Photoredox/Cr-catalyzed enantioselective radical-polar crossover transformation via C-H functionalization

Abstract

Asymmetric multicomponent reactions that aim to control multiple chiral centers with high selectivity in a single step remain an on-gonging challenge. The realm of enantioselective radical-polar crossover transformation achieved through C-H Functionalization has yet to be fully explored. Herein, we present a successful description of a photoredox/Cr-catalyzed enantioselective three-component (hetero)arylalkylation of 1,3-dienes through C-H functionalization. A diverse array of chiral homoallylic alcohols could be obtained in good to excellent yields, accompanied by outstanding enantioselectivity. The asymmetric radical-polar crossover transformation could build two chiral centers simultaneously and demonstrates broad substrate tolerance, accommodating various drug-derived aldehydes, (hetero)aromatics, and 1,3-diene derivatives. Preliminary mechanistic studies indicate the involvement of a radical intermediate, with the chiral allylic chromium species reacting with various aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes through Zimmerman–Traxler transition states enabled by dual photoredox and chiral chromium catalysis.

Asymmetric multicomponent reactions that aim to control multiple chiral centers with high selectivity in a single step remain an ongoing challenge. Here, the authors present a photoredox- and chromium-catalyzed enantioselective three-component (hetero)arylalkylation of 1,3-dienes through C-H functionalization.

Introduction

Mastering radical transformations with high enantioselectivity, while overcoming rapid, nonselective background reactions, presents a formidable challenge due to the inherent reactivity and unpredictability of highly reactive radical intermediates^1–6. The radical-metal crossover approach has indeed emerged as one of the most effective strategies for attaining highly selective radical reactions⁷. This approach involves the integration of radical chemistry with transition metal catalysis, harnessing the reactivity of radicals with the selectivity and tunability of metal catalysts. This integration has propelled the development of enantioselective radical cross-coupling reactions, offering control over the outcome of chemical transformations^8–12.

Asymmetric multicomponent reactions (AMCRs) is even more challenging due to the need to control multiple chiral centers with high selectivity in a single step^13–16. Elegant examples regarding difunctionalization of alkenes or 1,3-dienes through radical cross-coupling mechanism have been achieved either through the utilization of chiral copper catalysis^17–22 or chiral nickel catalysis^23–27. Very recently, Xu and co-workers developed an pioneered example of copper-catalyzed enantioselective heteroarylcyanation of alkenes via C-H functionalization under photoelectrochemical conditions²⁰. Alternatively, enantioselective radical reactions that strive to achieve control over multiple chiral centers remain underdeveloped, primarily owing to the scarcity of efficient chiral catalytic systems^28–30. The Nozaki-Hiyama-Kishi (NHK) reaction^31,32 is a significant synthetic method in organic chemistry, particularly renowned for its mild conditions and broad applicability in the construction of homoallylic alcohol motifs and has been widely employed in natural product synthesis^33–37. In recent years, the photocatalytic NHK reaction has rising as an attractive topic to form homoallylic alcohols with dual photoredox/chromium catalysis, since the seminal works conducted by Glorius^38–40 and Kanai^41,42 (Fig. 1a). Additionally, low-valent chromium catalysis has also become a powerful catalysis, successfully applied in cross-coupling reactions by Zeng and others^43–46. More recently, elegant photocatalytic three-component NHK reactions to achieve enantioselective dialkylation, utilizing either hantzsch esters³⁹ or alkyl halides^47,48 as alkyl radical precursors have also been achieved (Fig. 1b)^47–57. These methodologies showcase the versatility of three-component reactions in constructing complex, enantioselective dialkylated products. However, (hetero)arylalkylation enabled by dual photoredox/chromium catalysis remains unknown. Furthermore, radical-polar crossover reaction involving (hetero)arenes via C—H functionalization remains an unsolved problem due to mismatch catalytic cycle and the lack of suitable chiral ligand. Meanwhile, heteroarenes are common motifs in medicinal chemistry and material science⁵⁸. Developing effective methods for radical (hetero)arylalkylation directly form C- H functionalization would greatly expand the synthetic utility of these compounds, enabling the creation of new molecules with potential applications in drug discovery and advanced materials.

