li Destri Nicosia M.G., Cacciola S.O., Droby S., Schena L. Metabarcoding analysis of fungal diversity in the phyllosphere and carposphere of Olive (Olea europaea) PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0131069. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131069. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B7-jof-11-00008] 7.Joseph R.A., Masoudi A., Valdiviezo M.J., Keyhani N.O. Discovery of Gibellula floridensis from infected spiders and analysis of the surrounding fungal entomopathogen community. J. Fungi. 2024;10:694. doi: 10.3390/jof10100694. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B8-jof-11-00008] 8.He Z., Liu J., Wu C., Zheng S., Hong W., Su S., Wu C. Effects of forest gaps on some microclimate variables in Castanopsis kawakamii natural forest. J. Mt. Sci. 2012;9:706–714. doi: 10.1007/s11629-012-2304-y. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B9-jof-11-00008] 9.Chen C., Zheng Y., Liu S., Zhong Y., Wu Y., Li J., Xu L.A., Xu M. The complete chloroplast genome of Cinnamomum camphora and its comparison with related Lauraceae species. PeerJ. 2017;5:e3820. doi: 10.7717/peerj.3820. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B10-jof-11-00008] 10.Ren Y., Wei X., Zhang L., Cui S., Chen F., Xiong Y., Xie P. Potential for forest vegetation carbon storage in Fujian Province, China, determined from forest inventories. Plant Soil. 2011;345:125–140. doi: 10.1007/s11104-011-0766-2. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[B11-jof-11-00008] 11.Yang B.Y., Wang Y.F., Li G.Q., He R.J., Huang Y.L. Genus Castanopsis: A review on phytochemistry and biological activities. Fitoterapia. 2024;179:106216. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.106216. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[B12-jof-11-00008] 12.Ding Y., Wan J., Liu C., Shi X., Xia X., Prakash S., Zhang X. Retrogradation properties and in vitro digestibility of wild starch from Castanopsis sclerophylla. Food Hydrocoll. 2020;103:105693. doi: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.105693. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

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PERMALINK

New Species of Diaporthales (Ascomycota) from Diseased Leaves in Fujian Province, China

Xiayu Guan

Taichang Mu

Nemat O Keyhani

Junya Shang

Yuchen Mao

Jiao Yang

Minhai Zheng

Lixia Yang

Huili Pu

Yongsheng Lin

Mengjia Zhu

Huajun Lv

Zhiang Heng

Huiling Liang

Longfei Fan

Xiaoli Ma

Haixia Ma

Zhenxing Qiu

Junzhi Qiu

Roles

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Specimen Sources, Isolation, Morphological Characterization and Selection

2.2. DNA Extraction, PCR Amplification and Sequencing

Table 1.

2.3. Sequence Alignment and Phylogenetic Analysis

Table 2.

Table 3.

Table 4.

3. Results

3.1. Phylogenetic Analyses

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

3.2. Taxonomy

3.2.1. Diaporthe wuyishanensis W.B. Zhang and J.Z. Qiu, sp. nov., Figure 4

Figure 4.

3.2.2. Gnomoniopsis wuyishanensis T.C. Mu and J.Z. Qiu, sp. nov., Figure 5

Figure 5.

3.2.3. Paratubakia schimae T.C. Mu and J.Z. Qiu, sp. nov., Figure 6

Figure 6.

4. Discussion

5. Conclusions

Acknowledgments

Author Contributions

Institutional Review Board Statement

Informed Consent Statement

Data Availability Statement

Conflicts of Interest

Funding Statement

Footnotes

References

Associated Data

Data Availability Statement

ACTIONS

PERMALINK

RESOURCES

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