Informativeness of Genetic Markers for Inference of Ancestry

Noah A Rosenberg; Lei M Li; Ryk Ward; Jonathan K Pritchard

doi:10.1086/380416

. 2003 Nov 20;73(6):1402–1422. doi: 10.1086/380416

Informativeness of Genetic Markers for Inference of Ancestry^{^*}

Noah A Rosenberg ¹, Lei M Li ¹, Ryk Ward ², Jonathan K Pritchard ³

PMCID: PMC1180403 PMID: 14631557

Abstract

Inference of individual ancestry is useful in various applications, such as admixture mapping and structured-association mapping. Using information-theoretic principles, we introduce a general measure, the informativeness for assignment (I_n), applicable to any number of potential source populations, for determining the amount of information that multiallelic markers provide about individual ancestry. In a worldwide human microsatellite data set, we identify markers of highest informativeness for inference of regional ancestry and for inference of population ancestry within regions; these markers, which are listed in online-only tables in our article, can be useful both in testing for and in controlling the influence of ancestry on case-control genetic association studies. Markers that are informative in one collection of source populations are generally informative in others. Informativeness of random dinucleotides, the most informative class of microsatellites, is five to eight times that of random single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), but 2%–12% of SNPs have higher informativeness than the median for dinucleotides. Our results can aid in decisions about the type, quantity, and specific choice of markers for use in studies of ancestry.

Introduction

Inference of individual ancestry from genetic markers is helpful in diverse situations, including admixture and association mapping, forensics, prediction of medical risks, wildlife management, and studies of dispersal, gene flow, and evolutionary history (Shriver et al. 1997; Davies et al. 1999; Primmer et al. 2000; Manel et al. 2002; Bamshad et al. 2003; Campbell et al. 2003; Ziv and Burchard 2003). Statistical methods for ancestry inference use multilocus genotypes and population allele frequencies, either specified in advance or estimated during the inference process, to assign populations of origin to individuals (Smouse et al. 1982; Paetkau et al. 1995; Rannala and Mountain 1997; Cornuet et al. 1999; Pritchard et al. 2000; Guinand et al. 2002).

Because use of highly informative markers can reduce the amount of genotyping required for ancestry inference, it is desirable to measure the extent to which specific markers contribute to this inference. Several approaches have previously been used for measuring these locus contributions (table 1). However, despite their various features in specific scenarios, all of these measures are either difficult to compute, not designed specifically for estimating marker information content, or not applicable to sets with many potential source populations.

Table 1.

Measures of Marker Information Content^[Note]

Criterion	Description	Features	Limitations
Absolute allele frequency difference (δ)	\|p₁₁-p₂₁\|	Is related to amount of linkage disequilibrium in an admixture model (Chakraborty and Weiss 1988); is related to probability of correct assignment in a multilocus no-admixture model (Risch et al. 2002); is related to Fisher information curvature criterion for K=2 (eq. [18]); is related to ORCA for K=2 (eq. [11])	Requires that only two populations be possible sources; does not take into account all available information about allele frequencies (Stephens et al. 1999; Campbell et al. 2003); statistical features do not apply to the Shriver et al. (1997) multiallelic extension of δ
F_st	Excess in probability of identity of alleles from the same population compared with randomly chosen alleles (Excoffier 2001, for example)	Is related, for biallelic markers, to the quotient of expected posterior and prior variance of ancestry in a population equally admixed from two sources^a (McKeigue 1998; Molokhia et al. 2003)	Performs only slightly better than random markers (Rosenberg et al. 2001)
Expected heterozygosity^b	(bias correction can be applied in estimation from data)	Performs better than random markers (Rosenberg et al. (2001) and fig. 3)	Measures the amount of variation but not the differences across populations
Number of alleles^b	N	Performs better than random markers (Rosenberg et al. 2001)	Measures the amount of variation but not the differences across populations; is useful only for multiallelic markers that have variation in number of alleles
Fisher information curvature criterion	Reciprocal of the largest eigenvalue of the information matrix for maximum-likelihood estimation of ancestry coefficients (Gomulkiewicz et al. 1990; Millar 1991)	Enables predictions about approximate variances of ancestry estimates (see “Number of Markers” subsection of the “Theory” section); information matrix is additive across loci that are independent within populations	Depends on unknown ancestry coefficients and requires computation for many possible parameter values; largest eigenvalue gives an upper bound that might not be generally applicable across the parameter space
Pairwise Kullback-Leibler divergence^c	(Brenner 1998; Smith et al. 2001; Anderson and Thompson 2002)	Provides a natural measure, for K=2, of average potential for assignment of an allele to one population compared with the other; has a natural multilocus extension; enables measurement of contributions of specific alleles	Requires that only two populations be possible sources; has upwardly biased estimates in small samples
Informativeness for assignment (I_n)	Equation (4)	Provides a natural measure of potential for assignment of an allele to one population compared with the “average” population; has a natural multilocus extension; enables measurement of contributions of specific alleles or populations; performs better than random or highly heterozygous markers (fig. 3)	Has upwardly biased estimates in small samples
Informativeness for ancestry coefficients (I_a)	Equation (14)	Provides a natural measure of potential for assignment of an allele to a point on the set of all possible ancestry coefficient vectors; has a natural multilocus extension; enables measurement of contributions of specific alleles	Has upwardly biased estimates in small samples; is difficult to compute in samples with populations of equal sample size
Optimal rate of correct assignment (ORCA)	Equation (10)	Gives the probability of correct assignment of an allele using the decision rule with lowest risk; has a natural multilocus extension (eq. [12]); enables measurement of contributions of specific alleles	Has upwardly biased estimates in small samples

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Note.— Notation is defined in the “Theory” section. All criteria apply to multiallelic loci in any number of populations, except where specified.

A multiallelic statistic related to this ratio was suggested by Molokhia et al. (2003).

Can also be calculated by using average values of the statistic across populations rather than by using values for the whole collection of populations.

A similar statistic based on genotype frequencies was suggested by Shriver et al. (1997). Some authors multiply by a factor of 1/2 in the formula for this statistic.

Here, using information-theoretic and decision-theoretic approaches, we introduce new criteria: the informativeness for assignment, the optimal rate of correct assignment, and the informativeness for ancestry coefficients. The choice of statistic for use in identifying markers for ancestry inference depends on the inference algorithm that is being used (table 1). The new statistics, as convenient and statistically motivated general measures applicable to any number of alleles and populations, may be useful both in admixed and in multisource human groups, such as those that have formed in the Western Hemisphere by the intermixing of Africans, Native Americans, and Europeans. We first define the statistics, consider their relationships with δ and F_st (two criteria that are often used to measure marker information content), and study the number of markers needed for inference. We demonstrate that the criteria are highly correlated and proceed using only the informativeness for assignment, or, simply, the informativeness. Informativeness rankings of loci in human microsatellite data are found to be robust, and use of markers of highest informativeness is observed to reduce the number of markers needed for inference of population structure. We consider the relationships of informativeness values in different subsets of the human population, and the relative informativeness of microsatellites and SNPs. Tables A, B, C, D, and E (online only) provide lists of informativeness ranks for various sets of source populations.

Table A.

Informativeness (I_n) for Distinguishing Groups within Data Sets^[Note]