Fig. 1. Background and our reaction design.

a Seminal works: photoredox/Cr-catalyzed two component allylation of aldehydes. b Enantioselective three-component dialkylation of aldehydes. c PC/Cr-catalyzed enantioselective heteroarylalkylation (this work).

In this work, we envision whether (hetero)aromatics can be oxidized to radical cations by strong oxidizing photocatalysis under visible light condition. These radical cations can then sequentially be trapped by 1,3-dienes^59,60 and chiral chromium catalysis to generate chiral allylic chromium intermediates. Finally, chiral homoallylic alcohols can be generated through polar addition via Zimmerman–Traxler transition state (Fig. 1c). This enantioselective three component coupling reaction, initiates from C-H functionalization of (hetero)aromatics, will complement the development of asymmetric radical-polar crossover chemistry.

Results and discussion

Reaction design and optimization

With this concept in mind, we demonstrated our design by mixing thiophene (1a), butadiene (2a) and aliphatic aldehyde (3a) with catalytic amount of chromium chloride, chiral bisoxazoline (S, R)-L1, and organophotocatalyst (PC1, Mes₂Acr-tBu₂BF₄). This resulted in the formation of desired homoallylic alcohol 4 in 31% isolated yield with a 7:1 diastereomeric ratio and 96% enantiomeric excess (Table 1, entry 1). Firstly, a screening of various chiral bisoxazoline ligands (L2-L10) were conducted, revealing that only the chiral bisoxazoline (S, R)-L1 or (S, R)-L3 were capable of achieving an enantioselectivity of 96% ee for the formation of product 4 (entries 2-10). When the amount of PC1 increased to 10 mol%, the yield of 4 increased to 47% isolated yield without decreasing enantioselectivity (entry 11). Pleasingly, the homoallylic product 4 could be obtained in 79% isolated yield with a 10:1 dr & 98% ee when the mixture of THF and DCE was employed, which remained as the optimized conditions for the current enantioselective radical-polar crossover transformation (entry 12). Different organic solvents (entries 13-14), additives (entries 15-16) and reaction times (entries 17-18) were then screened, but only lower isolated yields of 4 were obtained. Two different chiral bisoxazoline ligands (L11 & L12) were also synthesized, and both the yield and enantioselectivity of 4 decreased when employing either an electron-donating group (entry 19) or an electron-withdrawing group (entry 20). We also investigated several different photocatalysts and clearly showed that PC1 remained the optimal photocatalyst (entries 21-24). Application of the enantiomeric ligand (R, S)-bisoxazoline ligand ent-L1 accordingly gave the enantiomer ent-4 with 79% isolated yield and −97% ee (entry 25). Control experiments, including chiral ligand, chromium catalyst, photocatalyst and light, clearly demonstrated that these elements are necessary to achieve this enantioselective radical-polar crossover transformation (entries 26-29).

Table 1.

Optimization of the reaction conditions

Entry	Variation from the “Initial Conditions”	Isolated yield (%), dr & ee
1	none	31%, 7:1 dr, 96% ee
2	(S, R)-L2 instead of (S, R)-L1	19%, 5:1 dr, 63% ee
3	(S, R)-L3 instead of (S, R)-L1	44%, 4:1 dr, 96% ee
4	(S, R)-L4 instead of (S, R)-L1	63%, 7:1 dr, 32% ee
5	(S, R)-L5 instead of (S, R)-L1	16%, 6:1 dr, 83% ee
6	(S, R)-L6 instead of (S, R)-L1	42%, 6:1 dr, 2% ee
7	(S)-L7 instead of (S, R)-L1	70%, 10:1 dr, 22% ee
8	(S, R)-L8 instead of (S, R)-L1	31%, 5:1 dr, 3% ee
9	(S)-L9 instead of (S, R)-L1	26%, 7:1 dr, 0% ee
10	(S)-L10 instead of (S, R)-L1	80%, 9:1 dr, 4% ee
11	10 mol% PC1	47%, 7:1 dr, 95% ee
12	10 mol% PC1, THF + DCE (0.6/1.4 mL, 0.1 M) “Optimized Conditions”	79%, 10:1 dr, 98% ee
13	Entry 12 with DCM instead of DCE	73%, 10:1 dr, 91% ee
14	Entry 12 with MeCN instead of DCE	51%, 7:1 dr, 96% ee
15	Entry 12 with 1.5 equiv. of LiBF4 as additive	67%, 10:1 dr, 73% ee
16	Entry 12 with 1 equiv. of NH4H2PO4 as additive	56%, 10:1 dr, 98% ee
17	Entry 12, 12 h instead of 17 h	71%, 10:1 dr, 99% ee
18	Entry 12, 24 h instead of 17 h	74%, 10:1 dr, 98% ee
19	Entry 12 with (S)-L11 instead of (S, R)-L1	58%, 7:1 dr, 87% ee
20	Entry 12 with (S)-L12 instead of (S, R)-L1	65%, 4:1 dr, 50% ee
21	Entry 12 with PC2 instead of PC1	trace
22	Entry 12 with PC3 instead of PC1	37%, 9:1 dr, 89% ee
23	Entry 12 with PC4 instead of PC1	N.D.
24	Entry 12 with PC5 instead of PC1	N.D.
25	Entry 12 with (R, S)-L1 instead of (S, R)-L1	79%, 11:1 dr, −97% ee
26	Entry 12, no (S, R)-L1	80%, 11:1 dr, 0% ee
27	Entry 12, no PC1 or no light at 40 oC	0/0
28	Entry 12, no CrCl2 and (S, R)-L1	7%
29	Entry 12 with CrCl3 instead of CrCl2	58%, 8:1 dr, 89% ee

Reaction condition in the glovebox, CrCl2 (10mol%) and (S, R)-L1 (12mol%) were added to a mixture of THF (0.3mL) and DCE (1.4 mL). The mixture was stirred for 15min at room temperature and transferred to another vial containing Mes2Acr-tBu2BF4 (PC1, 10mol%), 1a (0.4mmol, 2 equiv.), 2a (0.6mmol, 3 equiv., 2M in THF, 0.3mL) and 3a (0.2mmol, 1 equiv.). The final reaction mixture was irradiated with 30W 450 nm blue LEDs with a cooling fan for 17 h outside under N2.

Substrate scope

With the optimal condition in hand, we initially investigated a variety of aliphatic aldehydes (Fig. 2, up). Pleasingly, the dual catalytic system tolerates various functional groups such as phenyl (5 & 10), methyl (6), ether (7), imide (8), chloride (9), cyclopropane (11), cyclobutane (12), cyclohexane (13), tetrahydro-2H-pyran (14) and piperidine (15) with excellent yields and high enantiomeric excess. The X-ray-structure (CCDC 2344646) of product 8 unambiguously revealed the absolute configuration as (S, S) by using the (S, R)-L1 ligand and all other compounds were assigned in analogy. Surprisingly, tertiary aldehyde, methacrylaldehyde and 3-phenylpropiolaldehyde could all be tolerated and the desired products 16-18 with good yields and high enantioselectivity. We then investigated various aromatic aldehydes including hydro (19), fluoro (20), chloride (21), bromide (22), methyl (23), nitrile (24), boron (25), trifluoromethyl (26), phenyl (27) and methoxy (28) with excellent yields and very high enantiomeric excess (Fig. 2, down). Based on these results, we also investigated different positions on the aromatic ring, including para (19-28), meta (29) and ortho (30,31) positions, as well as di-substituted (32) and tri-substituted (33) aromatic rings. Then, naphthyl group (34), pyridine (35), benzofuran (36), furan (37), thiophene (38) were all screened, with the desired homoallylic alcohols could also be obtained in good to excellent yield and enantiomeric excess.