			I_n Rank for Data Set
Locus Name	Alternate Name	Repeat Size	World-52	World-5	World-7	Africa	Europe	Middle East	Central/South Asia	East Asia	Oceania	America
D10S1208	ATA5A04	3	95	61	73	174	239	212	124	32	211	114
D10S1221	ATA21A03	3	71	165	128	152	56	45	20	137	172	89
D10S1222	ATA22D02	3	135	109	137	167	26	123	106	140	21	325
D10S1225	ATA24F10	3	303	178	204	104	273	82	296	352	285	269
D10S1230	ATA29C03	3	197	149	152	217	179	225	235	345	140	119
D10S1239	GATA64A09	4	291	347	308	349	299	371	263	158	64	231
D10S1248	GGAA23C05	4	273	256	269	211	322	257	342	271	89	42
D10S1412	ATA31G11	3	258	167	159	306	116	245	304	261	351	359
D10S1423	GATA70E11	4	327	350	341	340	169	367	256	297	131	189
D10S1425	GATA71C09	4	196	153	190	264	287	110	90	326	233	158
D10S1426	GATA73E11	4	363	377	374	373	124	316	341	253	279	212
D10S1430	GATA84C01	4	259	346	347	312	267	74	255	70	265	29
D10S1432	GATA87G01	4	365	351	345	366	360	290	335	319	230	245
D10S1435	GATA88F09	4	313	348	356	226	271	293	262	293	320	141
D10S189	AFM063XF4	2	274	239	219	348	342	315	366	348	174	78
D10S212	AFM198ZB4	2	229	244	264	103	148	321	258	231	342	93
D10S2327	GGAT1A4	4	190	148	166	96	294	363	257	320	3	163
D10S2470	GATA115E01	4	224	205	229	367	367	163	226	237	121	203
D10S677	GGAA2F11	4	150	174	171	147	21	139	157	188	364	137
D11S1304	UT2095	4	36	38	53	112	254	108	31	80	78	184
D11S1392	GATA6B09	4	348	296	314	324	309	128	274	305	332	360
D11S1981	GATA48E02	4	186	240	244	327	156	164	173	122	126	45
D11S1984	GGAA17G05	4	24	93	79	30	42	33	13	100	110	60
D11S1986	GGAA7G08	4	11	108	94	17	11	38	3	6	97	23
D11S1993	ATA1B07	3	68	34	34	183	138	73	97	219	75	53
D11S1998	GATA23E06	4	242	294	287	240	363	372	298	104	239	221
D11S1999	GATA23F06	4	130	128	127	272	131	243	188	142	112	275
D11S2000	GATA28D01	4	3	45	43	12	7	3	2	1	20	28
D11S2002	GATA30G01	4	256	324	277	346	172	303	96	170	219	164
D11S2006	GATA46A12	4	376	371	371	227	357	327	265	341	143	374
D11S2362	ATA33B03	3	156	96	118	119	193	287	239	276	296	339
D11S2363	GATA12F04	4	62	150	133	76	23	218	61	39	92	30
D11S2365	GATA63F09	4	332	319	322	186	282	362	355	266	250	174
D11S2371	GATA90D07	4	342	340	353	233	288	283	234	265	142	368
D11S4459	ATA9B04	3	222	90	97	321	291	118	360	372	300	371
D11S4463	GATA117D01	4	316	365	358	291	65	342	250	304	350	219
D11S4464	GATA64D03	4	279	334	337	235	49	260	198	211	155	129
D11S969	AFM205VF10	2	159	80	98	90	228	213	317	172	275	300
D12S1042	ATA27A06	3	133	134	134	79	152	205	305	163	120	63
D12S1045	ATA29A06	3	92	52	49	142	64	78	170	200	102	349
D12S1052	GATA26D02	4	278	274	282	320	13	248	323	268	55	252
D12S1064	GATA63D12	4	194	242	231	91	293	289	192	229	269	80
D12S1294	GATA73H09	4	143	200	220	143	69	100	76	212	164	98
D12S1300	GATA85A04	4	309	259	235	278	374	129	297	311	302	153
D12S1301	GATA91H06	4	141	41	63	195	277	182	351	310	304	356
D12S1638	AFMB002VD5	2	271	207	212	288	317	336	89	279	205	277
D12S2070	ATA25F09	3	56	12	13	41	107	214	107	328	303	297
D12S2078	GATA32F05	4	241	213	226	215	161	185	208	208	61	226
D12S269	MFD259	2	67	53	62	65	38	250	111	99	241	104
D12S297	UT5029	4	52	99	67	144	61	25	51	33	44	39
D12S372	GATA4H03	4	334	359	346	341	266	322	352	215	254	56
D12S373	GATA6C01	4	321	234	232	358	346	208	291	351	186	227
D12S395	GATA4H01	4	221	281	275	332	203	314	131	90	326	58
D13S1493	GGAA29H03	4	217	201	211	151	119	255	197	120	162	211
D13S1807	GATA11C08	4	235	245	261	284	298	341	316	95	127	351
D13S285	AFM309VA9	2	17	120	120	36	18	13	46	8	8	4
D13S317	GATA7G10	4	123	84	117	120	183	294	168	275	10	157
D13S779	ATA26D07	3	290	169	195	351	364	332	301	256	124	358
D13S787	GATA23C03	4	312	355	357	337	349	175	47	260	372	59
D13S793	GATA43H03	4	243	147	153	222	205	133	364	221	144	150
D13S796	GATA51B02	4	286	270	263	319	247	368	370	187	298	99
D13S800	GATA64F08	4	266	271	289	294	211	296	236	130	346	61
D13S894	GATA86H01	4	299	310	306	243	224	273	354	238	369	265
D13S895	GGAA22G01	4	249	290	281	210	110	112	139	189	331	244
D14S1007	AFMB002ZF1	2	6	8	3	7	125	114	14	117	1	314
D14S1280	GATA31B09	4	289	220	250	301	353	329	333	274	242	292
D14S1426	GATA136B01	4	57	23	38	296	166	86	67	18	294	217
D14S1434	GATA168F06	4	282	285	295	309	324	320	224	182	203	288
D14S587	GGAA10C09	4	166	194	201	97	122	158	108	107	57	229
D14S588	GGAA4A12	4	85	71	59	224	127	61	126	112	209	68
D14S592	ATA19H08	3	132	154	154	72	175	187	223	60	198	140
D14S599	ATA29G03	3	98	31	32	205	207	154	163	199	122	353
D14S606	GATA30A03	4	328	275	270	369	340	258	84	335	354	242
D14S608	GATA43H01	4	120	152	160	161	153	24	154	89	137	90
D14S617	GGAA21G11	4	146	30	54	84	144	209	196	136	291	287
D14S742	GATA74E02	4	345	364	362	201	290	120	307	285	213	329
D15S128	AFM273YF9	2	43	101	90	39	50	39	81	29	111	207
D15S1507	GATA151F03	4	276	193	249	277	240	270	315	360	228	192
D15S1515	GATA197B10	4	177	191	180	74	233	92	133	302	229	52
D15S165	AFM248VC5	2	14	29	26	3	46	12	9	157	194	79
D15S642	GATA27A03	4	31	158	110	192	2	238	75	59	197	106
D15S643	GATA50G06	4	113	251	206	110	12	49	32	43	216	82
D15S652	ATA24A08	3	41	68	57	108	79	122	59	47	63	40
D15S655	ATA28G05	3	244	137	149	133	191	276	344	356	310	295
D15S659	GATA63A03	4	162	184	207	136	88	149	79	49	276	162
D15S816	GATA73F01	4	304	277	291	157	285	356	336	299	322	346
D15S818	GATA85D02	4	366	354	355	283	344	364	359	353	317	88
D15S822	GATA88H02	4	22	162	112	102	27	99	10	4	22	72
D16S2616	ATA41E04	3	193	113	132	137	112	351	270	250	214	271
D16S2621	GATA71F09	4	117	78	101	285	189	288	217	179	71	311
D16S2624	GATA81D12	4	251	253	253	305	314	354	251	242	237	323
D16S3253	GATA22F09	4	203	198	191	314	311	324	43	67	375	319
D16S3396	ATA55A11	3	211	276	276	229	133	249	202	88	38	115
D16S3401	16PTEL06	2	16	22	17	57	31	9	42	13	73	66
D16S403	AFM049XD2	2	102	55	58	164	158	186	95	134	101	6
D16S422	AFM249XC5	2	8	70	41	24	37	35	17	14	28	74
D16S516	AFM350VD1	2	129	176	157	69	221	70	99	176	207	296
D16S539	GATA11C06	4	311	301	292	318	280	345	347	162	215	222
D16S748	ATA3A07	3	88	54	46	93	93	60	38	144	361	342
D16S753	GGAA3G05	4	214	225	239	168	243	140	164	267	50	191
D16S764	GATA42E11	4	369	322	330	377	358	226	280	355	181	248
D16S769	GATA71H05	4	374	356	366	287	256	298	374	366	202	179
D17S1290	GATA49C09	4	124	177	189	87	104	85	53	31	104	154
D17S1294	GGAA9D03	4	231	336	333	15	264	308	190	295	220	145
D17S1298	GAAT2C03	4	215	230	222	37	352	335	345	364	337	304
D17S1299	GATA25A04	4	347	368	367	313	84	228	321	292	293	177
D17S1301	GATA28D11	4	318	333	336	335	331	326	373	152	163	173
D17S1308	GTAT1A05	4	294	254	196	307	268	347	230	325	377	327
D17S2180	ATC6A06	3	302	265	260	350	296	338	357	294	114	352
D17S2193	ATA43A10Z	3	109	48	65	19	310	107	132	222	357	305
D17S2195	ATA58A02	3	101	49	47	67	341	127	118	98	19	235
D17S2196	GATA185H04	4	152	112	136	204	251	177	117	165	159	263
D17S784	AFM044XG3	2	75	69	95	78	95	251	204	131	66	116
D17S974	GATA8C04	4	284	237	254	326	302	311	331	249	133	70
D18S1357	ATA7D07	3	176	173	193	124	307	146	273	92	225	110
D18S1364	GATA7E12	4	118	146	147	228	73	330	172	83	81	2
D18S1370	ATA45G06	3	184	139	139	184	201	97	244	287	234	213
D18S1371	GATA177C03	4	356	264	274	371	320	323	290	324	200	284
D18S1376	GATA185C06	4	373	353	348	297	246	265	363	344	260	340
D18S1390	18QTEL11	2	134	131	121	59	89	138	207	283	301	259
D18S535	GATA13	4	216	82	99	376	283	306	167	149	5	334
D18S542	GATA11A06	4	72	56	37	27	63	200	161	96	267	155
D18S843	ACT1A01	3	346	311	321	310	157	307	349	340	243	313
D18S851	GATA6D09	4	262	258	247	220	313	169	242	308	53	350
D18S858	ATA23G05	3	245	175	185	196	220	84	248	233	368	161
D18S877	GATA64H04	4	297	314	332	279	117	235	195	259	249	109
D19S1034	GATA21G05	4	263	208	216	189	177	223	353	255	328	366
D19S245	MFD235	4	360	374	377	271	262	193	340	282	345	148
D19S246	MFD232	4	151	226	215	163	80	55	243	76	16	139
D19S254	MFD238	4	219	145	155	276	155	217	136	155	247	188
D19S433	GGAA2A03	4	83	127	107	45	168	117	41	64	193	50
D19S559	UT7544	4	295	273	285	317	328	179	299	181	116	283
D19S586	GATA23B01	4	336	284	305	261	343	151	271	337	274	131
D19S589	GATA29B01	4	362	373	373	370	208	359	343	168	218	240
D19S591	GATA44F10	4	213	211	198	282	305	334	153	262	338	84
D19S714	GATA66B04	4	264	238	240	129	270	236	150	207	255	279
D1S1589	ATA4E02	3	65	4	11	166	62	274	272	133	257	372
D1S1594	GATA22D12	4	367	293	298	262	355	220	306	369	248	298
D1S1596	GATA26G09	4	370	303	325	360	335	355	361	374	169	181
D1S1597	GATA27E01	4	238	219	251	138	258	192	283	206	180	168
D1S1609	GATA50F11	4	115	121	150	134	100	11	152	52	231	175
D1S1612	GGAA3A07	4	48	140	93	231	70	46	48	78	189	49
D1S1627	ATA25E07	3	204	229	227	214	184	216	267	257	138	151
D1S1653	GATA43A04	4	314	370	361	265	145	346	358	236	95	101
D1S1660	GATA48B01	4	275	255	259	339	57	299	266	280	362	107
D1S1665	GATA61A06	4	268	282	279	130	265	189	182	186	281	336
D1S1677	GGAA22G10	4	277	298	294	172	130	271	268	278	80	247
D1S1679	GGAA5F09	4	170	248	237	127	173	26	40	66	34	132
D1S1728	GATA109	4	307	227	169	274	323	268	356	376	165	291
D1S2134	GATA72H07	4	69	157	92	33	106	337	93	164	117	124
D1S235	AFM203YG9	2	4	5	5	14	98	75	30	17	37	289
D1S2682	AFMA272XC9	2	218	195	184	242	190	134	135	365	188	108
D1S3462	ATA29C07	3	208	263	241	223	312	318	327	91	273	322
D1S3669	GATA29A05	4	144	79	106	175	210	173	113	121	283	94
D1S3720	ATA47D07	3	182	88	84	250	178	352	201	220	358	299
D1S3721	GATA129H04	4	27	135	108	122	15	15	24	7	47	22
D1S468	AFM280WE5	2	106	33	45	190	87	231	160	127	195	364
D1S518	GATA7C01	4	103	42	30	199	235	95	199	204	373	261
D1S534	GATA12A07	4	7	44	40	2	36	105	37	16	11	26
D1S549	GATA4H09	4	240	223	218	359	143	195	252	180	321	33
D1S551	GATA6A05	4	308	206	238	254	375	309	319	258	313	143
D20S103	AFM077XD3	2	87	74	56	121	334	339	288	217	299	369
D20S1143	GATA129B03	4	339	305	320	286	206	130	215	349	185	199
D20S159	UT1307	4	34	180	168	9	66	7	45	12	100	18
D20S164	UT1772	4	93	62	35	156	192	204	302	361	108	278
D20S201	GATA8B01	4	168	138	148	202	187	31	328	169	87	91
D20S451	UT254	4	128	246	230	42	128	83	189	167	147	44
D20S477	GATA29F06	4	140	224	175	66	275	116	109	185	86	118
D20S478	GATA42A03	4	114	114	135	131	113	157	55	111	324	120
D20S480	GATA45B10	4	326	357	365	323	339	348	222	148	262	122
D20S481	GATA47F05	4	160	116	161	125	108	196	114	246	263	180
D20S482	GATA51D03	4	344	369	372	363	212	278	278	197	48	230
D20S851	AFMA218YB5	2	26	13	14	280	120	10	5	71	106	9
D21S1411	UT1355	4	84	87	119	83	35	54	15	150	65	166
D21S1432	GATA11C12	4	181	189	194	116	278	30	179	286	125	127
D21S1437	GGAA3C07	4	108	171	187	111	90	63	178	84	52	13
D21S1440	ATA27F01	3	239	103	123	148	372	340	324	363	151	250
D21S1446	GATA70B08	4	142	155	162	26	160	291	162	93	167	186
D21S2052	GATA129D11	4	179	235	223	95	97	156	225	103	24	215
D21S2055	GATA188F04	4	2	9	10	13	8	8	6	2	2	10
D22S1045	ATA37D06	3	175	163	170	170	222	34	228	248	152	87
D22S1169	AFMB337ZH9	2	32	18	16	28	60	155	91	118	232	14
D22S345	MFD313	2	121	124	125	176	223	59	121	129	266	17
D22S532	UT7136	4	368	330	350	352	329	374	177	323	305	253
D22S683	GATA11B12	4	1	3	4	1	4	6	1	3	49	194
D22S686	GGAA10F06	4	153	269	257	43	126	269	130	228	68	239
D22S689	GATA21F03	4	183	268	273	64	319	28	110	28	339	343
D2S1328	GATA27A12	4	169	143	116	260	286	277	151	210	184	256
D2S1334	GATA4D07	4	29	185	173	5	30	4	23	11	94	27
D2S1352	ATA27D04	3	260	216	208	266	316	153	322	273	221	195
D2S1353	ATA27H09	3	127	132	156	197	150	72	74	57	98	201
D2S1356	ATA4F03	3	20	2	2	89	164	62	211	101	173	113
D2S1360	GATA11H10	4	66	156	158	68	10	69	122	195	4	243
D2S1363	GATA23D03	4	199	123	111	255	196	102	320	239	287	65
D2S1384	GATA52A04	4	188	179	177	325	338	233	183	72	268	152
D2S1391	GATA65C03	4	300	300	283	342	159	280	127	331	314	262
D2S1394	GATA69E12	4	375	376	376	343	315	275	362	296	253	214
D2S1399	GGAA20G04	4	45	119	102	126	32	76	18	19	13	16
D2S1400	GGAA20G10	4	59	15	18	77	295	64	303	370	261	324
D2S1776	GATA71D01	4	296	295	284	221	219	125	166	330	316	280
D2S1780	GATA72G11	4	247	218	245	106	250	206	277	316	347	344
D2S1788	GATA86E02	4	49	172	165	29	22	1	19	15	84	55
D2S1790	GATA88G05	4	131	170	181	22	28	77	102	160	171	220
D2S2944	GATA30E06	4	287	366	363	92	44	37	200	203	235	156
D2S2952	GATA116B01	4	112	83	115	182	114	160	63	44	99	335
D2S2968	GATA178G09	4	293	186	179	338	289	222	332	313	336	375
D2S2972	GATA176C01	4	232	221	217	139	118	121	294	235	161	273
D2S2986	2QTEL47	2	18	28	6	40	132	201	52	128	286	121
D2S405	GATA8F07	4	255	190	209	316	292	181	187	322	307	205
D2S410	GATA4E11	4	110	126	122	44	103	119	35	116	145	208
D2S427	GATA12H10	4	100	25	33	60	325	301	264	339	246	331
D2S434	GATA4G12	4	338	321	328	290	356	190	275	300	135	196
D2S441	GATA8F03	4	53	19	15	48	147	207	175	110	270	303
D3S1262	AFM059XA9	2	37	36	48	56	111	126	65	35	32	216
D3S1311	AFM254VE1	2	15	32	28	117	41	22	22	34	7	264
D3S1560	AFM217XD6	2	58	91	83	46	92	36	60	48	96	81
D3S1744	GATA3C02	4	254	345	351	304	142	240	129	56	323	77
D3S1746	GATA8F01	4	40	133	126	6	39	40	26	27	136	35
D3S1763	GATA3H01	4	220	231	246	165	94	302	194	138	365	282
D3S1764	GATA4A10	4	198	202	182	238	255	113	240	147	201	223
D3S1766	GATA6F06	4	354	367	370	364	198	361	144	321	366	112
D3S1768	GATA8B05	4	90	118	85	198	139	263	193	109	272	54
D3S2387	GATA22G12	4	9	60	52	23	19	2	12	9	88	21
D3S2398	GATA6G12	4	335	309	293	375	137	239	220	298	208	234
D3S2403	GGAA4B09	4	138	130	124	249	109	17	16	153	25	348
D3S2409	ATA10H11	3	96	27	19	206	337	310	205	312	371	377
D3S2418	ATA22E01	3	145	67	60	135	259	93	261	264	41	354
D3S2427	GATA22F11	4	5	14	20	8	20	21	7	5	26	62
D3S2432	GATA27C08	4	230	344	340	253	202	135	83	159	335	25
D3S2460	GATA68F07	4	292	209	186	303	181	56	186	373	292	290
D3S3038	GATA73D01	4	248	280	280	181	47	350	149	314	284	135
D3S3039	GATA7F05	4	324	375	375	347	252	136	289	166	85	76
D3S3045	GATA84B12	4	97	37	36	99	300	253	64	106	176	306
D3S3630	AFMB296ZF5	2	105	73	80	63	154	178	279	105	196	48
D3S3644	AFMB318YF1	2	331	278	265	114	326	365	325	362	353	228
D3S4523	ATA34G06	3	61	92	76	160	86	247	184	86	29	126
D3S4529	GATA128C02	4	337	287	300	269	348	58	312	291	259	318
D3S4545	GATA164B08	4	21	72	74	38	14	16	34	26	45	142
D4S1625	GATA107	4	280	360	360	308	52	369	212	190	212	64
D4S1627	GATA7D01	4	329	331	304	322	241	360	350	243	240	147
D4S1629	GATA8A05	4	250	160	174	140	366	300	238	368	177	370
D4S1644	GATA11E09	4	306	304	299	207	151	234	309	342	343	309
D4S1647	GATA2F11	4	227	260	266	149	303	51	281	254	363	20
D4S1652	GATA5B02	4	325	352	334	299	376	131	245	306	356	281
D4S2361	ATA2A03	3	165	81	87	82	281	172	241	175	183	347
D4S2366	GATA22G05	4	174	144	143	105	236	353	246	183	118	170
D4S2367	GATA24H01	4	317	272	252	361	350	272	365	334	256	206
D4S2368	GATA27G03	4	343	288	312	365	345	264	369	315	62	130
D4S2394	ATA26B08	3	126	75	72	86	195	57	142	198	141	302
D4S2397	ATA27C07	3	149	76	88	200	135	227	249	357	132	308
D4S2417	GATA42H02	4	323	217	228	344	272	219	311	371	308	232
D4S2431	GGAA19H07	4	76	196	167	80	48	81	29	42	178	46
D4S2623	GATA62A12	4	54	105	105	128	40	145	69	20	123	3
D4S2632	GATA72G09	4	28	125	82	62	43	5	8	94	113	123
D4S3243	GATA10G07	4	252	122	130	345	218	199	231	354	325	363
D4S3248	GATA28F03	4	285	308	301	311	260	144	337	173	245	36
D4S3360	4PTEL04	2	200	151	172	75	105	161	140	317	359	365
D4S403	AFM157XG3	2	38	21	23	191	140	98	25	113	330	209
D4S408	AFM165XC11	2	70	86	71	257	332	312	27	69	51	169
D5S1456	GATA11A11	4	265	283	288	88	297	65	284	156	166	272
D5S1457	GATA21D04	4	223	279	278	178	136	80	148	201	349	255
D5S1462	GATA3H06	4	207	323	310	298	333	241	237	23	226	149
D5S1470	GATA7C06	4	154	261	258	225	200	71	158	68	12	24
D5S1480	ATA23A10	3	99	107	89	247	185	168	116	38	344	249
D5S1501	GATA52A12	4	33	77	55	51	1	96	80	54	223	51
D5S1505	GATA62A04	4	267	320	335	187	141	188	218	126	39	160
D5S1725	GATA89G08	4	272	232	243	251	234	197	254	192	115	310
D5S211	MFD154	2	50	65	31	185	186	79	120	36	182	83
D5S2488	ATA20G07	3	270	317	316	241	149	237	169	209	74	134
D5S2500	GATA67D03	4	209	307	317	256	188	297	57	85	139	8
D5S2501	GATA68A03	4	283	315	326	245	215	331	269	132	290	197
D5S2505	GATA84E11	4	91	212	213	81	134	174	39	21	82	12
D5S2845	GATA134B03	4	261	257	255	293	123	103	155	184	190	178
D5S2849	GATA145D10	4	234	222	236	289	276	304	176	225	355	260
D5S408	AFM164XB8	2	78	111	104	31	29	132	58	124	105	182
D5S816	GATA2H09	4	173	210	242	239	257	109	72	123	14	270
D5S817	GATA3E10	4	372	338	323	334	373	284	367	318	329	338
D5S820	GATA6E05	4	163	166	178	171	213	305	123	125	103	330
D6S1006	ATC4D09	3	178	58	50	263	361	377	308	375	374	274
D6S1009	GATA32B03	4	167	110	114	268	171	202	171	30	312	267
D6S1017	GGAT3H10	4	116	66	81	236	244	252	260	251	77	43
D6S1021	ATA11D10	3	147	136	151	107	304	137	73	174	348	276
D6S1027	ATA22G07	3	60	26	29	123	261	148	229	139	93	337
D6S1031	ATA28B11	3	107	181	141	158	204	18	77	178	33	7
D6S1040	GATA23F08	4	353	299	307	295	232	344	292	338	340	333
D6S1051	GATA61E03	4	350	361	359	232	351	191	339	232	334	236
D6S1053	GATA64D02	4	333	329	324	354	231	89	300	213	60	193
D6S1056	GATA68H04	4	212	104	131	252	165	104	213	161	306	159
D6S1277	GATA81B01	4	253	266	272	258	121	111	143	281	319	57
D6S1959	GATA29A01	4	315	291	311	356	308	53	247	154	168	238
D6S2410	GATA11E02	4	319	312	319	213	72	292	334	307	206	202
D6S2436	GATA165G02	4	191	228	233	153	197	224	214	102	251	233
D6S2439	GATA163B10	4	171	214	224	230	54	152	85	81	150	144
D6S2522	6QTEL54	2	377	362	368	368	377	376	377	377	367	345
D6S305	AFM242ZG5	2	51	11	24	177	17	94	119	74	43	105
D6S474	GATA31	4	322	363	364	329	227	171	318	343	27	37
D6S942	UT654	4	358	349	344	275	330	198	203	367	311	224
D7S1799	GATA23F05	4	281	292	290	188	194	221	314	119	277	341
D7S1802	GATA41G07	4	359	325	342	259	368	262	253	288	156	373
D7S1804	GATA43C11	4	39	100	103	16	24	42	4	40	72	47
D7S1808	GGAA3F06	4	55	35	27	70	102	184	210	234	327	246
D7S1818	GATA24D12	4	355	342	327	292	301	366	310	332	83	321
D7S1824	GATA32C12	4	137	233	202	58	71	282	62	230	107	111
D7S2204	GATA73D10	4	82	236	200	100	6	91	44	37	315	11
D7S2477	AFMB035XB9	2	35	6	9	20	77	43	104	53	9	316
D7S2846	GATA31A10	4	371	327	354	355	229	357	346	359	18	198
D7S3046	GATA118G10	4	104	262	225	50	5	88	82	45	295	32
D7S3047	GATA119B03	4	351	341	352	234	279	176	293	336	278	138
D7S3051	GATA137H02	4	180	192	203	159	162	211	141	79	217	146
D7S3056	GATA24F03	4	330	297	286	328	180	256	276	290	352	361
D7S3058	GATA30D09	4	164	204	205	216	242	328	147	63	130	31
D7S3061	GGAA6D03	4	81	117	113	101	83	101	49	77	258	5
D7S3070	GATA189C06	4	246	326	329	180	318	210	105	65	146	183
D7S559	MFD265	2	155	161	176	109	76	87	287	171	69	92
D7S817	GATA13G11	4	195	115	140	315	115	246	219	347	191	165
D7S820	GATA3F01	4	185	249	262	146	78	230	125	114	282	257
D7S821	GATA5D08	4	257	286	267	300	129	143	92	191	175	210
D8S1048	UT7129	4	352	358	349	330	284	319	338	244	154	176
D8S1108	GATA50D10	4	341	372	369	267	217	295	285	270	109	86
D8S1110	GATA8G10	4	172	182	163	61	82	286	286	218	90	268
D8S1113	GGAA8G07	4	157	43	69	150	74	358	146	224	187	315
D8S1128	GATA21C12	4	73	97	100	169	3	242	156	194	236	190
D8S1132	GATA26E03	4	205	197	214	281	96	229	232	108	134	15
D8S1136	GATA41A01	4	301	302	297	218	370	343	326	346	288	117
D8S1179	GATA7G07	4	206	313	309	336	170	68	33	75	119	71
D8S1477	GGAA20C10	4	94	141	142	25	68	44	50	135	148	332
D8S2324	GATA14E09	4	310	337	338	203	336	267	216	241	30	96
D8S261	AFM123XG5	2	42	46	39	34	34	50	66	141	149	128
D8S262	AFM127XH2	2	189	51	77	113	362	285	206	309	376	376
D8S373	UT721	4	210	252	248	333	67	142	191	143	59	97
D8S503	AFM193XH4	2	79	63	51	94	75	52	137	284	238	367
D8S560	AFMA127YE5	2	12	1	1	4	167	14	36	24	36	362
D8S592	GATA6B02	4	305	247	268	331	354	370	181	272	252	167
D9S1118	GATA71E08	4	74	85	86	55	101	141	98	61	6	19
D9S1120	GATA81C04	4	192	142	146	353	237	183	259	301	309	73
D9S1121	GATA87E02	4	77	57	61	162	85	29	68	151	56	133
D9S1122	GATA89A11	4	361	332	339	357	327	259	371	263	271	258
D9S1779	AFM026TG9	2	13	17	12	32	146	66	11	55	128	218
D9S1825	AFMB029XG1	2	63	47	68	10	9	170	71	25	17	320
D9S1838	AFMB303ZG9	2	44	40	66	173	16	41	115	51	341	67
D9S1871	AFM345TA9	2	10	10	8	11	59	19	86	46	157	200
D9S2157	ATA59H06	3	23	64	42	49	55	165	101	146	199	103
D9S2169	GATA62F03	4	225	203	221	53	369	349	282	358	289	251
D9S301	GATA7D12	4	187	183	210	270	81	124	221	87	76	204
D9S910	ATA18A07	3	119	98	70	35	225	281	138	245	360	241
D9S922	GATA21F05	4	125	50	75	54	347	333	94	327	46	254
D9S925	GATA27A11	4	89	59	64	154	182	67	103	82	318	100
D9S930	GATA48D07	4	269	289	302	212	238	150	185	177	15	171
D9S934	GATA64G07	4	340	343	343	374	230	194	227	240	333	187
D9S938	GGAA22E01	4	64	7	7	194	248	261	78	73	158	301
F13A1-D6S	SE30	4	30	16	21	193	91	32	70	289	42	172
NA-D10S-1	GATA121A08	4	298	318	318	244	174	159	233	226	224	317
NA-D10S-2	ATA103C06	3	136	164	138	115	274	215	145	205	129	38
NA-D11S-1	ATA34E08	3	158	187	144	141	245	166	329	303	70	294
NA-D12S-1	GATA49D12	4	47	95	96	85	53	20	21	10	204	102
NA-D12S-2	PAH	4	202	250	234	248	209	203	174	58	192	312
NA-D13S-1	ATA5A09	3	122	39	44	179	51	313	348	252	54	285
NA-D14S-1	GATA193A07	4	80	243	188	132	99	27	28	193	23	1
NA-D15S-1	GATA50C03	4	228	267	271	219	226	325	134	223	31	95
NA-D16S-1	GATA138C05	4	111	106	109	98	214	23	165	115	179	69
NA-D17S-1	ATA78D02	3	148	89	78	246	321	232	159	227	222	355
NA-D18S-1	GATA178F11	4	288	316	313	145	249	162	295	145	297	185
NA-D18S-2	ATA82B02	3	25	24	25	21	58	106	56	97	67	41
NA-D1S-1	ATA79C10	3	161	129	145	118	199	266	100	216	170	266
NA-D1S-2	GATA124C08	4	357	335	315	273	253	375	376	329	244	225
NA-D1S-3	GATA133A08	4	349	306	296	362	371	279	330	277	210	136
NA-D1S-4	ATA42G12	3	201	241	256	73	269	244	313	196	280	125
NA-D1S-5	GATA124F08	4	364	339	331	372	306	373	375	269	227	326
NA-D22S-1	GATA198B05	4	139	215	199	237	45	167	112	41	160	85
NA-D4S-1	GATA70E01	4	86	168	192	52	25	48	87	62	91	34
NA-D5S-1	ATA52D02	3	19	20	22	18	216	115	54	22	35	293
NA-D6S-1	GATA184A08	4	46	94	91	47	33	47	88	50	79	75
NA-D7S-1	GATA104	4	237	159	164	71	365	180	180	333	264	328
NA-D8S-1	GATA151F02	4	233	199	197	209	163	90	128	214	40	307
NA-D8S-2	GAAT1A4	4	236	188	183	155	176	147	368	247	58	237
NA-D9S-1	GATA187D09	4	320	328	303	302	263	317	209	202	370	286
TPO-D2S	SRA	4	226	102	129	208	359	254	372	350	153	357

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Table B.