Fig. 2. Scope of substrates regarding various aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes.

Reaction conditions were as follows: in the glovebox, CrCl₂ (10 mol%) and (S, R)-L1 (12 mol%) were added to a mixture of THF (0.3 mL) and DCE (1.4 mL). The mixture was stirred for 15 min at room temperature and transferred to another vial containing Mes₂Acr-tBu₂BF₄ (PC1, 10 mol%), 1a (0.4 mmol, 2 equiv.), 2a (0.6 mmol, 3 equiv., 2 M in THF, 0.3 mL) and aliphatic or aromatic aldehyde 3 (0.2 mmol, 1 equiv.). The final reaction mixture was irradiated with 30 W 450 nm blue LEDs with a cooling fan for 17 h outside under N₂. Isolated yields. The ee values were determined by HPLC analysis on a chiral stationary phase.

With these satisfied results in hand, we further explored this dual catalytic reaction using relatively complex aldehydes (Fig. 3). For example, the complex aromatic aldehydes that originally derive from Oxaprozin (39), Fenofibrate (40), L-Phenylalanine (41), Ibuprofen (42), Gemfibrozil (43), L-Proline (44), L-Perillaldehyde (45), Estrone (46), D-Fructose (47) were all tolerated in this current dual catalytic system. Remarkably, various functional group such as heterocycles (39), chloride (40), amine (41, 44), ester (39, 40, 42, 43, 46, 47), ether (43), alkene (45), ketone (46), carbohydrates (47) were accommodated.

Fig. 3. Scope of substrates regarding various drug derivatized aldehydes.

Reaction conditions were as follows: in the glovebox, CrCl₂ (10 mol%) and (S, R)-L1 (12 mol%) were added to a mixture of THF (0.3 mL) and DCE (1.4 mL). The mixture was stirred for 15 min at room temperature and transferred to another vial containing Mes₂Acr-tBu₂BF₄ (PC1, 10 mol%), 1a (0.4 mmol, 2 equiv.), 2a (0.6 mmol, 3 equiv., 2 M in THF, 0.3 mL) and drug derivatized aldehyde 3 (0.2 mmol, 1 equiv.). The final reaction mixture was irradiated with 30 W 450 nm blue LEDs with a cooling fan for 17 h outside under N₂. Isolated yields. The ee values were determined by HPLC analysis on a chiral stationary phase.

We then began to explore the substrate scope regarding various heterocycles and dienes (Fig. 4). Firstly, a library of substituted thiophenes was explored, including various functional groups, such as amine (48), ester (49), alkyl (50), ether (51-52), disubstituted methyl (53-54) and amino ester from (S)-thienylalanine (55). This dual catalytic system could also extend to substituted pyridine (56) and electron rich aromatic ring (57). Then, a number of pyrroles containing methyl (58), Boc (59) and benzylic group (60) with good to excellent yields and high enantiomeric excess. In addition to 1,3-butadiene, which is derived from petroleum processing, a diverse range of substituted 1,3-dienes were also investigated, including isoprene (61) and myrcene (62). The desired homoallylic alcohols (61-63) containing an all-carbon quaternary center were obtained in moderate to excellent yields with high enantioselectivity. Furthermore, we explored a variety of 2-substituted 1,3-dienes, including linear alkyl (63), phenyl group (64), methyl (65), fluoro (66 & 67), yielding the desired chiral homoallylic alcohols containing a quaternary carbon center with isolated yields ranging from 72% to 87% smoothly.

Fig. 4. Scope of substrates regarding various (hetero)arenes and 1,3-dienes.