Informativeness (I_n) for Distinguishing Pairs of Regions^[Note]

			I_n Rank for Region Pair
Locus Name	Alternate Name	RepeatSize	1-2	1-3	1-4	1-5	1-6	1-7	2-3	2-4	2-5	2-6	2-7	3-4	3-5	3-6	3-7	4-5	4-6	4-7	5-6	5-7	6-7
D10S1208	ATA5A04	3	33	53	57	44	5	102	125	47	205	30	365	66	230	19	352	104	19	295	42	326	67
D10S1221	ATA21A03	3	99	96	149	162	225	331	211	101	15	88	98	58	12	102	119	28	165	101	136	50	230
D10S1222	ATA22D02	3	105	72	91	66	62	31	64	213	254	251	111	190	145	232	156	126	202	127	290	61	271
D10S1225	ATA24F10	3	205	202	216	268	53	113	302	353	340	127	179	341	369	121	204	321	80	143	83	176	365
D10S1230	ATA29C03	3	49	110	97	145	91	79	89	170	61	277	309	159	167	274	205	53	226	230	154	85	352
D10S1239	GATA64A09	4	191	169	228	297	359	336	194	144	140	285	203	207	146	263	176	237	303	261	338	366	355
D10S1248	GGAA23C05	4	232	247	177	288	139	350	193	234	322	252	335	245	289	192	325	142	249	266	119	285	122
D10S1412	ATA31G11	3	220	200	217	182	102	101	25	92	300	138	104	19	160	64	54	349	171	156	182	165	291
D10S1423	GATA70E11	4	265	290	321	342	374	367	147	253	176	276	256	244	198	350	236	266	287	282	226	327	284
D10S1425	GATA71C09	4	309	344	336	91	332	254	307	312	120	183	222	370	66	239	211	51	186	255	19	64	89
D10S1426	GATA73E11	4	299	357	286	351	356	377	261	143	305	345	325	213	345	337	366	326	304	310	365	356	354
D10S1430	GATA84C01	4	313	222	300	337	228	358	183	258	309	262	343	171	251	224	363	303	321	374	188	351	311
D10S1432	GATA87G01	4	210	251	205	228	350	326	48	333	364	239	373	199	286	314	370	371	274	369	258	364	310
D10S1435	GATA88F09	4	306	317	310	265	343	299	271	289	336	361	274	232	294	370	300	324	372	299	356	246	324
D10S189	AFM063XF4	2	92	116	34	159	199	281	314	243	274	210	301	117	340	270	298	100	79	177	322	149	224
D10S212	AFM198ZB4	2	272	159	209	190	111	246	296	304	231	145	331	320	211	146	333	296	181	296	298	172	184
D10S2327	GGAT1A4	4	25	34	39	137	54	107	230	249	143	242	257	222	228	236	335	194	136	228	48	161	203
D10S2470	GATA115E01	4	253	345	341	326	331	223	197	138	142	149	173	276	248	255	147	136	178	168	363	20	59
D10S677	GGAA2F11	4	322	218	344	304	333	106	84	311	133	229	35	185	104	181	63	125	265	54	345	26	101
D11S1304	UT2095	4	97	114	106	40	92	117	36	90	25	187	126	91	23	219	95	17	215	98	6	84	70
D11S1392	GATA6B09	4	181	237	188	224	241	234	276	302	321	377	302	319	352	371	286	343	370	304	319	298	302
D11S1981	GATA48E02	4	334	286	276	332	268	210	134	226	258	288	224	115	196	258	261	116	222	181	175	71	175
D11S1984	GGAA17G05	4	154	124	225	129	164	231	44	42	8	84	68	52	21	97	152	6	31	152	11	224	57
D11S1986	GGAA7G08	4	152	119	138	119	170	105	54	73	71	140	47	14	60	125	56	69	158	48	127	105	58
D11S1993	ATA1B07	3	183	252	196	52	169	9	122	82	49	92	22	60	22	85	5	64	113	10	113	82	38
D11S1998	GATA23E06	4	292	316	273	309	325	240	356	22	145	375	228	36	168	376	214	360	299	140	196	53	282
D11S1999	GATA23F06	4	213	196	202	60	285	76	223	350	64	348	41	214	44	297	46	29	309	30	106	291	75
D11S2000	GATA28D01	4	43	19	41	127	93	56	5	106	199	77	86	16	188	57	86	190	94	90	66	19	55
D11S2002	GATA30G01	4	200	167	221	362	368	369	189	261	158	178	141	179	101	153	179	147	164	180	344	323	332
D11S2006	GATA46A12	4	288	315	320	350	357	307	215	370	360	355	376	278	368	321	343	368	344	368	340	335	344
D11S2362	ATA33B03	3	48	17	36	19	77	116	174	351	190	248	137	111	336	312	203	107	208	118	170	106	193
D11S2363	GATA12F04	4	115	30	67	77	118	108	11	77	139	181	83	144	227	234	141	152	185	145	251	235	204
D11S2365	GATA63F09	4	328	338	332	354	302	230	374	368	338	333	159	367	365	342	191	351	364	187	349	206	338
D11S2371	GATA90D07	4	311	341	345	322	371	308	346	307	285	274	330	371	267	323	360	183	297	309	266	162	245
D11S4459	ATA9B04	3	36	65	23	42	75	69	37	268	195	164	150	174	209	216	85	205	151	116	309	168	238
D11S4463	GATA117D01	4	352	375	338	346	362	366	176	191	234	360	299	84	357	361	328	92	288	201	342	309	313
D11S4464	GATA64D03	4	368	302	365	310	348	290	61	366	332	353	246	221	238	195	227	315	318	242	250	333	219
D11S969	AFM205VF10	2	46	83	51	53	39	136	129	254	144	108	198	346	217	142	287	170	99	241	50	338	93
D12S1042	ATA27A06	3	303	272	231	260	159	157	96	206	182	143	81	63	117	131	37	115	159	70	287	33	54
D12S1045	ATA29A06	3	71	131	43	27	67	34	71	225	77	97	60	99	17	35	15	34	68	26	359	132	221
D12S1052	GATA26D02	4	338	353	363	374	361	207	331	212	294	317	153	356	353	333	157	347	295	111	351	55	87
D12S1064	GATA63D12	4	184	157	190	187	144	243	348	315	212	156	263	318	183	143	226	146	103	216	254	367	309
D12S1294	GATA73H09	4	290	343	278	121	234	259	279	305	122	279	101	215	86	290	167	75	270	102	104	66	181
D12S1300	GATA85A04	4	227	294	299	300	177	363	291	222	99	13	294	361	199	37	356	202	21	360	79	376	153
D12S1301	GATA91H06	4	151	225	104	82	290	52	140	322	68	133	112	95	35	150	73	37	57	82	59	3	34
D12S1638	AFMB002VD5	2	196	186	260	235	137	121	264	117	308	155	187	155	305	130	239	300	127	119	190	118	205
D12S2070	ATA25F09	3	263	295	210	99	100	40	267	210	23	123	3	27	10	68	1	32	115	3	32	39	2
D12S2078	GATA32F05	4	218	298	304	183	258	202	151	248	226	151	266	347	141	166	250	195	166	276	121	201	113
D12S269	MFD259	2	104	98	105	71	57	27	200	140	246	182	56	43	186	100	34	128	109	47	86	59	110
D12S297	UT5029	4	294	348	342	196	73	49	63	46	38	29	6	353	124	55	25	88	33	18	202	98	248
D12S372	GATA4H03	4	307	288	347	352	342	353	253	246	359	364	164	74	325	346	139	323	333	226	373	212	229
D12S373	GATA6C01	4	373	333	353	295	150	337	297	229	209	87	268	315	147	87	337	96	63	325	233	129	96
D12S395	GATA4H01	4	360	359	366	238	183	340	130	346	150	115	298	314	69	69	289	76	77	315	278	284	222
D13S1493	GGAA29H03	4	214	183	243	214	117	247	368	232	227	160	219	211	185	137	174	286	150	269	101	331	123
D13S1807	GATA11C08	4	283	367	270	287	324	127	196	338	329	315	145	161	254	325	99	328	240	71	184	43	256
D13S285	AFM309VA9	2	50	58	35	65	154	124	108	83	87	172	306	32	74	140	305	145	123	270	39	137	182
D13S317	GATA7G10	4	233	310	269	49	235	61	212	236	171	240	93	307	85	271	52	84	257	29	130	40	32
D13S779	ATA26D07	3	285	240	277	178	278	181	273	328	147	283	75	375	193	242	127	151	260	103	110	136	48
D13S787	GATA23C03	4	323	266	266	290	319	328	337	176	373	350	356	182	377	328	371	281	312	286	259	362	328
D13S793	GATA43H03	4	78	64	82	118	119	253	372	374	358	54	154	377	374	71	188	355	44	164	28	152	288
D13S796	GATA51B02	4	310	253	306	303	213	314	293	309	326	128	293	297	308	77	252	252	85	281	99	243	317
D13S800	GATA64F08	4	314	331	316	267	180	291	243	354	272	241	312	283	265	226	295	241	230	308	61	361	133
D13S894	GATA86H01	4	371	293	313	234	254	277	126	128	111	221	215	286	215	339	291	138	342	260	212	353	294
D13S895	GGAA22G01	4	195	257	233	195	313	228	100	174	186	194	288	137	229	326	282	223	248	300	211	373	234
D14S1007	AFMB002ZF1	2	38	50	79	34	157	5	57	12	1	9	16	11	1	6	11	5	43	45	140	21	28
D14S1280	GATA31B09	4	147	175	130	213	242	135	311	339	320	297	332	310	337	296	293	299	253	327	276	144	174
D14S1426	GATA136B01	4	212	213	161	134	267	18	347	183	164	154	21	177	150	164	22	91	73	35	53	5	3
D14S1434	GATA168F06	4	325	369	297	221	252	273	299	284	218	280	247	153	190	218	223	235	339	280	207	185	298
D14S587	GGAA10C09	4	224	340	162	229	151	196	181	180	168	205	139	71	182	188	137	153	275	99	81	167	88
D14S588	GGAA4A12	4	15	29	18	104	116	143	19	125	73	80	169	305	262	114	172	106	108	178	21	80	102
D14S592	ATA19H08	3	173	219	136	154	120	100	93	61	251	55	176	178	175	129	182	248	100	213	57	205	199
D14S599	ATA29G03	3	58	45	85	150	44	109	363	120	48	250	12	257	48	231	10	33	124	4	34	56	13
D14S606	GATA30A03	4	225	176	183	258	208	271	333	369	256	177	262	327	187	141	247	193	134	257	317	355	341
D14S608	GATA43H01	4	276	371	244	205	221	174	27	169	331	299	50	17	111	200	80	200	229	7	165	14	63
D14S617	GGAA21G11	4	158	142	89	108	1	134	173	165	248	12	213	149	221	4	194	191	16	186	4	193	31
D14S742	GATA74E02	4	289	260	257	289	329	332	249	221	374	376	375	279	288	330	354	222	317	311	361	372	366
D15S128	AFM273YF9	2	45	95	69	20	149	71	18	69	125	212	90	112	71	169	76	78	210	78	186	121	244
D15S1507	GATA151F03	4	130	133	83	59	52	164	339	336	196	231	367	324	204	230	358	230	236	376	187	321	272
D15S1515	GATA197B10	4	83	74	92	155	128	300	290	173	184	303	51	338	271	347	83	216	355	65	330	114	107
D15S165	AFM248VC5	2	44	55	77	4	11	42	35	29	36	60	76	6	20	41	65	25	81	120	232	138	194
D15S642	GATA27A03	4	51	59	125	141	314	225	86	100	5	95	79	151	8	158	97	13	183	163	105	247	269
D15S643	GATA50G06	4	138	105	111	306	288	280	128	86	194	99	121	141	210	176	215	157	84	130	171	170	345
D15S652	ATA24A08	3	192	118	180	180	230	93	91	54	103	101	14	88	140	66	30	112	89	32	133	18	19
D15S655	ATA28G05	3	145	134	109	90	40	126	74	148	69	23	300	157	78	33	327	163	60	354	230	197	90
D15S659	GATA63A03	4	244	276	245	259	305	140	236	167	314	204	119	293	299	229	128	285	126	158	134	86	36
D15S816	GATA73F01	4	264	216	242	277	216	285	172	265	152	331	339	260	195	318	365	118	340	356	141	143	289
D15S818	GATA85D02	4	341	300	328	370	320	330	146	375	339	334	311	240	282	313	256	310	314	279	331	217	268
D15S822	GATA88H02	4	180	146	340	246	309	137	278	38	46	186	10	22	26	152	6	44	231	17	218	141	94
D16S2616	ATA41E04	3	85	71	86	80	41	47	332	294	222	147	110	308	240	162	105	288	154	117	236	203	361
D16S2621	GATA71F09	4	126	66	48	3	161	32	255	188	29	309	77	142	36	253	91	58	307	161	78	240	148
D16S2624	GATA81D12	4	304	238	294	203	330	262	295	310	57	268	131	374	50	295	123	38	311	134	143	313	132
D16S3253	GATA22F09	4	79	80	133	231	145	182	298	126	203	339	217	119	244	352	199	160	209	108	176	150	220
D16S3396	ATA55A11	3	256	232	153	218	289	173	216	207	303	321	273	184	279	280	207	294	281	204	327	230	231
D16S3401	16PTEL06	2	13	39	32	89	101	110	30	13	81	4	43	236	184	14	60	67	9	21	13	54	22
D16S403	AFM049XD2	2	236	224	181	198	82	179	26	52	178	46	132	56	92	26	42	277	4	58	2	65	52
D16S422	AFM249XC5	2	95	112	176	38	141	74	31	44	2	189	17	72	9	174	24	10	213	52	40	322	100
D16S516	AFM350VD1	2	149	209	248	147	238	237	87	99	60	76	103	239	49	190	107	61	205	123	108	175	150
D16S539	GATA11C06	4	250	323	362	367	251	357	224	58	189	316	146	298	268	287	224	197	234	238	131	325	149
D16S748	ATA3A07	3	109	168	93	116	9	14	133	27	30	21	49	9	45	13	39	171	105	86	125	31	211
D16S753	GGAA3G05	4	291	215	166	85	162	233	259	88	113	216	276	110	116	183	326	177	246	252	314	200	159
D16S764	GATA42E11	4	335	299	302	363	370	261	326	376	318	305	178	288	322	315	243	259	278	141	366	182	270
D16S769	GATA71H05	4	343	306	339	301	341	359	361	377	317	358	341	372	366	375	318	301	366	336	374	208	280
D17S1290	GATA49C09	4	156	150	156	171	88	175	109	85	276	175	138	116	318	180	113	287	219	75	205	81	144
D17S1294	GGAA9D03	4	209	164	179	254	236	278	110	348	267	324	323	158	321	336	340	264	327	321	357	358	376
D17S1298	GAAT2C03	4	84	100	129	97	152	172	306	19	43	273	355	70	82	310	367	211	360	340	328	227	375
D17S1299	GATA25A04	4	320	376	368	319	328	372	70	119	262	293	327	366	341	329	372	346	329	371	282	300	342
D17S1301	GATA28D11	4	208	178	322	266	365	338	323	274	266	253	368	238	243	220	375	238	320	373	237	268	295
D17S1308	GTAT1A05	4	129	203	155	255	195	356	106	321	177	36	223	258	106	25	234	86	14	247	177	328	265
D17S2180	ATC6A06	3	248	198	301	285	337	147	171	121	96	201	148	218	165	275	150	271	322	135	358	89	141
D17S2193	ATA43A10Z	3	22	10	15	67	15	26	50	235	311	192	129	90	181	251	200	246	117	125	73	72	172
D17S2195	ATA58A02	3	23	23	40	87	72	78	111	187	180	37	258	227	231	51	237	275	45	224	63	148	50
D17S2196	GATA185H04	4	284	305	259	96	292	84	338	208	100	176	54	281	105	238	69	40	223	55	31	104	71
D17S784	AFM044XG3	2	123	125	42	93	200	58	317	158	134	207	134	122	89	266	161	54	147	172	45	4	104
D17S974	GATA8C04	4	223	182	186	279	261	266	362	245	323	267	162	306	362	221	220	338	135	176	122	255	66
D18S1357	ATA7D07	3	235	258	218	339	233	112	178	147	211	72	204	351	303	170	154	226	116	153	146	45	65
D18S1364	GATA7E12	4	28	21	11	110	112	185	318	362	306	180	200	268	348	197	222	244	173	173	153	276	125
D18S1370	ATA45G06	3	112	201	117	114	83	274	51	203	154	105	174	128	76	44	230	93	49	193	191	67	114
D18S1371	GATA177C03	4	332	362	253	341	303	184	364	252	354	257	151	266	376	273	165	350	216	237	268	127	129
D18S1376	GATA185C06	4	286	326	279	278	311	335	284	219	349	214	342	294	258	237	332	262	254	349	246	371	356
D18S1390	18QTEL11	2	93	106	94	74	174	129	119	55	80	163	66	259	95	133	79	141	143	76	160	178	208
D18S535	GATA13	4	254	180	280	126	31	205	244	334	232	57	182	65	121	30	187	201	35	183	162	97	30
D18S542	GATA11A06	4	72	42	65	167	96	186	272	260	126	3	136	241	136	3	180	85	1	128	16	196	64
D18S843	ACT1A01	3	367	360	360	237	301	346	357	344	183	254	352	326	142	252	355	89	197	339	102	286	340
D18S851	GATA6D09	4	204	177	134	131	295	219	169	130	181	247	88	233	220	320	132	278	251	122	208	179	318
D18S858	ATA23G05	3	247	207	262	256	106	212	353	345	172	73	259	247	98	47	232	189	52	215	84	180	226
D18S877	GATA64H04	4	280	227	258	166	171	323	334	255	343	264	371	237	312	256	362	240	243	365	292	352	290
D19S1034	GATA21G05	4	202	246	203	146	210	158	164	298	280	296	165	204	156	222	133	242	277	94	288	87	251
D19S245	MFD235	4	365	373	361	325	304	373	373	356	372	356	350	368	363	360	369	345	361	372	368	292	326
D19S246	MFD232	4	262	261	330	273	227	286	17	129	119	169	241	203	224	156	316	109	128	324	129	171	98
D19S254	MFD238	4	187	319	308	333	133	292	136	141	233	59	63	349	335	60	181	337	61	126	69	74	25
D19S433	GGAA2A03	4	63	38	84	115	107	169	83	60	148	161	100	165	192	104	126	208	133	97	225	173	186
D19S559	UT7544	4	229	280	171	211	260	180	191	199	282	347	189	292	349	327	262	375	301	220	269	225	198
D19S586	GATA23B01	4	266	254	222	271	215	313	300	343	376	327	275	339	367	343	264	376	332	222	285	249	147
D19S589	GATA29B01	4	326	268	349	359	326	374	209	316	348	326	359	277	313	348	322	372	337	348	275	340	333
D19S591	GATA44F10	4	182	195	140	151	280	264	322	313	179	190	92	290	293	288	129	178	167	81	294	63	164
D19S714	GATA66B04	4	300	235	287	311	165	263	266	194	325	68	195	289	355	88	307	282	53	258	80	257	151
D1S1589	ATA4E02	3	8	18	9	37	35	2	150	263	127	35	115	164	148	42	71	108	40	66	12	1	12
D1S1594	GATA22D12	4	329	336	274	282	287	241	352	153	292	371	194	96	256	356	159	364	283	323	243	345	180
D1S1596	GATA26G09	4	336	287	314	321	373	199	369	318	284	359	211	270	266	332	241	356	356	190	348	163	187
D1S1597	GATA27E01	4	118	92	96	149	113	118	285	320	341	365	221	335	276	358	164	341	357	200	270	220	285
D1S1609	GATA50F11	4	193	153	198	249	189	92	141	215	173	287	120	296	213	298	89	213	310	51	203	11	80
D1S1612	GGAA3A07	4	141	144	142	244	277	216	143	196	14	47	23	325	30	96	48	7	66	15	308	128	127
D1S1627	ATA25E07	3	305	231	184	76	204	162	226	57	67	152	233	94	43	126	249	113	258	332	238	310	235
D1S1653	GATA43A04	4	317	279	343	348	355	349	62	278	257	286	278	332	310	351	274	331	353	291	370	339	370
D1S1660	GATA48B01	4	293	212	214	241	196	309	345	209	192	96	354	205	179	61	373	172	78	307	109	311	106
D1S1665	GATA61A06	4	171	187	137	177	217	251	34	256	297	363	353	212	158	354	357	217	375	361	261	266	359
D1S1677	GGAA22G10	4	255	185	303	243	298	255	239	267	242	328	245	138	109	285	177	279	358	202	297	259	263
D1S1679	GGAA5F09	4	136	184	185	222	222	284	168	200	293	103	317	273	304	139	311	253	110	306	148	316	213
D1S1728	GATA109	4	70	61	191	240	299	226	234	96	78	43	143	81	114	45	168	206	140	271	223	283	236
D1S2134	GATA72H07	4	128	115	152	227	275	170	82	91	32	91	27	127	27	73	17	8	88	9	335	186	250
D1S235	AFM203YG9	2	3	2	1	1	4	10	47	3	9	120	135	20	29	90	198	49	176	245	23	125	152
D1S2682	AFMA272XC9	2	133	108	213	313	125	177	227	295	121	198	155	242	100	157	122	169	163	151	95	119	330
D1S3462	ATA29C07	3	278	320	285	160	187	305	206	11	27	79	226	101	58	124	338	166	282	338	354	122	191
D1S3669	GATA29A05	4	127	154	116	130	69	77	238	132	229	111	161	50	178	101	140	229	82	77	27	154	40
D1S3720	ATA47D07	3	41	24	131	283	79	128	139	16	59	114	152	75	72	53	271	204	69	167	52	83	27
D1S3721	GATA129H04	4	172	126	139	176	197	122	73	33	107	126	44	54	119	127	55	110	71	34	152	94	126
D1S468	AFM280WE5	2	189	308	154	197	127	7	45	9	146	81	8	45	205	173	7	129	212	6	35	2	42
D1S518	GATA7C01	4	56	84	29	31	8	63	58	17	53	22	39	77	64	27	68	168	62	93	144	219	247
D1S534	GATA12A07	4	163	255	211	25	121	38	56	145	45	86	57	85	18	82	33	12	38	19	71	126	99
D1S549	GATA4H09	4	203	297	232	330	85	375	22	162	216	102	201	131	298	91	292	231	101	227	91	233	43
D1S551	GATA6A05	4	357	332	354	317	166	312	371	204	263	135	225	250	283	151	217	348	87	251	114	155	39
D20S103	AFM077XD3	2	125	68	78	47	168	99	246	30	12	67	70	51	14	54	74	31	67	206	64	79	192
D20S1143	GATA129B03	4	234	244	226	247	291	272	263	326	345	270	362	352	326	278	344	284	279	346	220	349	261
D20S159	UT1307	4	161	161	157	276	186	239	10	319	117	325	163	59	134	262	186	70	341	129	94	109	92
D20S164	UT1772	4	110	173	224	169	219	35	105	28	3	65	4	200	15	81	13	16	145	11	352	16	86
D20S201	GATA8B01	4	124	121	169	292	76	311	88	272	116	289	37	224	157	281	66	134	238	64	67	153	23
D20S451	UT254	4	148	170	150	75	214	159	121	105	91	259	269	78	61	212	218	187	331	318	293	360	346
D20S477	GATA29F06	4	221	265	264	220	246	260	229	257	37	44	96	304	84	107	124	60	64	147	181	293	218
D20S478	GATA42A03	4	6	9	47	5	71	53	43	34	365	330	261	82	170	372	294	90	345	221	256	199	278
D20S480	GATA45B10	4	370	370	374	327	367	288	304	347	298	372	248	373	301	373	296	308	368	294	274	275	274
D20S481	GATA47F05	4	252	149	199	112	104	83	301	327	130	109	180	246	81	172	225	155	86	197	15	177	61
D20S482	GATA51D03	4	349	337	305	360	315	348	329	360	278	314	369	328	292	345	377	228	343	375	329	299	353
D20S851	AFMA218YB5	2	74	82	73	281	99	96	116	142	41	19	34	104	37	15	47	20	5	23	20	17	5
D21S1411	UT1355	4	245	262	239	206	240	94	131	93	198	118	91	196	180	223	57	43	102	50	199	9	14
D21S1432	GATA11C12	4	160	228	143	192	156	146	142	241	214	188	252	188	137	202	228	127	201	278	126	76	297
D21S1437	GGAA3C07	4	55	67	127	101	300	111	76	116	124	167	364	87	155	203	306	148	256	256	115	57	146
D21S1440	ATA27F01	3	14	20	5	23	28	48	103	197	283	368	284	40	306	306	244	329	363	352	273	324	320
D21S1446	GATA70B08	4	64	171	141	88	32	139	6	68	243	202	347	192	172	76	216	258	93	329	151	305	197
D21S2052	GATA129D11	4	217	277	252	298	218	244	190	114	167	78	191	183	242	185	266	180	83	240	96	277	166
D21S2055	GATA188F04	4	12	56	33	84	55	21	4	20	47	17	19	68	103	36	28	139	27	25	43	36	11
D22S1045	ATA37D06	3	73	73	100	233	122	67	159	43	149	269	305	93	144	233	221	207	193	137	149	38	293
D22S1169	AFMB337ZH9	2	18	22	26	30	7	64	153	65	62	2	102	333	73	2	112	55	3	95	24	78	78
D22S345	MFD313	2	188	160	220	223	153	115	137	122	97	292	40	216	79	246	32	144	276	41	112	68	84
D22S532	UT7136	4	351	311	357	376	338	318	327	361	312	278	360	359	261	225	374	295	268	345	323	211	173
D22S683	GATA11B12	4	19	12	7	9	12	4	1	168	128	70	33	2	128	75	27	68	24	27	87	15	18
D22S686	GGAA10F06	4	169	189	170	133	192	257	21	136	102	312	370	34	54	201	308	62	285	359	234	254	336
D22S689	GATA21F03	4	261	234	249	226	229	224	99	269	237	217	324	210	245	208	208	254	232	253	214	231	201
D2S1328	GATA27A12	4	318	347	337	105	38	296	235	50	11	5	167	309	41	11	280	39	13	317	169	319	91
D2S1334	GATA4D07	4	176	165	167	272	203	217	14	297	138	335	181	73	129	265	166	66	354	121	103	100	111
D2S1352	ATA27D04	3	103	122	122	152	202	194	268	189	265	116	292	80	302	112	313	156	137	235	72	216	305
D2S1353	ATA27H09	3	140	120	194	111	126	37	344	218	287	213	74	229	315	240	104	181	162	63	304	91	135
D2S1356	ATA4F03	3	67	26	24	21	6	16	3	10	31	24	1	284	135	72	9	46	32	1	137	7	7
D2S1360	GATA11H10	4	197	271	256	33	239	145	177	36	33	222	114	243	39	304	155	4	199	104	76	263	283
D2S1363	GATA23D03	4	185	158	197	208	146	248	375	161	114	10	123	121	131	8	111	114	7	277	55	112	60
D2S1384	GATA52A04	4	258	135	230	143	129	249	161	238	89	200	207	28	46	250	93	143	200	259	156	278	105
D2S1391	GATA65C03	4	239	229	265	355	354	265	280	202	191	275	140	303	234	305	125	215	293	114	350	202	232
D2S1394	GATA69E12	4	348	356	373	349	347	342	309	293	366	366	345	295	361	353	329	377	373	344	367	343	362
D2S1399	GGAA20G04	4	144	143	208	366	148	132	7	87	136	131	25	136	191	93	40	175	119	44	54	29	49
D2S1400	GGAA20G10	4	4	5	2	2	3	3	29	231	123	215	85	61	113	206	77	159	284	142	376	288	350
D2S1776	GATA71D01	4	364	365	367	343	358	245	102	230	166	311	82	175	246	244	134	162	319	138	219	253	155
D2S1780	GATA72G11	4	87	69	52	103	155	165	308	276	362	318	315	285	356	357	285	330	374	293	316	290	258
D2S1788	GATA86E02	4	114	147	54	232	175	98	49	109	228	209	199	147	208	196	88	83	129	68	204	103	214
D2S1790	GATA88G05	4	122	87	103	92	124	81	38	179	132	166	216	272	171	259	231	135	235	223	272	303	252
D2S2944	GATA30E06	4	201	264	288	314	334	354	270	237	342	266	321	337	375	284	351	370	300	341	318	357	358
D2S2952	GATA116B01	4	53	93	75	50	48	22	219	259	302	211	190	360	260	171	102	250	142	80	118	92	329
D2S2968	GATA178G09	4	69	249	49	79	68	75	12	247	277	271	237	7	139	132	118	367	323	305	332	332	377
D2S2972	GATA176C01	4	62	79	74	139	281	103	205	63	324	197	319	163	360	283	310	307	255	244	291	271	176
D2S2986	2QTEL47	2	11	8	13	35	45	36	104	6	16	16	24	21	28	12	19	30	12	22	174	174	351
D2S405	GATA8F07	4	166	148	135	106	60	201	208	287	264	153	322	317	309	134	304	227	130	347	222	234	267
D2S410	GATA4E11	4	164	145	123	144	147	95	214	118	104	223	29	69	87	187	36	218	273	67	239	184	77
D2S427	GATA12H10	4	7	6	6	11	10	59	40	372	351	237	240	46	203	159	345	309	187	205	263	111	117
D2S434	GATA4G12	4	345	296	251	334	286	232	254	277	377	351	264	64	330	299	149	325	330	333	303	258	276
D2S441	GATA8F03	4	134	141	101	153	2	17	265	31	90	6	26	23	112	1	20	267	8	42	9	23	296
D3S1262	AFM059XA9	2	35	25	38	62	16	55	182	193	56	42	147	311	55	65	171	23	28	84	68	115	95
D3S1311	AFM254VE1	2	42	47	46	8	26	60	28	49	7	53	184	10	2	40	114	1	120	272	74	34	210
D3S1560	AFM217XD6	2	21	57	31	64	64	131	20	15	65	52	253	67	107	165	272	225	74	351	70	269	108
D3S1744	GATA3C02	4	363	354	333	369	308	360	282	216	368	227	295	302	372	272	281	322	242	254	193	270	255
D3S1746	GATA8F01	4	178	152	144	123	43	152	90	113	110	34	220	109	99	39	195	179	54	275	159	301	160
D3S1763	GATA3H01	4	302	248	275	157	143	86	184	266	185	142	72	312	273	276	175	203	192	113	307	252	369
D3S1764	GATA4A10	4	77	51	102	188	178	183	260	296	244	282	130	173	216	213	100	283	292	169	260	221	266
D3S1766	GATA6F06	4	298	334	351	328	296	362	145	330	299	344	340	334	370	359	349	354	350	355	343	341	327
D3S1768	GATA8B05	4	80	36	70	138	134	149	242	363	55	122	71	169	31	106	53	27	118	83	311	142	188
D3S2387	GATA22G12	4	27	41	19	61	49	80	39	40	98	146	142	5	68	94	110	210	111	231	56	130	74
D3S2398	GATA6G12	4	321	123	207	170	244	347	41	227	245	255	372	76	125	83	255	332	214	328	229	274	307
D3S2403	GGAA4B09	4	32	62	121	98	61	85	24	18	141	171	183	107	174	194	145	87	104	59	244	242	240
D3S2409	ATA10H11	3	106	102	59	57	19	13	262	21	22	14	7	41	16	9	4	19	36	14	195	190	325
D3S2418	ATA22E01	3	29	44	14	46	181	50	46	72	253	61	168	30	249	59	151	305	20	194	25	218	33
D3S2427	GATA22F11	4	20	31	22	41	51	23	65	102	115	62	62	79	122	50	50	81	70	39	26	69	24
D3S2432	GATA27C08	4	287	304	311	331	349	320	175	292	288	291	244	223	319	316	312	290	280	198	277	166	319
D3S2460	GATA68F07	4	107	89	168	201	270	275	281	306	210	56	160	255	189	52	130	263	92	189	158	147	195
D3S3038	GATA73D01	4	237	263	241	189	212	218	277	331	206	249	291	348	154	279	258	79	204	207	286	368	343
D3S3039	GATA7F05	4	350	349	327	372	372	370	324	364	333	357	296	329	354	340	331	256	349	249	324	354	316
D3S3045	GATA84B12	4	146	129	60	117	29	6	292	26	175	38	9	12	241	38	12	154	139	38	88	30	158
D3S3630	AFMB296ZF5	2	10	7	28	24	50	104	80	41	281	83	172	114	264	110	189	209	175	288	38	156	167
D3S3644	AFMB318YF1	2	238	233	178	230	184	317	365	95	259	117	308	55	280	168	334	220	55	331	198	375	299
D3S4523	ATA34G06	3	88	107	173	132	263	161	218	94	63	139	5	193	91	198	14	158	266	13	255	6	128
D3S4529	GATA128C02	4	153	151	119	275	257	150	319	198	239	337	205	316	323	355	276	293	334	343	300	250	259
D3S4545	GATA164B08	4	155	139	112	22	191	51	115	59	35	195	45	105	42	267	64	26	203	49	47	264	73
D4S1625	GATA107	4	315	327	282	296	366	294	310	341	268	367	285	271	233	374	275	269	371	289	362	330	312
D4S1627	GATA7D01	4	219	156	283	357	318	371	330	332	155	110	316	251	130	103	299	221	160	362	313	337	253
D4S1629	GATA8A05	4	37	28	72	36	188	28	343	184	247	323	239	102	329	369	267	57	262	112	360	295	246
D4S1644	GATA11E09	4	251	292	263	174	245	209	258	108	170	235	250	287	214	308	284	233	346	287	347	346	372
D4S1647	GATA2F11	4	362	282	319	168	232	310	220	239	162	220	279	170	206	193	170	176	211	217	235	58	228
D4S1652	GATA5B02	4	358	374	359	291	306	343	180	171	202	228	357	181	102	205	254	124	228	290	341	363	321
D4S2361	ATA2A03	3	135	138	63	142	105	68	192	233	344	193	53	125	285	191	82	272	168	46	155	51	131
D4S2366	GATA22G05	4	61	32	99	100	78	114	274	280	95	51	185	330	159	74	219	149	72	191	241	236	243
D4S2367	GATA24H01	4	273	321	290	207	163	368	107	53	42	18	280	363	153	78	368	167	76	364	216	334	215
D4S2368	GATA27G03	4	375	368	358	377	336	268	294	335	355	256	265	282	300	294	309	224	190	284	280	107	134
D4S2394	ATA26B08	3	143	127	128	113	87	133	360	78	94	15	149	103	83	16	143	140	15	124	30	256	68
D4S2397	ATA27C07	3	96	109	81	16	56	73	240	323	54	144	177	228	34	182	146	35	125	199	93	377	254
D4S2417	GATA42H02	4	377	364	329	269	185	123	335	146	193	157	65	198	200	161	90	340	180	110	168	60	348
D4S2431	GGAA19H07	4	257	206	132	109	103	193	155	8	75	104	230	24	90	105	273	102	146	319	264	232	279
D4S2623	GATA62A12	4	54	52	110	202	70	153	157	123	86	27	328	235	143	28	348	101	22	268	100	140	37
D4S2632	GATA72G09	4	90	88	189	148	205	222	33	5	21	50	125	18	32	48	84	15	48	100	172	110	212
D4S3243	GATA10G07	4	16	54	27	81	47	25	67	151	118	203	192	29	126	113	94	212	272	209	185	207	239
D4S3248	GATA28F03	4	340	303	352	340	344	227	312	340	270	336	122	267	278	302	158	320	335	148	299	265	216
D4S3360	4PTEL04	2	139	166	165	73	231	65	72	285	187	349	124	262	138	249	103	119	315	85	135	88	163
D4S403	AFM157XG3	2	47	77	25	6	23	12	233	175	17	39	118	35	11	32	78	18	50	150	161	181	130
D4S408	AFM165XC11	2	60	99	148	70	42	203	132	25	20	25	128	97	33	23	163	21	34	184	111	192	103
D5S1456	GATA11A11	4	246	220	261	318	182	327	313	178	363	191	338	140	328	207	290	319	239	330	124	359	145
D5S1457	GATA21D04	4	216	285	229	356	323	171	101	205	163	346	229	106	342	364	144	123	290	233	325	47	233
D5S1462	GATA3H06	4	179	241	187	284	351	221	85	97	151	301	238	118	257	331	350	298	352	298	346	241	260
D5S1470	GATA7C06	4	199	197	268	185	279	321	269	67	109	90	271	195	151	122	259	164	221	302	189	90	178
D5S1480	ATA23A10	3	215	221	201	179	97	156	55	124	76	71	84	133	40	67	70	14	29	36	33	134	257
D5S1501	GATA52A12	4	108	76	80	95	20	154	2	1	66	7	157	162	194	34	238	65	37	149	44	336	119
D5S1505	GATA62A04	4	274	181	250	316	255	345	203	373	353	308	334	269	281	322	253	339	298	322	295	308	200
D5S1725	GATA89G08	4	66	33	68	128	247	142	252	352	370	184	346	168	291	115	364	358	122	297	147	306	170
D5S211	MFD154	2	150	46	147	135	194	66	15	51	44	224	11	4	13	99	3	45	198	20	97	146	46
D5S2488	ATA20G07	3	259	210	247	274	321	213	165	223	260	306	218	264	263	335	265	313	316	239	305	294	300
D5S2500	GATA67D03	4	308	307	324	280	226	365	247	288	346	206	351	342	297	184	353	273	156	334	157	315	196
D5S2501	GATA68A03	4	346	352	346	299	363	195	354	154	286	342	243	143	317	363	197	268	359	162	364	116	183
D5S2505	GATA84E11	4	137	111	107	165	190	220	160	177	157	322	283	219	162	341	192	214	313	155	163	99	202
D5S2845	GATA134B03	4	279	318	291	375	207	289	288	155	208	100	297	248	259	119	270	219	112	208	138	160	112
D5S2849	GATA145D10	4	331	243	292	161	198	301	328	244	84	263	197	280	67	243	138	97	267	146	257	93	118
D5S408	AFM164XB8	2	86	70	50	39	86	54	8	70	137	165	94	38	80	135	169	137	138	212	289	237	227
D5S816	GATA2H09	4	344	328	158	225	172	151	376	127	213	258	133	154	166	277	184	103	325	179	116	32	306
D5S817	GATA3E10	4	230	223	289	217	272	282	202	281	291	260	358	145	152	177	268	302	308	358	333	365	363
D5S820	GATA6E05	4	57	91	98	102	262	72	166	251	174	340	107	263	235	366	160	182	365	72	245	117	157
D6S1006	ATC4D09	3	117	194	45	13	14	43	117	271	50	31	78	3	7	5	23	98	51	160	221	369	367
D6S1009	GATA32B03	4	268	278	317	302	65	250	52	48	201	32	80	256	252	21	120	304	25	165	10	135	76
D6S1017	GGAT3H10	4	17	13	10	43	21	191	241	290	335	284	144	350	270	301	121	306	296	91	145	131	51
D6S1021	ATA11D10	3	81	63	53	29	84	163	127	185	88	290	212	201	236	289	142	173	252	219	194	46	237
D6S1027	ATA22G07	3	9	11	8	12	17	20	201	337	108	219	95	194	93	167	72	82	194	79	179	213	217
D6S1031	ATA28B11	3	31	85	61	173	136	215	23	149	39	58	202	130	118	84	297	41	18	236	107	344	162
D6S1040	GATA23F08	4	194	191	204	294	294	276	355	192	207	226	344	291	250	264	361	192	264	283	372	133	179
D6S1051	GATA61E03	4	330	275	295	345	327	351	320	291	352	265	286	354	371	282	279	365	294	263	315	289	368
D6S1053	GATA64D02	4	281	179	372	315	201	376	275	89	361	304	314	15	351	324	277	257	141	370	279	329	190
D6S1056	GATA68H04	4	269	140	307	361	58	279	123	181	315	85	116	92	149	109	45	249	23	115	18	157	10
D6S1277	GATA81B01	4	228	366	296	262	135	256	42	74	235	244	267	230	197	136	242	174	196	316	139	261	264
D6S1959	GATA29A01	4	353	361	323	338	317	188	359	303	337	370	127	364	339	365	135	314	367	139	321	215	171
D6S2410	GATA11E02	4	369	363	375	371	352	242	350	357	328	295	196	313	334	319	248	366	326	171	339	151	207
D6S2436	GATA165G02	4	65	90	160	158	345	88	207	80	271	232	232	132	332	293	196	255	291	170	281	124	115
D6S2439	GATA163B10	4	175	259	236	181	243	198	120	201	230	82	235	217	218	189	190	184	114	264	92	279	81
D6S2522	6QTEL54	2	319	330	254	373	377	322	377	365	240	310	377	344	295	344	376	133	259	377	377	223	287
D6S305	AFM242ZG5	2	75	40	44	54	36	11	118	134	250	69	58	135	202	123	49	342	65	28	36	13	8
D6S474	GATA31	4	374	335	255	242	360	334	325	137	220	354	289	345	320	362	302	327	328	285	334	307	364
D6S942	UT654	4	316	314	325	257	256	333	232	217	310	332	363	323	237	269	319	111	188	267	371	370	371
D7S1799	GATA23F05	4	301	217	192	308	266	211	222	98	215	261	260	254	219	245	321	243	271	353	252	194	301
D7S1802	GATA41G07	4	241	250	309	323	264	236	370	282	296	362	303	340	343	368	303	334	338	250	306	287	349
D7S1804	GATA43C11	4	222	269	215	293	115	176	92	182	223	208	28	37	314	145	59	131	144	31	89	42	20
D7S1808	GGAA3F06	4	337	239	151	26	132	29	156	79	10	119	15	49	5	128	8	11	161	24	58	226	83
D7S1818	GATA24D12	4	355	313	356	358	369	303	179	214	367	369	193	139	277	349	116	317	377	159	369	198	249
D7S1824	GATA32C12	4	243	256	350	156	160	200	167	107	79	93	117	253	120	149	185	48	96	131	310	282	322
D7S2204	GATA73D10	4	132	190	223	216	248	258	77	24	153	141	209	25	132	160	193	122	106	234	90	159	168
D7S2477	AFMB035XB9	2	68	104	124	193	80	39	154	7	28	1	99	26	75	7	92	120	2	73	7	10	1
D7S2846	GATA31A10	4	376	377	376	364	276	361	213	359	319	281	361	362	358	261	283	359	286	301	215	229	185
D7S3046	GATA118G10	4	119	163	163	239	249	287	97	112	92	41	320	180	169	79	339	234	107	357	209	296	169
D7S3047	GATA119B03	4	297	342	281	324	340	252	367	355	369	352	210	336	373	367	209	374	336	188	337	222	335
D7S3051	GATA137H02	4	198	230	206	264	123	166	250	190	165	121	287	150	255	111	288	105	170	232	85	187	138
D7S3056	GATA24F03	4	296	242	200	251	271	352	187	110	224	234	307	322	272	235	269	239	184	182	206	267	339
D7S3058	GATA30D09	4	267	236	318	186	140	283	66	104	160	75	282	226	226	63	324	199	98	312	167	158	72
D7S3061	GGAA6D03	4	211	193	193	252	90	229	69	64	188	98	64	113	94	58	61	73	132	43	75	120	35
D7S3070	GATA189C06	4	271	312	312	312	310	269	245	286	304	300	227	321	284	311	233	276	348	218	326	239	331
D7S559	MFD265	2	190	130	164	120	158	208	199	250	217	272	166	249	176	307	106	165	237	132	164	62	156
D7S817	GATA13G11	4	295	274	355	365	346	97	315	264	106	245	38	357	108	227	62	121	250	37	320	8	26
D7S820	GATA3F01	4	333	309	298	199	237	125	287	220	197	225	106	301	232	317	148	247	218	109	217	204	286
D7S821	GATA5D08	4	165	226	174	245	284	364	53	299	269	89	188	134	274	108	257	297	131	214	120	280	308
D8S1048	UT7129	4	354	372	315	347	297	316	358	39	330	246	336	129	364	291	323	311	324	246	312	342	304
D8S1108	GATA50D10	4	347	350	364	335	364	341	98	342	375	302	304	261	338	309	341	373	347	337	284	302	357
D8S1110	GATA8G10	4	89	60	126	210	179	270	124	279	295	196	89	166	225	155	75	335	169	107	200	145	120
D8S1113	GGAA8G07	4	231	188	219	163	130	120	138	228	74	20	208	167	53	10	246	117	6	243	3	77	4
D8S1128	GATA21C12	4	98	192	195	18	250	141	60	14	18	106	30	365	56	199	115	42	153	144	8	49	161
D8S1132	GATA26E03	4	270	245	120	191	66	297	336	186	347	63	333	146	333	62	346	316	59	248	51	314	97
D8S1136	GATA41A01	4	277	291	271	212	293	304	225	314	200	373	249	191	223	338	240	188	362	274	231	272	262
D8S1179	GATA7G07	4	177	301	212	248	376	206	79	103	289	238	326	186	350	334	210	357	261	262	210	238	225
D8S1477	GGAA20C10	4	162	205	172	136	173	90	75	32	52	150	158	44	63	148	162	80	195	89	353	27	143
D8S2324	GATA14E09	4	356	346	334	353	353	293	204	76	356	294	231	108	359	257	320	362	225	342	197	317	177
D8S261	AFM123XG5	2	34	15	16	32	114	62	257	66	70	179	36	86	52	154	29	95	121	60	62	209	69
D8S262	AFM127XH2	2	24	27	12	58	13	19	198	242	225	124	214	172	316	80	206	291	152	273	77	228	154
D8S373	UT721	4	206	214	284	368	339	160	303	45	159	159	270	39	164	211	278	292	217	175	228	41	124
D8S503	AFM193XH4	2	142	204	113	51	110	33	163	84	24	45	20	31	24	56	18	50	91	57	183	244	121
D8S560	AFMA127YE5	2	1	4	3	14	138	1	16	23	93	8	73	187	88	17	44	71	10	56	5	35	9
D8S592	GATA6B02	4	167	162	145	164	59	204	341	371	334	199	329	275	311	175	317	318	189	350	249	318	273
D9S1118	GATA71E08	4	121	103	118	184	46	298	144	157	327	33	156	57	307	43	153	270	11	185	17	123	62
D9S1120	GATA81C04	4	366	355	370	344	307	130	316	262	273	313	55	331	287	286	67	196	233	40	296	28	79
D9S1121	GATA87E02	4	159	101	76	55	25	267	32	37	129	74	175	42	77	29	251	63	41	87	37	48	41
D9S1122	GATA89A11	4	361	339	371	329	283	302	366	358	313	307	206	299	269	292	202	280	302	196	355	320	292
D9S1779	AFM026TG9	2	5	3	17	7	30	8	135	4	26	125	61	1	19	116	43	2	56	33	173	164	136
D9S1825	AFMB029XG1	2	131	132	95	94	33	91	68	62	221	48	186	62	222	49	173	261	30	229	22	297	29
D9S1838	AFMB303ZG9	2	100	174	90	45	24	306	94	150	40	137	87	148	70	92	131	47	148	53	46	12	15
D9S1871	AFM345TA9	2	76	43	66	15	18	89	9	81	13	112	31	8	4	46	21	9	75	61	14	73	16
D9S2157	ATA59H06	3	82	81	64	28	167	30	185	71	6	134	32	13	3	98	31	22	224	96	242	52	140
D9S2169	GATA62F03	4	39	49	30	48	95	168	237	367	371	374	348	300	331	377	359	369	376	367	375	350	360
D9S301	GATA7D12	4	260	284	272	175	316	70	186	329	275	341	108	252	201	254	87	245	306	106	178	113	82
D9S910	ATA18A07	3	113	113	115	140	108	138	228	163	72	40	46	98	47	20	41	52	26	74	213	188	189
D9S922	GATA21F05	4	282	322	182	69	89	57	351	133	101	136	48	120	62	95	38	77	191	8	336	22	44
D9S925	GATA27A11	4	94	94	71	86	27	41	114	75	85	64	59	225	133	89	81	150	97	62	132	95	142
D9S930	GATA48D07	4	342	324	335	336	312	324	221	317	279	230	310	343	324	209	347	344	155	314	150	210	139
D9S934	GATA64G07	4	339	351	348	270	273	344	289	166	219	218	349	231	253	241	336	265	269	326	283	245	347
D9S938	GGAA22E01	4	249	283	293	219	37	45	188	156	58	26	2	274	59	24	2	74	17	2	29	25	6
F13A1-D6S	SE30	4	168	289	227	17	74	155	13	2	4	11	105	48	6	31	109	3	39	154	1	44	17
NA-D10S-1	GATA121A08	4	275	273	246	250	322	315	195	300	249	243	374	202	275	210	330	312	263	363	180	281	315
NA-D10S-2	ATA103C06	3	52	35	37	83	131	197	321	152	161	130	97	176	127	118	96	132	149	157	301	251	314
NA-D11S-1	ATA34E08	3	40	16	55	200	282	148	112	211	51	170	170	209	25	163	101	24	177	133	302	312	242
NA-D12S-1	GATA49D12	4	157	78	159	204	63	192	162	56	82	28	254	33	57	22	315	161	58	195	41	75	56
NA-D12S-2	PAH	4	174	86	146	172	193	329	305	131	241	173	109	208	296	217	98	352	227	136	262	139	241
NA-D13S-1	ATA5A09	3	116	117	88	107	220	24	248	115	204	66	42	355	123	86	26	36	42	5	60	102	45
NA-D14S-1	GATA193A07	4	91	137	234	215	335	295	152	35	19	162	69	100	51	204	136	72	244	174	117	262	206
NA-D15S-1	GATA50C03	4	170	172	238	209	224	178	340	283	238	338	255	265	207	303	229	232	289	203	271	273	303
NA-D16S-1	GATA138C05	4	30	37	20	68	81	119	59	160	169	94	234	126	247	144	213	251	95	192	166	169	209
NA-D17S-1	ATA78D02	3	242	208	175	72	253	44	349	139	34	132	13	152	38	147	16	56	90	16	98	183	137
NA-D18S-1	GATA178F11	4	327	281	267	286	211	235	78	301	350	319	318	156	290	179	183	336	305	303	253	248	374
NA-D18S-2	ATA82B02	3	59	48	62	78	34	167	217	240	83	49	52	123	110	18	58	94	46	69	49	37	21
NA-D1S-1	ATA79C10	3	324	358	326	253	259	144	342	308	135	233	18	376	177	247	35	130	182	12	82	24	47
NA-D1S-2	GATA124C08	4	240	325	240	307	265	355	149	164	252	107	290	206	327	214	342	353	207	335	265	374	337
NA-D1S-3	GATA133A08	4	186	199	237	263	142	339	81	159	316	298	236	358	347	260	301	361	247	313	267	347	275
NA-D1S-4	ATA42G12	3	226	211	235	236	206	214	256	324	307	320	171	369	212	248	117	260	245	88	192	96	281
NA-D1S-5	GATA124F08	4	372	270	377	305	375	325	158	349	290	343	313	89	161	228	178	236	369	265	248	214	334
NA-D22S-1	GATA198B05	4	359	329	369	261	223	187	251	224	105	174	67	197	97	120	51	198	179	105	142	108	223
NA-D4S-1	GATA70E01	4	102	97	56	63	109	87	210	275	112	329	272	124	115	300	245	99	351	320	247	195	323
NA-D5S-1	ATA52D02	3	2	1	4	10	22	15	113	135	156	185	337	53	96	178	260	186	206	225	224	101	116
NA-D6S-1	GATA184A08	4	26	14	21	56	94	82	231	172	131	158	251	234	65	117	201	59	157	210	201	189	277
NA-D7S-1	GATA104	4	101	75	58	124	98	190	95	111	301	168	281	220	344	268	235	289	241	166	227	191	109
NA-D8S-1	GATA151F02	4	120	128	108	194	176	189	148	325	236	236	277	160	239	215	263	185	220	211	123	304	165
NA-D8S-2	GAAT1A4	4	207	136	114	125	274	238	170	195	261	113	366	47	163	70	314	274	47	366	65	260	85
NA-D9S-1	GATA187D09	4	312	267	331	320	269	319	283	273	255	148	242	83	173	138	212	333	174	292	240	348	373
TPO-D2S	SRA	4	111	155	87	122	209	46	286	270	357	129	113	189	346	186	108	363	172	92	128	70	53