Reaction conditions were as follows: in the glovebox, CrCl₂ (10 mol%) and (S, R)-L1 (12 mol%) were added to a mixture of THF (0.3 mL for 1,3-Butadiene 2a and 0.6 mL for the rest substituted dienes 2) and DCE (1.4 mL). The mixture was stirred for 15 min at room temperature and transferred to another vial containing Mes₂Acr-tBu₂BF₄ (PC1, 10 mol%), (hetero)arene 1 (0.4 mmol, 2 equiv.), 2a (0.6 mmol, 3 equiv., 2 M in THF, 0.3 mL) or substituted diene 2 (0.6 mmol, 3 equiv.) and aromatic aldehyde 3ab (0.2 mmol, 1 equiv.). The final reaction mixture was irradiated with 30 W 450 nm blue LEDs with a cooling fan for 17 h outside under N₂. Isolated yields. The ee values were determined by HPLC analysis on a chiral stationary phase.

Synthetic application and mechanistic studies

In order to explore the mechanistic study, we firstly test the model reaction at the gram-scale level. The chiral homoallylic alcohol 29 could be obtained in 88% isolated yield and 97% ee (Fig. 5a). when the (S, R)-L1 was replaced by (R, S)-L1 under the optimized condition, the chiral alcohol 68 could be obtained in 90% isolated yield with 11:1 dr and −97% ee. Through sequential Mitsunobu reaction and hydrolysis, chiral alcohols 69 and 70 could be obtained smoothly with good yields. The alkene motif of product 29 could be transferred to alkyl (71) through hydrogenation and alcohol (72) through hydroboration–oxidation reaction. The unsaturated lactone 73 could be obtained in 78% isolated yield through acylation and metathesis. When a radical inhibitor (TEMPO) was added to the model reaction, the desired product 4 did not form, suggesting that the reaction may proceed through a radical mechanism (Fig. 5b). In order to further investigate the reaction mechanism, a 1,3-diene containing a three-membered ring 2i was synthesized and subjected the optimal condition, the desired three component coupling product could not be formed, instead, a ring-opening product 74 may be formed based on the result of HRMS (Fig. 5c). In order to exclude the ketyl radical intermediate generated from the corresponding aldehyde, we synthesized the aldehyde 3as containing a three-membered ring and subjected it to our optimized condition. The chiral homoallylic alcohols 75 and 76 were obtained in a total isolated yield of 80%. The products 75 and 76 containing the three membered rings, and we also did not detect any ring-opening product, suggesting that the ketyl radical did not form in the current catalytic system (Fig. 5d). UV-Vis experiment and Stern-Volmer quenching experiment demonstrated that PC1 was the only species capable of absorbing visible light (Fig. 5e), and only thiophene 1a could be quenched by the photoexcited photocatalyst (Fig. 5f). A linear relationship was observed between enantiopurities of (S, R)-L1 and the product 4, which suggests that only a monomeric chromium complex bearing a single chiral ligand is involved in the stereo-determining step (Fig. 5g). The quantum yield of the model reaction was measured (Φ =0.046) and indicated that this dual catalytic system most likely goes through a photocatalytic reaction. According to these mechanistic studies as well as previous reports^36–51, a mechanistic catalytic cycle is proposed in Fig. 5h. The thiophene 1a (E_p/2^ox = 1.70 V vs SCE)²⁰ could be oxidized to radical cation I by organophotocatalyst (PC1, E^Red[PC*/PC^−⋅] = 2.0 V vs SCE)^61–63, after being trapped by 1,3-diene and deprotonated, allylic radical intermediate III is formed; the chiral chromium (II) species will react with intermediate III to generate chiral allylic chromium (III) intermediate IV, which then reacts with both aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes 3 through Zimmerman-Traxler transition state to generate chiral homoallylic alcohols in high to excellent isolated yields and excellent enantiomeric excess with anti-selectivity. Meanwhile, both the chiral chromium catalytic cycle and the photoredox catalytic cycle could undergo turnover under electron transfer conditions (Fig. 5h).