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Note.— For each data set (table 4), markers are ranked from most informative (1) to least informative (377). Names for the markers are the same as in supplementary table 4 of Rosenberg et al. (2002). The regions are coded as follows: 1 = Africa; 2 = Europe; 3 = Middle East; 4 = Central/South Asia; 5 = East Asia; 6 = Oceania; 7 = America. Loci are sorted in lexical order.

Table C.

Informativeness (I_n) for Distinguishing among Three Regions (First of Three Parts)^[Note]

			I_n Rank for Set of Three Regions
Locus Name	Alternate Name	RepeatSize	1-2-3	1-2-4	1-2-5	1-2-6	1-2-7	1-3-4	1-3-5	1-3-6	1-3-7	1-4-5	1-4-6	1-4-7	1-5-6	1-5-7	1-6-7
D10S1208	ATA5A04	3	39	35	49	11	120	46	54	8	138	52	10	126	11	96	32
D10S1221	ATA21A03	3	101	132	75	147	192	126	55	163	204	113	205	214	196	207	293
D10S1222	ATA22D02	3	87	108	118	116	66	85	73	91	63	80	102	62	102	40	67
D10S1225	ATA24F10	3	208	222	272	99	160	233	288	103	176	268	95	158	112	187	147
D10S1230	ATA29C03	3	62	63	77	102	108	99	148	132	117	96	116	116	121	100	152
D10S1239	GATA64A09	4	196	207	231	308	272	214	229	304	263	285	328	306	354	354	368
D10S1248	GGAA23C05	4	234	202	296	208	332	213	294	187	340	227	191	298	176	336	215
D10S1412	ATA31G11	3	185	200	223	141	126	172	202	108	96	237	158	148	151	137	144
D10S1423	GATA70E11	4	294	308	294	336	324	319	312	365	325	329	355	347	349	367	363
D10S1425	GATA71C09	4	337	339	157	301	278	356	132	328	273	137	309	287	109	130	240
D10S1426	GATA73E11	4	329	302	348	358	371	323	367	367	375	350	349	362	372	376	377
D10S1430	GATA84C01	4	273	319	342	284	361	266	300	249	350	332	292	370	285	369	326
D10S1432	GATA87G01	4	201	219	270	302	331	231	262	336	346	258	311	324	311	325	350
D10S1435	GATA88F09	4	317	320	310	354	315	311	306	361	324	303	359	318	320	286	337
D10S189	AFM063XF4	2	113	62	164	173	228	66	196	207	256	90	103	164	236	218	248
D10S212	AFM198ZB4	2	222	251	239	189	295	193	199	149	268	222	176	274	187	233	195
D10S2327	GGAT1A4	4	35	37	83	72	110	47	116	87	140	115	77	124	88	127	122
D10S2470	GATA115E01	4	307	298	276	267	225	354	330	330	235	311	302	241	353	166	197
D10S677	GGAA2F11	4	260	343	292	323	116	279	241	274	105	301	340	132	333	112	182
D11S1304	UT2095	4	96	89	35	101	109	111	30	120	103	32	115	102	22	71	76
D11S1392	GATA6B09	4	210	183	232	275	250	220	270	294	272	236	273	251	273	255	266
D11S1981	GATA48E02	4	303	311	337	297	255	268	308	276	259	283	266	220	282	208	236
D11S1984	GGAA17G05	4	122	159	66	136	152	153	71	151	192	92	125	216	84	202	142
D11S1986	GGAA7G08	4	128	143	121	170	90	114	100	152	87	127	169	91	146	104	107
D11S1993	ATA1B07	3	206	177	87	165	21	197	59	164	11	99	163	20	105	24	28
D11S1998	GATA23E06	4	319	238	287	352	273	254	291	352	271	327	323	232	310	232	312
D11S1999	GATA23F06	4	192	216	89	300	82	200	63	277	76	73	287	70	147	117	130
D11S2000	GATA28D01	4	23	38	106	63	41	23	88	48	36	93	68	43	98	39	42
D11S2002	GATA30G01	4	191	234	273	272	275	202	245	261	287	290	280	299	370	373	376
D11S2006	GATA46A12	4	302	322	350	353	345	321	362	353	342	357	358	349	362	348	359
D11S2362	ATA33B03	3	29	47	46	93	95	22	31	82	90	28	84	81	49	63	116
D11S2363	GATA12F04	4	49	72	104	127	103	38	68	94	93	78	112	107	122	118	150
D11S2365	GATA63F09	4	343	338	353	330	240	348	364	339	248	363	344	246	342	276	318
D11S2371	GATA90D07	4	335	333	335	343	333	360	329	364	356	319	363	341	346	308	341
D11S4459	ATA9B04	3	40	30	48	71	59	30	60	99	56	37	56	45	85	50	95
D11S4463	GATA117D01	4	357	345	343	372	359	335	373	376	371	297	353	331	368	361	367
D11S4464	GATA64D03	4	323	373	359	370	326	345	314	308	301	353	365	319	323	330	323
D11S969	AFM205VF10	2	59	49	59	46	117	76	89	65	166	67	44	137	34	133	77
D12S1042	ATA27A06	3	287	283	277	207	163	239	242	186	116	240	197	145	249	141	112
D12S1045	ATA29A06	3	103	69	51	80	47	87	32	62	31	21	49	21	74	28	62
D12S1052	GATA26D02	4	353	353	363	357	248	370	375	368	242	375	366	222	375	236	241
D12S1064	GATA63D12	4	180	189	195	158	246	179	183	144	225	178	134	224	189	261	243
D12S1294	GATA73H09	4	321	304	188	287	231	307	180	297	269	168	281	223	165	161	246
D12S1300	GATA85A04	4	267	265	242	92	330	322	302	138	367	298	133	365	201	371	263
D12S1301	GATA91H06	4	172	140	101	224	81	146	87	251	81	76	157	60	142	12	79
D12S1638	AFMB002VD5	2	190	209	244	164	170	217	252	157	180	266	173	163	200	177	172
D12S2070	ATA25F09	3	298	252	111	152	19	225	75	117	18	108	129	19	73	43	8
D12S2078	GATA32F05	4	251	266	219	231	247	331	227	258	264	245	254	275	203	211	206
D12S269	MFD259	2	104	112	119	86	44	92	101	63	30	88	78	32	57	35	44
D12S297	UT5029	4	293	273	151	77	22	359	220	96	42	216	100	50	156	93	106
D12S372	GATA4H03	4	309	332	360	363	303	295	354	354	293	367	360	338	371	342	340
D12S373	GATA6C01	4	366	361	322	175	346	351	283	153	352	281	139	356	241	300	198
D12S395	GATA4H01	4	348	368	281	237	352	371	234	199	348	263	221	360	251	324	288
D13S1493	GGAA29H03	4	203	231	217	161	236	208	204	143	211	251	166	266	134	264	167
D13S1807	GATA11C08	4	326	294	313	335	169	317	327	350	165	305	308	138	305	143	256
D13S285	AFM309VA9	2	50	40	62	113	138	32	53	111	147	61	104	129	81	101	161
D13S317	GATA7G10	4	275	258	137	256	96	303	119	278	80	125	276	57	145	44	57
D13S779	ATA26D07	3	279	299	225	296	175	276	218	270	186	220	288	193	222	181	159
D13S787	GATA23C03	4	305	280	339	342	348	258	328	324	351	292	316	313	312	344	343
D13S793	GATA43H03	4	86	103	145	75	180	84	151	76	179	143	73	183	76	192	230
D13S796	GATA51B02	4	296	321	323	221	322	290	307	171	298	308	192	311	216	312	311
D13S800	GATA64F08	4	325	327	301	250	320	336	297	259	321	293	245	317	178	323	221
D13S894	GATA86H01	4	339	341	282	310	304	312	268	311	303	260	304	295	266	297	301
D13S895	GGAA22G01	4	205	210	203	258	254	246	231	318	270	224	295	273	278	270	280
D14S1007	AFMB002ZF1	2	47	45	7	35	7	56	13	43	5	24	86	18	94	9	17
D14S1280	GATA31B09	4	167	153	213	228	195	158	233	243	196	194	212	189	255	162	177
D14S1426	GATA136B01	4	233	190	176	236	33	187	174	239	29	149	183	31	149	19	14
D14S1434	GATA168F06	4	352	328	268	299	302	329	266	283	305	257	301	301	260	250	290
D14S587	GGAA10C09	4	272	195	230	215	210	218	273	216	234	203	208	168	168	216	168
D14S588	GGAA4A12	4	12	13	39	51	76	24	84	79	107	55	65	85	68	105	118
D14S592	ATA19H08	3	175	138	193	96	140	166	195	145	148	169	122	142	116	142	143
D14S599	ATA29G03	3	60	71	88	82	46	72	76	75	38	86	67	33	63	108	26
D14S606	GATA30A03	4	209	215	248	220	265	185	216	185	247	214	186	249	272	303	291
D14S608	GATA43H01	4	292	260	286	279	158	262	244	272	191	230	250	109	221	111	154
D14S617	GGAA21G11	4	148	122	159	10	165	109	158	4	164	118	7	140	4	126	16
D14S742	GATA74E02	4	283	269	321	350	351	272	296	335	338	274	317	315	330	347	361
D15S128	AFM273YF9	2	51	46	33	108	49	78	44	126	66	38	124	64	87	47	132
D15S1507	GATA151F03	4	154	130	114	115	233	124	117	113	224	83	98	206	75	152	156
D15S1515	GATA197B10	4	88	93	129	157	149	93	153	172	163	146	171	165	188	229	199
D15S165	AFM248VC5	2	46	43	10	28	42	49	10	26	39	12	39	61	14	15	40
D15S642	GATA27A03	4	58	88	30	139	115	96	29	177	123	74	229	184	217	222	302
D15S643	GATA50G06	4	136	139	228	185	193	125	222	193	213	208	152	191	287	281	325
D15S652	ATA24A08	3	152	175	183	201	56	150	165	135	57	177	190	76	205	77	70
D15S655	ATA28G05	3	142	150	116	61	201	137	111	59	193	128	72	199	93	131	90
D15S659	GATA63A03	4	268	250	293	280	174	282	292	299	181	280	258	194	274	178	137
D15S816	GATA73F01	4	245	268	252	283	317	243	254	263	314	241	274	312	232	258	276
D15S818	GATA85D02	4	312	348	367	344	347	305	350	332	329	366	335	340	356	340	333
D15S822	GATA88H02	4	174	225	163	249	73	199	126	234	49	226	312	118	292	189	201
D16S2616	ATA41E04	3	83	91	109	74	71	75	94	66	54	95	71	63	78	75	85
D16S2621	GATA71F09	4	109	101	15	216	65	64	11	156	43	11	162	65	32	21	109
D16S2624	GATA81D12	4	291	315	191	319	253	294	166	313	227	188	333	247	277	265	270
D16S3253	GATA22F09	4	82	109	171	167	154	106	182	175	149	183	159	150	191	203	179
D16S3396	ATA55A11	3	252	203	265	311	243	191	258	290	218	204	265	188	291	210	258
D16S3401	16PTEL06	2	20	17	42	5	34	39	86	31	60	59	23	41	40	88	51
D16S403	AFM049XD2	2	198	186	216	90	191	184	190	74	118	212	40	131	31	153	97
D16S422	AFM249XC5	2	93	117	17	129	36	138	22	134	40	43	179	78	60	90	100
D16S516	AFM350VD1	2	166	179	123	169	185	235	127	238	201	167	249	218	180	204	227
D16S539	GATA11C06	4	289	282	307	289	289	355	351	295	331	354	290	348	281	370	281
D16S748	ATA3A07	3	140	85	81	23	24	108	109	18	26	135	45	39	52	34	38
D16S753	GGAA3G05	4	259	212	156	234	284	181	137	189	274	139	199	236	161	183	200
D16S764	GATA42E11	4	340	347	354	355	267	314	352	356	282	333	346	243	376	289	328
D16S769	GATA71H05	4	341	357	336	360	363	341	332	357	354	324	362	359	357	328	352
D17S1290	GATA49C09	4	162	156	210	134	179	155	213	137	170	195	138	157	158	174	136
D17S1294	GGAA9D03	4	173	201	250	266	290	174	259	266	288	239	256	280	289	315	324
D17S1298	GAAT2C03	4	98	80	61	153	194	102	77	179	209	124	203	205	150	139	226
D17S1299	GATA25A04	4	320	331	320	334	368	375	361	351	377	362	354	376	319	364	371
D17S1301	GATA28D11	4	214	271	257	305	336	259	251	291	339	289	356	364	313	317	356
D17S1308	GTAT1A05	4	165	161	206	109	268	192	217	122	307	191	113	291	240	337	314
D17S2180	ATC6A06	3	232	275	236	294	189	252	240	305	172	304	345	201	339	194	234
D17S2193	ATA43A10Z	3	13	23	60	37	25	12	47	37	37	49	22	25	35	36	27
D17S2195	ATA58A02	3	22	29	64	34	74	28	72	40	89	77	43	88	61	92	52
D17S2196	GATA185H04	4	318	278	161	270	112	292	169	296	115	136	282	114	133	84	149
D17S784	AFM044XG3	2	137	73	108	205	87	71	91	212	94	50	121	69	114	18	91
D17S974	GATA8C04	4	225	217	298	269	242	205	290	248	246	277	216	234	254	280	196
D18S1357	ATA7D07	3	241	226	299	196	183	263	326	241	168	296	219	159	269	160	128
D18S1364	GATA7E12	4	30	27	99	83	124	20	105	90	132	71	74	106	120	190	140
D18S1370	ATA45G06	3	146	119	124	94	206	157	149	89	265	112	76	208	111	172	166
D18S1371	GATA177C03	4	359	303	355	315	213	309	370	325	215	328	278	231	318	228	202
D18S1376	GATA185C06	4	308	276	308	307	337	299	303	317	347	282	314	345	308	341	358
D18S1390	18QTEL11	2	92	75	74	144	98	107	74	142	101	82	132	100	130	113	178
D18S535	GATA13	4	220	290	204	62	229	206	152	33	207	196	50	235	79	151	39
D18S542	GATA11A06	4	64	77	125	19	145	58	107	11	141	100	13	133	65	186	104
D18S843	ACT1A01	3	372	369	297	328	374	369	267	319	370	262	303	366	242	320	348
D18S851	GATA6D09	4	189	170	174	268	184	164	179	288	195	170	248	175	239	191	307
D18S858	ATA23G05	3	253	277	246	128	257	245	208	95	243	259	119	239	139	231	181
D18S877	GATA64H04	4	276	281	261	247	353	244	226	232	336	215	227	346	225	304	296
D19S1034	GATA21G05	4	207	198	202	244	182	222	193	244	184	185	241	160	215	129	207
D19S245	MFD235	4	377	370	370	362	377	373	368	360	376	361	352	375	345	366	360
D19S246	MFD232	4	216	289	243	232	291	288	274	211	313	265	220	320	218	269	214
D19S254	MFD238	4	236	236	285	117	196	334	347	147	279	342	145	260	184	256	119
D19S433	GGAA2A03	4	45	53	98	104	114	54	83	73	111	105	106	117	125	140	145
D19S559	UT7544	4	257	204	251	291	221	240	285	302	251	244	267	207	275	217	237
D19S586	GATA23B01	4	270	257	309	276	307	257	309	279	304	288	264	284	270	301	253
D19S589	GATA29B01	4	311	351	364	349	375	320	340	348	359	373	357	374	350	375	370
D19S591	GATA44F10	4	224	188	196	251	187	198	221	289	206	173	231	166	268	169	260
D19S714	GATA66B04	4	277	301	326	176	271	274	321	166	291	317	153	286	204	302	211
D1S1589	ATA4E02	3	16	10	20	13	6	15	34	16	6	18	12	5	9	1	3
D1S1594	GATA22D12	4	342	292	316	345	260	278	313	338	245	312	294	285	293	291	255
D1S1596	GATA26G09	4	344	337	331	368	261	308	315	355	260	344	367	238	364	246	269
D1S1597	GATA27E01	4	116	121	178	195	156	113	164	178	133	157	167	141	163	156	170
D1S1609	GATA50F11	4	171	199	229	239	125	189	223	233	100	242	237	95	246	79	110
D1S1612	GGAA3A07	4	147	158	95	145	107	161	136	203	130	119	193	105	295	225	233
D1S1627	ATA25E07	3	265	229	146	245	244	204	108	220	217	130	232	219	164	168	220
D1S1653	GATA43A04	4	271	330	328	338	334	328	333	349	327	355	364	350	369	363	375
D1S1660	GATA48B01	4	281	253	259	218	340	221	225	158	337	235	175	307	212	313	238
D1S1665	GATA61A06	4	164	154	197	253	263	162	185	268	281	166	240	248	223	235	285
D1S1677	GGAA22G10	4	229	293	271	318	274	236	201	282	226	286	341	277	303	277	304
D1S1679	GGAA5F09	4	159	167	208	156	266	190	232	188	289	213	177	283	210	282	259
D1S1728	GATA109	4	79	128	138	130	159	116	147	123	157	233	238	242	288	252	272
D1S2134	GATA72H07	4	105	135	126	180	99	127	112	161	85	104	185	92	290	201	257
D1S235	AFM203YG9	2	4	1	1	3	11	1	1	3	16	1	1	6	1	5	12
D1S2682	AFMA272XC9	2	132	191	211	154	168	169	188	118	139	267	160	190	166	195	235
D1S3462	ATA29C07	3	297	233	140	197	298	285	181	218	341	207	263	334	233	238	262
D1S3669	GATA29A05	4	150	126	148	88	122	131	163	93	124	145	81	90	64	110	50
D1S3720	ATA47D07	3	31	58	127	58	119	63	122	38	127	219	90	149	127	171	56
D1S3721	GATA129H04	4	145	147	177	187	106	135	162	167	91	165	135	82	192	144	157
D1S468	AFM280WE5	2	212	142	179	138	15	196	239	208	20	182	170	17	124	11	25
D1S518	GATA7C01	4	54	31	29	14	40	42	42	13	50	39	15	53	27	57	45
D1S534	GATA12A07	4	187	176	52	112	64	216	43	127	53	41	105	46	47	32	73
D1S549	GATA4H09	4	202	220	279	120	305	255	331	140	365	300	126	337	169	358	169
D1S551	GATA6A05	4	362	352	333	217	321	340	325	206	308	352	188	323	207	298	153
D20S103	AFM077XD3	2	95	76	28	119	93	53	21	81	74	40	111	110	90	74	158
D20S1143	GATA129B03	4	249	242	280	278	308	261	280	287	311	256	285	302	280	293	299
D20S159	UT1307	4	117	162	199	230	198	140	206	209	208	179	224	185	198	230	180
D20S164	UT1772	4	129	149	55	126	18	203	80	159	32	121	213	36	259	31	83
D20S201	GATA8B01	4	123	169	200	155	150	156	212	146	169	229	144	195	128	292	96
D20S451	UT254	4	151	141	103	211	188	145	92	213	187	122	230	202	182	165	251
D20S477	GATA29F06	4	238	245	147	159	202	277	200	217	222	192	198	230	247	266	267
D20S478	GATA42A03	4	7	15	13	66	43	25	16	98	68	16	120	80	42	22	108
D20S480	GATA45B10	4	373	374	351	377	328	376	345	377	334	360	375	343	338	329	334
D20S481	GATA47F05	4	218	249	173	160	166	186	123	155	155	161	128	155	71	99	94
D20S482	GATA51D03	4	354	346	356	341	373	333	357	347	373	338	338	367	351	362	362
D20S851	AFMA218YB5	2	90	86	122	48	61	83	113	46	55	111	28	49	104	98	19
D21S1411	UT1355	4	256	241	224	227	130	265	235	262	110	172	210	115	257	58	68
D21S1432	GATA11C12	4	186	151	184	150	178	177	197	190	199	158	151	180	148	138	205
D21S1437	GGAA3C07	4	65	95	90	186	151	97	96	200	160	129	252	161	190	95	186
D21S1440	ATA27F01	3	14	6	25	57	51	8	35	56	59	15	35	42	39	51	69
D21S1446	GATA70B08	4	77	98	110	70	172	154	135	61	178	138	64	197	69	155	102
D21S2052	GATA129D11	4	246	227	245	168	234	267	301	235	275	278	189	263	230	290	218
D21S2055	GATA188F04	4	17	20	21	7	4	48	64	32	19	68	26	16	44	29	9
D22S1045	ATA37D06	3	74	78	155	143	118	80	167	150	104	174	137	87	170	94	135
D22S1169	AFMB337ZH9	2	21	24	23	1	38	27	25	2	48	23	2	52	6	46	35
D22S345	MFD313	2	168	197	192	219	91	195	173	197	75	211	223	98	179	136	105
D22S532	UT7136	4	349	362	371	340	357	357	353	306	364	371	337	358	361	331	308
D22S683	GATA11B12	4	8	11	16	17	5	6	17	12	3	9	5	4	7	2	2
D22S686	GGAA10F06	4	143	166	141	238	279	151	118	202	266	133	222	276	193	223	275
D22S689	GATA21F03	4	235	263	255	252	286	249	250	246	249	253	255	262	256	249	242
D2S1328	GATA27A12	4	327	295	78	32	281	352	128	52	318	153	63	335	91	253	151
D2S1334	GATA4D07	4	133	171	212	242	204	148	205	219	197	181	235	174	209	214	184
D2S1352	ATA27D04	3	118	114	160	148	211	123	187	162	221	148	172	204	137	196	249
D2S1353	ATA27H09	3	156	178	167	171	67	173	170	173	73	164	154	67	175	65	81
D2S1356	ATA4F03	3	34	34	31	15	3	29	39	19	7	19	11	3	20	6	1
D2S1360	GATA11H10	4	221	184	58	240	153	271	62	286	194	47	251	173	101	106	231
D2S1363	GATA23D03	4	194	193	194	69	214	168	191	67	189	197	79	272	138	219	141
D2S1384	GATA52A04	4	184	244	170	199	252	152	103	176	151	171	178	256	136	241	160
D2S1391	GATA65C03	4	250	264	291	314	238	273	293	321	223	307	332	226	365	305	322
D2S1394	GATA69E12	4	356	365	368	369	365	368	366	366	358	374	374	368	366	360	369
D2S1399	GGAA20G04	4	111	172	235	137	85	178	271	121	98	295	161	122	185	157	113
D2S1400	GGAA20G10	4	3	4	2	4	2	3	2	6	2	2	3	2	2	4	11
D2S1776	GATA71D01	4	350	366	327	366	239	364	337	342	255	339	368	270	335	295	284
D2S1780	GATA72G11	4	81	68	132	181	176	60	125	181	158	89	150	146	154	158	193
D2S1788	GATA86E02	4	127	84	201	192	132	110	215	192	113	132	123	72	231	145	164
D2S1790	GATA88G05	4	97	120	113	140	135	105	110	154	121	98	142	128	129	116	139
D2S2944	GATA30E06	4	242	248	303	293	319	298	339	322	357	336	334	353	337	357	365
D2S2952	GATA116B01	4	76	70	84	79	54	104	102	80	44	81	66	34	53	30	59
D2S2968	GATA178G09	4	119	56	107	100	102	103	160	130	129	87	101	101	113	107	133
D2S2972	GATA176C01	4	75	54	144	190	142	73	168	223	143	141	207	120	248	150	176
D2S2986	2QTEL47	2	11	9	11	8	9	10	14	5	8	14	6	8	46	41	82
D2S405	GATA8F07	4	160	163	154	105	245	147	161	92	230	134	96	228	103	179	171
D2S410	GATA4E11	4	163	145	142	184	77	134	138	160	78	151	174	86	171	123	101
D2S427	GATA12H10	4	5	5	12	16	23	5	9	9	45	8	8	23	10	16	23
D2S434	GATA4G12	4	322	309	365	339	287	251	338	309	233	321	310	282	317	284	297
D2S441	GATA8F03	4	134	99	134	2	20	94	144	1	15	154	4	22	8	27	24
D3S1262	AFM059XA9	2	37	41	45	22	60	41	36	23	61	34	17	48	38	64	37
D3S1311	AFM254VE1	2	42	42	6	31	75	33	5	29	62	6	42	89	17	17	58
D3S1560	AFM217XD6	2	25	21	34	33	97	31	56	77	137	58	46	139	58	121	92
D3S1744	GATA3C02	4	364	355	376	320	360	353	376	326	355	369	313	344	316	359	344
D3S1746	GATA8F01	4	157	155	136	52	181	139	121	51	162	144	54	187	89	185	114
D3S1763	GATA3H01	4	282	305	226	202	133	286	230	230	153	223	214	144	194	146	192
D3S1764	GATA4A10	4	69	92	143	166	131	69	129	133	106	162	180	153	206	197	213
D3S1766	GATA6F06	4	301	336	329	337	358	358	358	344	369	364	350	373	329	368	354
D3S1768	GATA8B05	4	61	87	79	103	101	55	45	78	67	66	99	99	186	154	163
D3S2387	GATA22G12	4	24	16	40	42	57	16	46	47	72	46	36	74	41	82	46
D3S2398	GATA6G12	4	199	284	260	298	372	171	175	180	286	247	253	325	245	288	331
D3S2403	GGAA4B09	4	38	51	72	68	79	89	93	85	95	102	91	79	106	109	111
D3S2409	ATA10H11	3	106	65	44	20	12	70	28	10	9	36	20	10	55	42	41
D3S2418	ATA22E01	3	28	19	56	81	53	19	67	102	69	42	62	44	82	59	60
D3S2427	GATA22F11	4	18	18	24	30	16	21	38	34	17	25	33	12	28	23	10
D3S2432	GATA27C08	4	300	312	324	333	314	304	342	345	335	330	342	300	340	310	355
D3S2460	GATA68F07	4	115	160	187	132	203	143	171	116	182	209	195	233	227	242	271
D3S3038	GATA73D01	4	255	254	218	246	264	275	219	265	262	190	236	237	244	263	274
D3S3039	GATA7F05	4	360	359	373	373	369	350	372	372	372	356	372	355	373	377	372
D3S3045	GATA84B12	4	141	79	139	43	10	68	155	39	10	103	57	14	70	20	30
D3S3630	AFMB296ZF5	2	10	14	27	25	70	14	24	30	71	33	51	104	19	70	80
D3S3644	AFMB318YF1	2	244	181	241	200	306	167	253	214	316	205	130	294	224	326	287
D3S4523	ATA34G06	3	100	127	91	183	48	144	115	215	58	159	257	84	237	68	189
D3S4529	GATA128C02	4	182	164	238	274	197	163	265	280	214	232	262	210	296	234	252
D3S4545	GATA164B08	4	135	116	47	191	63	118	37	198	64	31	164	58	66	49	84
D4S1625	GATA107	4	338	324	317	371	311	316	317	374	312	309	369	305	363	327	347
D4S1627	GATA7D01	4	204	270	275	241	339	232	246	221	328	323	286	372	343	374	353
D4S1629	GATA8A05	4	44	50	65	177	58	45	57	191	65	45	182	54	153	53	126
D4S1644	GATA11E09	4	274	246	215	264	256	287	237	293	277	228	293	269	263	245	305
D4S1647	GATA2F11	4	331	344	240	285	329	289	224	255	276	231	271	304	229	206	295
D4S1652	GATA5B02	4	363	350	311	321	370	361	281	315	345	294	315	352	322	356	351
D4S2361	ATA2A03	3	138	100	181	118	69	88	178	119	82	126	87	38	115	78	75
D4S2366	GATA22G05	4	63	106	93	64	134	79	85	57	119	120	85	147	117	128	127
D4S2367	GATA24H01	4	288	261	172	98	344	330	248	168	374	246	165	371	214	333	278
D4S2368	GATA27G03	4	374	372	377	346	313	367	371	346	319	365	318	308	358	267	264
D4S2394	ATA26B08	3	153	129	117	55	148	129	106	50	144	123	55	135	72	149	86
D4S2397	ATA27C07	3	99	94	26	73	100	90	23	84	99	17	59	96	25	73	88
D4S2417	GATA42H02	4	376	360	319	257	164	344	311	250	159	318	244	170	234	148	210
D4S2431	GGAA19H07	4	226	148	133	131	241	141	124	114	237	110	117	215	141	175	185
D4S2623	GATA62A12	4	55	82	115	40	162	86	134	44	175	156	52	186	119	182	74
D4S2632	GATA72G09	4	94	110	71	97	157	119	66	105	134	94	141	196	181	176	228
D4S3243	GATA10G07	4	36	32	68	65	55	43	95	69	47	85	88	66	97	72	66
D4S3248	GATA28F03	4	330	356	345	356	237	338	335	341	239	359	361	240	348	287	294
D4S3360	4PTEL04	2	149	173	130	254	94	182	131	245	97	131	259	93	157	80	131
D4S403	AFM157XG3	2	66	39	9	26	31	37	7	28	33	10	19	27	13	13	21
D4S408	AFM165XC11	2	85	83	37	29	139	128	49	35	173	65	48	203	50	163	120
D5S1456	GATA11A11	4	254	255	318	226	327	242	316	225	309	315	233	322	226	349	239
D5S1457	GATA21D04	4	237	230	284	322	218	253	348	343	203	276	306	217	344	193	265
D5S1462	GATA3H06	4	193	182	227	306	232	212	286	340	292	273	330	259	347	272	319
D5S1470	GATA7C06	4	213	218	189	213	292	238	198	226	294	221	279	321	253	244	298
D5S1480	ATA23A10	3	197	206	169	110	155	209	143	109	142	114	92	119	95	173	162
D5S1501	GATA52A12	4	57	44	82	12	141	67	98	20	150	72	24	127	33	164	65
D5S1505	GATA62A04	4	231	288	332	292	341	229	284	271	300	316	283	332	304	346	289
D5S1725	GATA89G08	4	71	102	168	194	199	62	133	139	174	150	148	171	195	200	209
D5S211	MFD154	2	72	134	102	204	26	59	33	104	13	97	187	40	143	97	72
D5S2488	ATA20G07	3	239	259	289	324	251	248	263	323	254	284	319	252	314	273	313
D5S2500	GATA67D03	4	314	326	325	261	367	337	320	254	366	314	242	361	250	353	303
D5S2501	GATA68A03	4	361	342	338	367	277	342	341	373	258	326	371	244	359	239	283
D5S2505	GATA84E11	4	121	131	153	229	227	115	157	222	198	155	200	182	183	188	229
D5S2845	GATA134B03	4	310	285	330	203	316	310	355	210	315	341	206	292	267	321	222
D5S2849	GATA145D10	4	304	313	205	265	294	284	172	240	253	200	260	268	213	213	216
D5S408	AFM164XB8	2	53	55	70	95	62	52	48	83	77	48	82	71	96	54	89
D5S816	GATA2H09	4	358	243	288	262	212	234	260	260	216	184	225	169	173	119	224
D5S817	GATA3E10	4	228	267	249	273	310	250	209	237	280	269	299	329	297	311	336
D5S820	GATA6E05	4	70	81	97	223	72	101	120	256	102	116	246	75	220	89	165
D6S1006	ATC4D09	3	158	97	36	39	78	74	19	25	51	20	29	68	15	33	55
D6S1009	GATA32B03	4	258	256	283	78	208	297	298	71	232	320	94	261	77	262	103
D6S1017	GGAT3H10	4	15	12	38	38	88	11	41	49	92	26	37	73	30	103	49
D6S1021	ATA11D10	3	67	61	50	122	161	57	50	112	136	44	108	152	67	83	174
D6S1027	ATA22G07	3	9	8	8	24	14	9	12	22	14	7	16	11	12	14	31
D6S1031	ATA28B11	3	43	36	76	84	144	65	150	115	212	109	83	176	152	254	203
D6S1040	GATA23F08	4	219	213	262	271	299	224	275	281	306	270	291	289	332	271	279
D6S1051	GATA61E03	4	315	323	352	325	338	300	349	316	330	349	324	330	341	355	366
D6S1053	GATA64D02	4	247	314	340	277	362	223	299	257	326	346	239	377	284	372	300
D6S1056	GATA68H04	4	200	296	341	114	249	207	249	100	145	340	89	254	92	307	53
D6S1277	GATA81B01	4	264	247	264	212	285	339	304	204	302	272	215	303	177	268	232
D6S1959	GATA29A01	4	368	354	362	365	226	362	363	358	219	348	351	212	336	257	247
D6S2410	GATA11E02	4	371	375	375	359	276	374	374	359	283	377	370	267	367	275	292
D6S2436	GATA165G02	4	89	113	149	243	129	133	176	273	128	186	297	143	294	122	190
D6S2439	GATA163B10	4	211	214	209	182	224	256	243	253	238	210	218	250	202	221	191
D6S2522	6QTEL54	2	345	306	344	364	364	301	359	375	368	302	339	354	377	335	357
D6S305	AFM242ZG5	2	68	66	105	53	30	44	70	54	24	79	38	15	36	10	7
D6S474	GATA31	4	367	325	312	374	354	306	319	371	343	287	348	314	328	319	373
D6S942	UT654	4	313	318	306	312	355	326	289	292	344	261	275	333	300	339	335
D7S1799	GATA23F05	4	261	235	304	290	270	211	279	267	267	271	268	264	301	259	273
D7S1802	GATA41G07	4	266	286	305	309	280	293	324	307	285	331	305	281	307	296	310
D7S1804	GATA43C11	4	230	224	274	198	105	215	322	183	131	252	149	108	174	167	64
D7S1808	GGAA3F06	4	286	223	43	193	32	165	20	174	21	29	146	26	48	45	48
D7S1818	GATA24D12	4	332	358	372	375	297	327	343	369	257	370	376	290	374	316	332
D7S1824	GATA32C12	4	243	279	165	174	200	302	189	195	229	187	204	227	199	220	250
D7S2204	GATA73D10	4	155	157	185	188	217	180	203	224	240	218	217	271	211	243	254
D7S2477	AFMB035XB9	2	91	74	92	18	52	100	139	36	52	163	25	59	62	37	6
D7S2846	GATA31A10	4	375	377	374	327	376	377	377	314	361	376	326	369	309	351	309
D7S3046	GATA118G10	4	126	137	166	135	262	160	214	184	295	217	201	293	265	294	268
D7S3047	GATA119B03	4	336	310	349	348	269	332	360	363	278	334	343	253	352	283	330
D7S3051	GATA137H02	4	215	196	222	133	222	219	269	141	241	225	147	209	167	226	146
D7S3056	GATA24F03	4	263	232	263	281	335	237	261	269	317	243	243	279	271	314	339
D7S3058	GATA30D09	4	240	287	221	142	301	280	228	129	310	250	181	316	172	247	175
D7S3061	GGAA6D03	4	188	185	237	121	173	183	210	97	152	201	127	156	126	224	98
D7S3070	GATA189C06	4	295	300	314	316	283	324	323	329	290	322	336	288	321	299	327
D7S559	MFD265	2	161	174	162	214	207	149	140	201	154	147	196	181	135	135	188
D7S817	GATA13G11	4	306	335	300	326	104	346	287	320	108	325	347	103	360	81	99
D7S820	GATA3F01	4	324	316	254	282	177	313	255	300	183	255	272	167	252	184	217
D7S821	GATA5D08	4	178	187	233	206	282	188	264	227	322	249	228	297	262	332	346
D8S1048	UT7129	4	370	297	361	313	349	325	369	327	353	343	325	310	324	350	329
D8S1108	GATA50D10	4	333	364	366	361	350	365	356	362	360	372	373	363	355	352	374
D8S1110	GATA8G10	4	78	125	180	149	146	91	159	124	122	199	168	178	208	237	208
D8S1113	GGAA8G07	4	195	237	182	89	190	201	146	70	185	189	69	198	56	134	36
D8S1128	GATA21C12	4	130	124	22	162	89	226	51	242	167	57	226	177	45	67	204
D8S1132	GATA26E03	4	280	192	266	107	325	170	256	101	323	180	75	257	99	285	173
D8S1136	GATA41A01	4	290	274	234	332	293	281	257	334	299	234	321	296	279	279	321
D8S1179	GATA7G07	4	227	194	253	303	259	260	318	370	261	279	322	258	315	260	316
D8S1477	GGAA20C10	4	181	146	120	178	136	176	154	196	146	142	194	113	197	76	125
D8S2324	GATA14E09	4	346	329	369	351	318	315	365	337	333	368	327	342	325	343	317
D8S261	AFM123XG5	2	27	26	32	87	28	13	18	72	22	22	61	29	51	69	61
D8S262	AFM127XH2	2	26	22	63	27	35	18	78	21	41	53	18	28	29	48	18
D8S373	UT721	4	217	221	290	260	223	228	295	284	228	347	298	213	331	198	225
D8S503	AFM193XH4	2	170	123	53	85	29	142	52	107	35	63	109	47	100	60	63
D8S560	AFMA127YE5	2	2	2	5	6	1	4	8	24	1	3	14	1	21	3	4
D8S592	GATA6B02	4	177	180	220	124	258	159	211	106	250	198	118	255	131	248	187
D9S1118	GATA71E08	4	102	118	198	41	220	98	186	42	205	175	32	225	43	240	115
D9S1120	GATA81C04	4	369	367	358	347	123	372	346	333	114	345	329	111	327	114	148
D9S1121	GATA87E02	4	110	96	100	59	235	82	61	27	231	54	21	162	24	124	71
D9S1122	GATA89A11	4	365	371	357	331	309	366	336	310	297	358	331	309	326	334	320
D9S1779	AFM026TG9	2	6	7	4	21	8	7	3	15	4	5	27	7	16	7	20
D9S1825	AFMB029XG1	2	120	104	128	45	127	95	130	41	125	107	31	125	26	120	22
D9S1838	AFMB303ZG9	2	131	111	54	67	171	136	81	68	236	51	60	154	23	85	54
D9S1871	AFM345TA9	2	48	64	14	50	50	34	6	17	28	13	34	56	5	38	13
D9S2157	ATA59H06	3	80	60	18	125	27	50	15	110	27	27	140	51	110	25	87
D9S2169	GATA62F03	4	41	33	67	106	147	36	69	131	177	56	110	151	107	132	194
D9S301	GATA7D12	4	284	291	247	329	121	291	236	312	109	248	320	123	264	115	129
D9S910	ATA18A07	3	107	115	112	76	84	120	97	60	83	101	70	97	140	147	134
D9S922	GATA21F05	4	316	228	152	163	83	227	141	148	70	117	143	35	108	26	34
D9S925	GATA27A11	4	84	67	85	49	45	81	99	55	46	84	47	37	54	52	33
D9S930	GATA48D07	4	334	349	346	317	342	343	344	303	349	351	289	339	302	322	286
D9S934	GATA64G07	4	347	334	302	295	366	347	305	301	363	313	307	357	299	318	345
D9S938	GGAA22E01	4	262	262	186	56	17	296	194	58	23	206	53	24	59	61	5
F13A1-D6S	SE30	4	183	144	19	47	137	230	26	88	171	30	93	172	3	62	47
NA-D10S-1	GATA121A08	4	278	272	278	304	343	264	276	285	332	275	300	328	283	306	342
NA-D10S-2	ATA103C06	3	52	48	80	91	128	40	65	86	120	70	97	136	144	180	219
NA-D11S-1	ATA34E08	3	33	52	73	151	111	35	40	125	86	75	184	121	286	205	245
NA-D12S-1	GATA49D12	4	114	152	150	54	216	112	104	45	202	176	80	200	86	170	93
NA-D12S-2	PAH	4	144	168	207	209	230	132	177	182	190	202	211	229	228	251	282
NA-D13S-1	ATA5A09	3	124	107	131	123	39	122	114	136	25	69	107	13	123	55	43
NA-D14S-1	GATA193A07	4	112	136	86	233	167	175	145	264	220	193	296	265	261	278	315
NA-D15S-1	GATA50C03	4	179	208	214	248	215	210	207	247	200	238	261	211	258	215	244
NA-D16S-1	GATA138C05	4	32	28	57	44	92	26	79	64	112	62	41	83	80	102	117
NA-D17S-1	ATA78D02	3	248	211	96	235	37	194	82	229	34	91	202	30	160	66	124
NA-D18S-1	GATA178F11	4	285	307	334	288	300	270	310	231	244	310	269	278	276	274	306
NA-D18S-2	ATA82B02	3	56	57	69	36	86	51	58	14	88	60	30	94	37	86	29
NA-D1S-1	ATA79C10	3	355	340	256	286	113	363	277	298	126	264	277	112	219	125	138
NA-D1S-2	GATA124C08	4	269	240	295	225	323	283	334	275	362	299	247	336	298	365	338
NA-D1S-3	GATA133A08	4	176	205	269	210	296	241	282	205	320	291	209	326	238	338	277
NA-D1S-4	ATA42G12	3	223	239	258	255	219	247	238	236	188	254	234	192	235	199	261
NA-D1S-5	GATA124F08	4	328	376	347	376	356	318	272	331	284	337	377	351	334	309	364
NA-D22S-1	GATA198B05	4	351	363	267	259	209	349	247	228	156	306	270	221	243	212	223
NA-D4S-1	GATA70E01	4	108	90	94	172	143	77	90	169	135	64	131	130	118	91	155
NA-D5S-1	ATA52D02	3	1	3	3	9	13	2	4	7	12	4	9	9	18	8	15
NA-D6S-1	GATA184A08	4	19	25	41	60	80	17	27	53	79	35	58	77	83	87	121
NA-D7S-1	GATA104	4	73	59	135	111	186	61	142	128	161	106	114	134	132	159	123
NA-D8S-1	GATA151F02	4	125	133	175	179	205	130	192	170	210	160	156	179	162	227	183
NA-D8S-2	GAAT1A4	4	169	165	190	222	288	117	156	165	252	152	136	245	159	209	212
NA-D9S-1	GATA187D09	4	299	317	315	263	312	269	278	252	296	335	284	327	306	345	349
TPO-D2S	SRA	4	139	105	158	146	68	121	184	194	84	140	155	55	155	56	78