Fig. 5. Synthetic application and mechanistic studies.

a Gram-scale experiment & manuplation of chiral alcohols. b TEMPO trapping experiment. c Radical trapping experiment. d Ketyl radical trapping experiment. e UV-Vis experiment. f Stern-Volmer experiment. g Non-linear effects study. h Proposed mechanism.

In conclusion, a general, mild enantioselective radical-polar crossover three-component synthetic transformation has been achieved, enabled by dual chiral chromium catalysis and photoredox catalysis. This efficient catalytic platform initiates from the C-H bond of (hetero)aromatics, tolerates various aldehydes and 1,3-dienes with high yields and excellent enantioselectivity. A variety of chiral homoallylic alcohols could be obtained efficiently and scaled up easily. We anticipate that the integration of chiral chromium catalysis with photoredox catalysis will catalyze additional advancements in enantioselective radical-polar crossover chemistry. Furthermore, this combined dual catalytic approach holds significant promise for broadening the applications of such synthetic transformations in drug discovery, materials science, and beyond.

Methods

General method for the photoredox/Cr-catalyzed enantioselective three-component (hetero)arylalkylation of 1,3-dienes

Two oven-dried vials equipped with PTFE-coated stir bar and Teflon® septum were used. In the glovebox, to vial A was added CrCl₂ (10 mol%), (S, R)-L1 (12 mol%) and a mixture of THF (0.6 mL, or 0.3 mL if the 2 is 1,3-Butadiene in a 2 M THF solution) and DCE (1.4 mL). The mixture was stirred for 15 min at room temperature in the glovebox. All solid substrates including Mes₂Acr-tBu₂BF₄ (PC1, 10 mol%) and other starting materials in solid forms (scale: 1 (0.4 mmol, 2 equiv.), 2 (0.6 mmol, 3 equiv.) and 3 (0.2 mmol, 1 equiv.)) were added into vial B and the vial was then transferred into the glovebox. The mixture in vial A was transferred into vial B by using a single-channel pipette in the glovebox. Vial B was sealed, moved out of the glovebox and all other starting materials in liquid forms (scale: 1 (0.4 mmol, 2 equiv.), 2 (0.6 mmol, 3 equiv.) and 3 (0.2 mmol, 1 equiv.)) were injected into the vial B by using micro syringes, to form the final reaction mixture with final concentration 0.1 M in a mixture of THF and DCE (3:7). Upon completion, vial B was further sealed by parafilm and was set to stir (500 rpm) and irradiated with four 30 W 450 nm blue LED lamps (approximate 3 cm away, with cooling fan to keep the reaction at room temperature). After 17 h, the reaction mixture was transferred to a 100 mL round-bottom flask and concentrated in vacuo. The crude reaction mixture was purified by flash column chromatography (silica gel), eluting with indicated solvent system to give the desired product.

Author contributions

H.-M.H. conceived and directed the research; H.-M.H. and S.-Y.T. designed the experiments; S.-Y.T., Z.-J. W., Y.A. and N.W. performed all the experiments and analyzed all the data. H.-M.H. wrote the manuscript with contributions from all authors.

Peer review

Peer review information

Nature Communications thanks the anonymous reviewers for their contribution to the peer review of this work. A peer review file is available.

Data availability

Materials and methods, detailed optimization studies, experimental procedures, mechanistic studies and NMR spectra are available in the Supporting Information and from the corresponding authors upon request. CCDC 2344646 contains the supplementary crystallographic data for this paper. These data can be obtained free of charge via www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/data_request/cif, or by emailing data_request@ccdc.cam.ac.uk, or by contacting The Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, U.K.; fax: +44 1223 336033.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Supplementary information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41467-025-56372-1.