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Table D.

Informativeness (I_n) for Distinguishing among Three Regions (Second of Three Parts)^[Note]

			I_n Rank for Set of Three Regions
Locus Name	Alternate Name	RepeatSize	2-3-4	2-3-5	2-3-6	2-3-7	2-4-5	2-4-6	2-4-7	2-5-6	2-5-7	2-6-7
D10S1208	ATA5A04	3	55	216	29	357	115	27	313	59	336	119
D10S1221	ATA21A03	3	91	10	100	116	21	125	92	58	42	145
D10S1222	ATA22D02	3	152	178	229	124	211	244	134	290	126	222
D10S1225	ATA24F10	3	349	360	141	205	353	122	183	163	247	244
D10S1230	ATA29C03	3	149	95	261	241	61	247	270	155	134	345
D10S1239	GATA64A09	4	176	155	278	192	178	282	226	275	258	311
D10S1248	GGAA23C05	4	253	294	215	330	246	252	310	230	337	241
D10S1412	ATA31G11	3	26	172	87	63	278	154	118	213	171	176
D10S1423	GATA70E11	4	234	196	317	256	234	280	290	254	265	293
D10S1425	GATA71C09	4	357	94	230	216	83	219	238	81	121	171
D10S1426	GATA73E11	4	218	332	343	356	298	322	322	363	358	366
D10S1430	GATA84C01	4	220	274	232	351	313	299	367	278	361	335
D10S1432	GATA87G01	4	167	282	251	361	370	261	373	302	376	337
D10S1435	GATA88F09	4	287	326	365	302	342	368	305	368	302	346
D10S189	AFM063XF4	2	244	333	248	316	212	147	244	286	264	277
D10S212	AFM198ZB4	2	335	251	174	342	275	193	332	233	275	237
D10S2327	GGAT1A4	4	258	189	254	307	180	210	255	148	216	268
D10S2470	GATA115E01	4	221	203	217	166	141	164	166	216	81	106
D10S677	GGAA2F11	4	191	112	201	46	151	266	51	257	39	98
D11S1304	UT2095	4	68	18	181	88	22	194	99	27	64	109
D11S1392	GATA6B09	4	333	349	375	309	343	376	320	369	330	358
D11S1981	GATA48E02	4	153	228	241	220	207	238	188	259	168	228
D11S1984	GGAA17G05	4	35	11	86	98	6	51	87	11	47	55
D11S1986	GGAA7G08	4	34	66	128	51	69	141	45	116	66	71
D11S1993	ATA1B07	3	77	33	88	14	60	92	17	73	36	21
D11S1998	GATA23E06	4	57	176	377	246	177	303	161	279	150	326
D11S1999	GATA23F06	4	282	50	326	41	51	345	40	168	99	112
D11S2000	GATA28D01	4	14	129	50	60	188	84	78	103	56	61
D11S2002	GATA30G01	4	230	145	164	182	174	181	184	245	209	235
D11S2006	GATA46A12	4	320	361	338	365	372	358	376	366	374	373
D11S2362	ATA33B03	3	212	267	287	175	187	253	148	229	154	205
D11S2363	GATA12F04	4	38	127	154	87	129	168	101	193	124	159
D11S2365	GATA63F09	4	375	370	351	183	362	360	176	360	223	308
D11S2371	GATA90D07	4	364	299	319	362	257	292	340	303	291	309
D11S4459	ATA9B04	3	135	171	185	106	229	180	154	224	172	199
D11S4463	GATA117D01	4	148	289	355	311	170	330	249	346	299	347
D11S4464	GATA64D03	4	215	258	243	219	349	350	272	333	323	300
D11S969	AFM205VF10	2	268	164	111	234	165	100	225	89	239	126
D12S1042	ATA27A06	3	115	142	121	50	157	149	72	215	70	73
D12S1045	ATA29A06	3	130	37	63	31	65	96	49	164	78	117
D12S1052	GATA26D02	4	337	343	339	160	319	307	135	342	145	170
D12S1064	GATA63D12	4	352	233	168	269	215	140	259	218	308	267
D12S1294	GATA73H09	4	284	122	306	142	120	289	109	175	85	200
D12S1300	GATA85A04	4	327	162	22	336	148	19	336	40	300	110
D12S1301	GATA91H06	4	180	49	131	84	70	90	112	78	26	64
D12S1638	AFMB002VD5	2	187	320	139	230	280	132	160	210	221	201
D12S2070	ATA25F09	3	140	16	96	1	30	127	3	36	5	4
D12S2078	GATA32F05	4	275	168	146	254	227	152	279	145	251	163
D12S269	MFD259	2	122	227	136	40	197	136	48	165	88	104
D12S297	UT5029	4	113	61	28	10	43	22	4	60	15	44
D12S372	GATA4H03	4	175	344	356	159	345	355	197	374	254	284
D12S373	GATA6C01	4	311	190	83	314	164	72	302	167	229	135
D12S395	GATA4H01	4	292	105	102	293	140	126	331	172	267	229
D13S1493	GGAA29H03	4	299	241	179	203	255	162	243	166	276	178
D13S1807	GATA11C08	4	239	279	330	117	348	293	107	296	129	257
D13S285	AFM309VA9	2	60	84	143	290	96	135	278	95	198	221
D13S317	GATA7G10	4	280	131	258	65	144	255	54	200	86	74
D13S779	ATA26D07	3	353	198	264	114	189	271	93	190	107	96
D13S787	GATA23C03	4	242	376	349	372	326	329	326	354	375	362
D13S793	GATA43H03	4	377	374	81	191	368	67	178	88	218	148
D13S796	GATA51B02	4	323	331	95	274	312	101	292	150	295	269
D13S800	GATA64F08	4	306	270	236	303	285	260	330	179	349	243
D13S894	GATA86H01	4	188	156	284	245	124	276	224	201	240	266
D13S895	GGAA22G01	4	127	194	242	272	209	218	297	211	320	251
D14S1007	AFMB002ZF1	2	13	1	5	13	1	11	19	3	1	6
D14S1280	GATA31B09	4	342	337	291	324	335	272	341	305	284	271
D14S1426	GATA136B01	4	247	159	178	25	122	113	29	111	10	10
D14S1434	GATA168F06	4	271	217	252	260	242	312	280	262	242	302
D14S587	GGAA10C09	4	138	186	205	147	175	241	128	156	160	154
D14S588	GGAA4A12	4	108	114	66	133	78	79	156	39	101	111
D14S592	ATA19H08	3	92	208	76	173	232	69	181	91	226	136
D14S599	ATA29G03	3	269	48	266	15	39	189	6	77	23	16
D14S606	GATA30A03	4	365	260	193	275	268	191	289	265	313	290
D14S608	GATA43H01	4	40	167	223	64	266	267	31	284	54	107
D14S617	GGAA21G11	4	158	256	10	204	239	18	203	16	244	31
D14S742	GATA74E02	4	270	335	360	366	314	357	352	376	377	377
D15S128	AFM273YF9	2	46	79	147	67	82	196	73	195	111	188
D15S1507	GATA151F03	4	358	232	265	369	240	268	374	241	339	332
D15S1515	GATA197B10	4	297	253	340	77	204	326	63	304	93	128
D15S165	AFM248VC5	2	9	26	51	68	26	57	76	71	60	91
D15S642	GATA27A03	4	96	8	130	86	9	139	110	34	45	139
D15S643	GATA50G06	4	120	201	145	176	169	99	130	153	162	189
D15S652	ATA24A08	3	66	110	80	18	84	91	14	121	8	12
D15S655	ATA28G05	3	128	74	30	295	98	41	328	65	192	102
D15S659	GATA63A03	4	245	312	226	126	294	167	139	227	149	92
D15S816	GATA73F01	4	252	165	316	352	146	338	353	228	243	342
D15S818	GATA85D02	4	298	305	321	283	352	339	317	356	316	329
D15S822	GATA88H02	4	48	36	175	11	36	176	12	149	28	63
D16S2616	ATA41E04	3	341	263	183	121	267	166	131	209	173	216
D16S2621	GATA71F09	4	195	32	292	83	42	314	120	119	90	193
D16S2624	GATA81D12	4	356	65	295	148	62	296	155	161	147	190
D16S3253	GATA22F09	4	173	229	352	209	183	259	158	261	197	278
D16S3396	ATA55A11	3	219	292	303	248	292	300	240	337	288	304
D16S3401	16PTEL06	2	43	102	7	36	58	5	20	6	58	9
D16S403	AFM049XD2	2	29	104	37	70	185	15	75	14	113	65
D16S422	AFM249XC5	2	36	3	152	20	3	174	25	31	13	68
D16S516	AFM350VD1	2	150	51	124	97	63	129	96	70	96	99
D16S539	GATA11C06	4	156	240	313	184	166	257	167	236	232	220
D16S748	ATA3A07	3	22	40	20	43	48	38	62	28	29	70
D16S753	GGAA3G05	4	147	136	206	312	131	221	257	231	225	233
D16S764	GATA42E11	4	361	345	334	218	336	321	180	355	227	272
D16S769	GATA71H05	4	376	366	376	348	351	374	357	371	314	352
D17S1290	GATA49C09	4	100	281	182	125	250	198	100	238	161	155
D17S1294	GGAA9D03	4	201	271	327	334	287	336	338	343	348	371
D17S1298	GAAT2C03	4	71	73	310	367	59	269	314	206	215	365
D17S1299	GATA25A04	4	174	272	297	341	274	298	346	301	325	351
D17S1301	GATA28D11	4	305	268	237	375	252	287	372	270	338	331
D17S1308	GTAT1A05	4	232	139	33	207	158	33	246	104	268	166
D17S2180	ATC6A06	3	165	141	227	167	159	248	150	248	110	168
D17S2193	ATA43A10Z	3	109	215	211	152	288	169	138	184	158	169
D17S2195	ATA58A02	3	163	179	27	206	224	31	223	57	191	54
D17S2196	GATA185H04	4	304	140	210	71	81	183	65	87	71	80
D17S784	AFM044XG3	2	198	125	245	168	89	165	163	118	44	144
D17S974	GATA8C04	4	339	363	263	194	333	215	162	256	249	142
D18S1357	ATA7D07	3	260	255	117	186	210	94	175	129	143	103
D18S1364	GATA7E12	4	345	342	194	215	308	177	193	197	270	173
D18S1370	ATA45G06	3	106	101	73	181	143	93	179	152	131	137
D18S1371	GATA177C03	4	325	373	293	163	356	246	191	311	187	174
D18S1376	GATA185C06	4	293	323	239	349	318	229	351	281	372	336
D18S1390	18QTEL11	2	133	88	159	78	85	150	70	138	92	150
D18S535	GATA13	4	213	183	39	193	244	45	200	117	170	49
D18S542	GATA11A06	4	277	148	1	164	119	2	143	7	167	20
D18S843	ACT1A01	3	367	197	270	368	167	237	360	178	309	339
D18S851	GATA6D09	4	172	193	280	119	214	232	106	234	135	226
D18S858	ATA23G05	3	344	161	71	273	216	77	258	107	222	192
D18S877	GATA64H04	4	290	346	272	370	300	258	369	318	373	340
D19S1034	GATA21G05	4	217	209	249	158	276	302	149	309	165	252
D19S245	MFD235	4	374	375	368	371	369	365	370	372	364	364
D19S246	MFD232	4	73	132	120	237	118	131	273	130	195	160
D19S254	MFD238	4	236	277	64	112	261	64	82	98	98	24
D19S433	GGAA2A03	4	85	154	134	96	147	144	77	194	120	152
D19S559	UT7544	4	255	319	337	228	320	323	210	328	250	260
D19S586	GATA23B01	4	350	372	347	277	377	343	260	353	310	255
D19S589	GATA29B01	4	294	329	342	344	365	348	363	344	365	367
D19S591	GATA44F10	4	332	259	234	111	205	187	81	237	94	147
D19S714	GATA66B04	4	274	350	90	270	305	73	230	122	269	130
D1S1589	ATA4E02	3	196	138	45	93	126	44	98	23	34	27
D1S1594	GATA22D12	4	203	303	371	190	311	332	245	339	287	264
D1S1596	GATA26G09	4	351	316	363	251	339	362	215	358	246	279
D1S1597	GATA27E01	4	343	317	364	195	347	366	228	357	283	314
D1S1609	GATA50F11	4	250	192	286	92	192	297	74	249	53	140
D1S1612	GGAA3A07	4	256	21	78	35	16	71	23	42	17	40
D1S1627	ATA25E07	3	118	67	155	253	73	171	253	134	202	217
D1S1653	GATA43A04	4	231	262	307	264	302	324	303	330	319	349
D1S1660	GATA48B01	4	285	207	93	373	198	104	343	135	328	194
D1S1665	GATA61A06	4	132	175	335	327	260	369	359	336	333	374
D1S1677	GGAA22G10	4	223	187	314	214	273	347	234	321	272	307
D1S1679	GGAA5F09	4	222	284	115	319	270	110	319	158	340	218
D1S1728	GATA109	4	142	99	53	165	112	80	186	100	156	122
D1S2134	GATA72H07	4	104	27	68	26	23	83	22	123	46	101
D1S235	AFM203YG9	2	10	14	89	151	14	97	132	21	61	134
D1S2682	AFMA272XC9	2	278	126	190	141	171	200	164	136	128	249
D1S3462	ATA29C07	3	49	43	107	288	38	123	222	106	104	172
D1S3669	GATA29A05	4	105	195	112	172	228	95	136	86	203	86
D1S3720	ATA47D07	3	44	64	67	198	75	59	151	56	109	60
D1S3721	GATA129H04	4	37	90	109	38	77	86	32	133	75	82
D1S468	AFM280WE5	2	16	137	113	9	86	109	5	68	7	14
D1S518	GATA7C01	4	32	54	24	53	56	29	55	44	68	56
D1S534	GATA12A07	4	95	29	70	44	27	55	42	51	57	77
D1S549	GATA4H09	4	80	211	92	201	223	111	205	132	230	88
D1S551	GATA6A05	4	303	301	156	258	299	108	247	151	234	94
D20S103	AFM077XD3	2	58	12	69	81	15	60	113	22	35	95
D20S1143	GATA129B03	4	336	339	279	358	340	285	362	289	367	316
D20S159	UT1307	4	53	86	231	131	93	342	152	177	116	187
D20S164	UT1772	4	82	9	57	7	5	75	7	67	3	29
D20S201	GATA8B01	4	185	130	273	49	138	278	57	162	87	59
D20S451	UT254	4	89	81	218	227	125	277	282	255	266	328
D20S477	GATA29F06	4	291	56	72	105	53	56	119	66	114	116
D20S478	GATA42A03	4	45	242	328	265	181	309	211	341	294	319
D20S480	GATA45B10	4	363	304	374	289	315	375	296	345	301	330
D20S481	GATA47F05	4	314	124	166	226	172	124	213	64	164	121
D20S482	GATA51D03	4	359	308	345	376	277	337	375	329	356	370
D20S851	AFMA218YB5	2	129	34	19	37	32	13	28	13	9	5
D21S1411	UT1355	4	143	184	180	74	97	116	68	170	50	45
D21S1432	GATA11C12	4	179	169	188	225	196	201	268	176	183	282
D21S1437	GGAA3C07	4	94	146	191	323	133	204	307	141	186	240
D21S1440	ATA27F01	3	93	273	331	255	309	364	318	348	321	355
D21S1446	GATA70B08	4	31	143	101	217	222	138	323	222	341	273
D21S2052	GATA129D11	4	159	212	127	231	173	78	207	102	217	132
D21S2055	GATA188F04	4	6	45	16	21	52	17	18	15	18	8
D22S1045	ATA37D06	3	83	150	238	266	135	208	185	198	148	310
D22S1169	AFMB337ZH9	2	184	82	3	107	57	3	83	8	77	22
D22S345	MFD313	2	157	87	271	30	111	275	41	174	63	89
D22S532	UT7136	4	370	314	246	374	334	279	365	319	324	283
D22S683	GATA11B12	4	3	78	49	22	100	48	36	94	27	15
D22S686	GGAA10F06	4	39	62	222	320	87	301	361	263	274	363
D22S689	GATA21F03	4	183	224	204	262	251	234	309	250	293	263
D2S1328	GATA27A12	4	170	20	8	224	20	8	216	9	103	42
D2S1334	GATA4D07	4	67	92	244	132	102	351	153	191	123	203
D2S1352	ATA27D04	3	162	288	123	325	225	128	274	131	282	253
D2S1353	ATA27H09	3	283	325	250	103	247	211	71	291	115	141
D2S1356	ATA4F03	3	11	41	31	3	28	25	1	38	2	2
D2S1360	GATA11H10	4	110	39	269	139	18	199	90	101	102	215
D2S1363	GATA23D03	4	240	158	12	135	121	10	189	26	119	33
D2S1384	GATA52A04	4	98	60	221	127	116	207	231	154	208	167
D2S1391	GATA65C03	4	279	243	312	150	226	290	142	292	181	230
D2S1394	GATA69E12	4	322	368	366	350	373	372	355	373	368	376
D2S1399	GGAA20G04	4	28	103	77	27	132	119	33	99	41	38
D2S1400	GGAA20G10	4	63	91	192	72	154	256	114	267	144	232
D2S1776	GATA71D01	4	161	185	274	109	186	325	126	271	142	191
D2S1780	GATA72G11	4	321	365	348	317	350	353	316	349	344	323
D2S1788	GATA86E02	4	86	200	203	120	149	172	125	251	175	223
D2S1790	GATA88G05	4	146	135	196	196	150	213	227	183	233	224
D2S2944	GATA30E06	4	307	364	285	346	354	288	342	323	362	350
D2S2952	GATA116B01	4	312	283	197	143	291	186	147	203	190	259
D2S2968	GATA178G09	4	18	147	150	129	325	305	283	314	297	334
D2S2972	GATA176C01	4	124	340	235	322	269	205	267	285	327	246
D2S2986	2QTEL47	2	15	17	11	16	13	9	10	33	40	75
D2S405	GATA8F07	4	296	280	153	318	254	157	344	223	298	270
D2S410	GATA4E11	4	131	100	212	32	145	233	43	212	72	79
D2S427	GATA12H10	4	111	235	176	267	360	236	239	300	237	202
D2S434	GATA4G12	4	189	362	333	199	367	346	306	365	317	322
D2S441	GATA8F03	4	50	111	2	24	107	6	26	5	25	25
D3S1262	AFM059XA9	2	267	63	60	162	44	47	122	46	105	85
D3S1311	AFM254VE1	2	17	2	40	115	4	70	196	24	49	143
D3S1560	AFM217XD6	2	19	70	82	229	76	42	254	45	196	115
D3S1744	GATA3C02	4	300	371	256	300	355	239	287	277	331	291
D3S1746	GATA8F01	4	90	93	35	189	137	39	233	76	235	120
D3S1763	GATA3H01	4	286	239	213	122	221	182	95	214	146	197
D3S1764	GATA4A10	4	264	257	257	123	279	306	170	287	205	250
D3S1766	GATA6F06	4	288	321	344	340	341	356	358	350	357	359
D3S1768	GATA8B05	4	281	44	122	62	55	134	85	140	76	123
D3S2387	GATA22G12	4	12	76	94	110	114	103	165	105	132	108
D3S2398	GATA6G12	4	102	163	151	304	293	250	356	274	342	348
D3S2403	GGAA4B09	4	25	123	162	144	80	118	86	189	189	209
D3S2409	ATA10H11	3	56	23	15	5	19	20	9	29	12	26
D3S2418	ATA22E01	3	41	222	44	161	238	30	174	54	228	52
D3S2427	GATA22F11	4	64	106	52	56	91	63	50	49	80	23
D3S2432	GATA27C08	4	251	300	305	278	310	283	220	299	245	315
D3S2460	GATA68F07	4	310	230	62	169	256	87	190	120	177	127
D3S3038	GATA73D01	4	340	206	282	286	182	249	277	264	318	317
D3S3039	GATA7F05	4	362	357	357	333	332	363	298	362	353	354
D3S3045	GATA84B12	4	42	223	46	12	127	61	16	85	22	35
D3S3630	AFMB296ZF5	2	61	261	98	171	208	117	198	108	206	162
D3S3644	AFMB318YF1	2	145	313	171	345	231	85	308	180	350	247
D3S4523	ATA34G06	3	160	89	184	8	88	192	8	137	4	41
D3S4529	GATA128C02	4	309	302	354	261	259	335	275	320	257	306
D3S4545	GATA164B08	4	65	42	208	61	31	163	46	75	67	81
D4S1625	GATA107	4	331	275	373	279	295	373	294	364	311	343
D4S1627	GATA7D01	4	334	174	135	326	219	160	350	186	303	256
D4S1629	GATA8A05	4	209	324	353	276	152	291	173	340	285	301
D4S1644	GATA11E09	4	228	214	290	282	191	273	263	269	273	324
D4S1647	GATA2F11	4	229	191	216	210	190	226	252	226	166	274
D4S1652	GATA5B02	4	164	151	225	308	161	227	325	280	351	341
D4S2361	ATA2A03	3	181	310	173	73	317	159	52	207	95	105
D4S2366	GATA22G05	4	326	144	61	208	130	62	201	114	182	146
D4S2367	GATA24H01	4	154	83	41	328	66	34	311	52	211	131
D4S2368	GATA27G03	4	328	338	289	296	321	240	284	307	241	219
D4S2394	ATA26B08	3	178	119	18	179	103	16	141	18	178	47
D4S2397	ATA27C07	3	295	47	167	174	54	148	199	93	199	204
D4S2417	GATA42H02	4	254	247	195	89	245	175	84	173	84	177
D4S2431	GGAA19H07	4	23	77	99	249	47	88	208	146	169	212
D4S2623	GATA62A12	4	182	116	26	337	92	28	295	55	200	66
D4S2632	GATA72G09	4	7	24	48	99	10	32	79	41	55	113
D4S3243	GATA10G07	4	62	109	144	128	160	223	202	185	194	227
D4S3248	GATA28F03	4	330	290	336	145	316	349	145	327	207	242
D4S3360	4PTEL04	2	205	149	283	108	179	341	116	260	136	213
D4S403	AFM157XG3	2	126	13	42	101	24	46	140	37	83	83
D4S408	AFM165XC11	2	52	28	21	146	17	23	133	25	79	84
D5S1456	GATA11A11	4	214	358	200	331	337	217	333	208	370	236
D5S1457	GATA21D04	4	139	234	341	177	153	317	236	306	133	298
D5S1462	GATA3H06	4	84	170	301	281	199	311	250	294	224	286
D5S1470	GATA7C06	4	155	153	125	271	117	143	266	125	176	198
D5S1480	ATA23A10	3	97	53	65	76	40	53	64	50	89	124
D5S1501	GATA52A12	4	1	72	9	149	34	7	89	12	184	46
D5S1505	GATA62A04	4	313	318	323	299	366	320	348	335	355	305
D5S1725	GATA89G08	4	273	336	163	363	371	178	345	246	363	254
D5S211	MFD154	2	4	15	126	4	35	206	11	109	31	36
D5S2488	ATA20G07	3	243	264	324	244	286	318	235	317	281	303
D5S2500	GATA67D03	4	316	328	207	360	329	203	349	253	359	280
D5S2501	GATA68A03	4	246	330	362	247	262	340	204	359	236	276
D5S2505	GATA84E11	4	194	157	332	223	184	313	206	242	179	287
D5S2845	GATA134B03	4	249	254	108	291	213	98	251	142	255	149
D5S2849	GATA145D10	4	319	98	262	178	108	265	172	219	141	195
D5S408	AFM164XB8	2	21	75	105	100	113	142	137	204	137	165
D5S816	GATA2H09	4	259	236	299	187	163	281	157	199	97	258
D5S817	GATA3E10	4	226	220	214	315	306	286	364	315	366	360
D5S820	GATA6E05	4	262	202	346	137	201	354	94	282	122	210
D6S1006	ATC4D09	3	47	22	13	48	79	43	127	53	112	118
D6S1009	GATA32B03	4	81	180	23	95	195	26	104	30	130	39
D6S1017	GGAT3H10	4	324	306	308	130	338	310	124	276	185	125
D6S1021	ATA11D10	3	171	152	288	185	134	274	221	220	117	265
D6S1027	ATA22G07	3	263	115	199	85	123	224	105	187	125	196
D6S1031	ATA28B11	3	72	57	56	213	41	35	212	63	174	138
D6S1040	GATA23F08	4	315	265	267	364	218	251	321	298	260	261
D6S1051	GATA61E03	4	354	369	300	301	363	295	299	325	326	338
D6S1053	GATA64D02	4	69	356	325	310	284	214	337	334	354	295
D6S1056	GATA68H04	4	141	226	103	79	283	58	129	80	188	37
D6S1277	GATA81B01	4	101	188	177	243	194	212	291	217	279	275
D6S1959	GATA29A01	4	371	359	372	154	344	367	146	367	219	238
D6S2410	GATA11E02	4	366	353	320	222	364	316	182	332	220	239
D6S2436	GATA165G02	4	117	297	260	221	237	235	192	283	231	207
D6S2439	GATA163B10	4	197	221	132	197	230	115	256	127	261	129
D6S2522	6QTEL54	2	373	309	350	377	236	308	377	352	335	357
D6S305	AFM242ZG5	2	125	218	91	59	272	65	44	79	51	17
D6S474	GATA31	4	301	291	359	305	253	331	276	331	296	368
D6S942	UT654	4	289	278	311	343	235	270	329	361	371	372
D7S1799	GATA23F05	4	190	219	247	297	202	243	300	266	248	299
D7S1802	GATA41G07	4	355	348	369	332	324	352	293	351	322	361
D7S1804	GATA43C11	4	88	248	187	29	193	197	24	181	52	28
D7S1808	GGAA3F06	4	87	6	129	6	8	133	13	32	19	30
D7S1818	GATA24D12	4	166	322	358	138	346	370	169	375	252	296
D7S1824	GATA32C12	4	169	108	133	156	64	102	123	139	140	182
D7S2204	GATA73D10	4	24	134	142	188	94	106	177	126	193	175
D7S2477	AFMB035XB9	2	20	46	4	91	37	1	66	2	16	3
D7S2846	GATA31A10	4	346	341	277	329	359	304	347	295	334	297
D7S3046	GATA118G10	4	116	128	55	313	136	66	335	97	262	157
D7S3047	GATA119B03	4	372	377	367	233	375	359	218	370	280	327
D7S3051	GATA137H02	4	211	225	118	298	142	137	271	113	253	185
D7S3056	GATA24F03	4	208	237	233	284	217	216	229	243	286	320
D7S3058	GATA30D09	4	134	166	59	285	168	82	281	128	210	114
D7S3061	GGAA6D03	4	76	121	75	58	109	114	47	110	108	53
D7S3070	GATA189C06	4	308	295	309	238	304	328	241	324	271	313
D7S559	MFD265	2	257	199	298	136	206	264	159	235	139	214
D7S817	GATA13G11	4	347	133	253	54	128	262	39	244	21	51
D7S820	GATA3F01	4	302	238	296	134	233	228	115	247	163	211
D7S821	GATA5D08	4	151	244	97	200	307	121	217	144	259	206
D8S1048	UT7129	4	136	367	276	347	263	245	269	308	360	318
D8S1108	GATA50D10	4	248	334	304	306	376	334	334	338	346	356
D8S1110	GATA8G10	4	199	249	158	82	327	184	111	232	159	133
D8S1113	GGAA8G07	4	186	68	17	236	104	14	237	10	118	13
D8S1128	GATA21C12	4	79	30	138	66	25	105	56	20	14	100
D8S1132	GATA26E03	4	261	354	79	353	323	74	301	112	352	158
D8S1136	GATA41A01	4	241	210	361	232	220	371	265	312	263	312
D8S1179	GATA7G07	4	121	293	275	259	297	230	288	268	306	288
D8S1477	GGAA20C10	4	33	58	140	155	50	146	103	159	65	164
D8S2324	GATA14E09	4	114	351	268	280	322	231	264	293	315	248
D8S261	AFM123XG5	2	112	69	165	42	74	130	53	92	73	78
D8S262	AFM127XH2	2	210	276	104	211	249	145	248	124	238	161
D8S373	UT721	4	75	177	189	294	176	158	194	188	152	186
D8S503	AFM193XH4	2	74	25	58	23	33	68	34	48	37	32
D8S560	AFMA127YE5	2	27	80	6	57	68	4	59	4	62	7
D8S592	GATA6B02	4	360	347	202	338	358	220	354	272	347	292
D9S1118	GATA71E08	4	103	298	38	157	282	21	168	43	201	58
D9S1120	GATA81C04	4	338	315	315	45	258	284	37	322	48	93
D9S1121	GATA87E02	4	30	85	43	180	71	49	97	61	106	67
D9S1122	GATA89A11	4	368	327	318	212	330	319	214	347	292	289
D9S1779	AFM026TG9	2	2	19	110	52	7	54	35	82	59	97
D9S1825	AFMB029XG1	2	54	204	47	170	203	36	187	47	256	43
D9S1838	AFMB303ZG9	2	137	52	116	102	49	151	69	69	20	48
D9S1871	AFM345TA9	2	8	4	54	19	11	89	38	17	24	18
D9S2157	ATA59H06	3	51	7	106	34	12	153	60	72	11	90
D9S2169	GATA62F03	4	329	352	370	355	374	377	368	377	369	375
D9S301	GATA7D12	4	276	246	302	90	289	333	117	288	153	153
D9S910	ATA18A07	3	144	55	34	33	72	40	58	96	82	69
D9S922	GATA21F05	4	200	113	137	47	105	170	30	171	38	50
D9S925	GATA27A11	4	123	118	84	75	106	81	61	90	69	72
D9S930	GATA48D07	4	318	311	220	335	328	202	324	221	290	231
D9S934	GATA64G07	4	235	250	240	354	243	242	339	273	307	344
D9S938	GGAA22E01	4	227	59	25	2	67	24	2	19	6	1
F13A1-D6S	SE30	4	5	5	14	80	2	12	80	1	33	11
NA-D10S-1	GATA121A08	4	265	269	219	359	296	254	371	240	345	333
NA-D10S-2	ATA103C06	3	238	160	119	94	139	120	108	192	155	184
NA-D11S-1	ATA34E08	3	168	38	172	140	46	190	171	160	157	225
NA-D12S-1	GATA49D12	4	59	71	32	292	90	37	195	35	127	76
NA-D12S-2	PAH	4	233	286	224	113	271	209	121	252	151	180
NA-D13S-1	ATA5A09	3	266	182	74	39	101	52	27	74	91	34
NA-D14S-1	GATA193A07	4	70	31	186	104	29	173	88	83	74	156
NA-D15S-1	GATA50C03	4	317	252	329	257	248	315	232	313	278	321
NA-D16S-1	GATA138C05	4	99	181	114	202	200	107	219	147	214	181
NA-D17S-1	ATA78D02	3	206	35	157	17	45	112	15	84	32	62
NA-D18S-1	GATA178F11	4	177	296	228	235	357	327	327	326	329	369
NA-D18S-2	ATA82B02	3	202	96	36	55	95	50	67	62	43	19
NA-D1S-1	ATA79C10	3	369	173	255	28	155	222	21	143	30	57
NA-D1S-2	GATA124C08	4	193	285	161	321	290	156	315	205	343	262
NA-D1S-3	GATA133A08	4	216	307	259	250	331	263	261	310	312	281
NA-D1S-4	ATA42G12	3	348	266	294	153	301	294	144	297	180	294
NA-D1S-5	GATA124F08	4	192	213	281	239	281	361	312	316	289	353
NA-D22S-1	GATA198B05	4	237	107	149	69	156	188	91	157	100	151
NA-D4S-1	GATA70E01	4	207	120	322	263	110	344	304	258	212	325
NA-D5S-1	ATA52D02	3	78	117	160	287	162	185	286	202	213	208
NA-D6S-1	GATA184A08	4	225	97	148	240	99	161	242	169	204	245
NA-D7S-1	GATA104	4	119	287	198	242	264	195	209	239	277	183
NA-D8S-1	GATA151F02	4	204	231	209	268	241	225	262	196	305	234
NA-D8S-2	GAAT1A4	4	107	205	85	339	265	76	366	115	332	179
NA-D9S-1	GATA187D09	4	224	245	169	252	303	179	285	225	304	285
TPO-D2S	SRA	4	272	355	170	118	361	155	102	182	138	87

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Table E.

Informativeness (I_n) for Distinguishing among Three Regions (Third of Three Parts)^[Note]

			I_n Rank for Set of Three Regions
Locus Name	Alternate Name	RepeatSize	3-4-5	3-4-6	3-4-7	3-5-6	3-5-7	3-6-7	4-5-6	4-5-7	4-6-7	5-6-7
D10S1208	ATA5A04	3	154	20	303	53	343	107	39	273	93	96
D10S1221	ATA21A03	3	14	129	100	58	45	150	102	55	174	147
D10S1222	ATA22D02	3	137	227	150	253	117	241	234	102	215	224
D10S1225	ATA24F10	3	360	121	199	173	258	257	119	202	204	234
D10S1230	ATA29C03	3	105	243	215	220	153	317	150	115	309	211
D10S1239	GATA64A09	4	190	278	217	275	241	305	322	325	345	367
D10S1248	GGAA23C05	4	233	225	301	197	323	211	188	256	212	149
D10S1412	ATA31G11	3	170	89	73	129	96	99	238	209	225	239
D10S1423	GATA70E11	4	255	336	271	293	268	320	280	310	305	297
D10S1425	GATA71C09	4	63	249	252	76	104	182	55	105	178	47
D10S1426	GATA73E11	4	343	332	348	368	375	373	359	354	353	370
D10S1430	GATA84C01	4	264	261	366	244	357	333	292	373	356	317
D10S1432	GATA87G01	4	326	302	369	307	373	354	310	377	342	336
D10S1435	GATA88F09	4	314	368	312	358	312	355	372	307	352	335
D10S189	AFM063XF4	2	219	157	232	323	293	303	165	162	170	251
D10S212	AFM198ZB4	2	283	197	330	238	261	237	281	264	248	222
D10S2327	GGAT1A4	4	229	208	293	172	273	300	118	220	221	136
D10S2470	GATA115E01	4	227	237	161	301	87	125	249	73	101	59
D10S677	GGAA2F11	4	119	223	62	214	44	93	277	40	109	103
D11S1304	UT2095	4	22	202	88	28	55	108	22	54	104	29
D11S1392	GATA6B09	4	356	373	322	364	336	349	365	333	350	329
D11S1981	GATA48E02	4	147	214	204	233	176	229	186	108	186	128
D11S1984	GGAA17G05	4	11	63	130	18	95	90	9	81	55	53
D11S1986	GGAA7G08	4	46	110	47	95	71	69	138	67	71	79
D11S1993	ATA1B07	3	36	84	5	49	6	11	94	31	25	62
D11S1998	GATA23E06	4	213	316	164	284	161	325	299	140	273	191
D11S1999	GATA23F06	4	38	311	37	131	84	95	126	76	85	122
D11S2000	GATA28D01	4	138	60	70	81	68	49	91	62	63	30
D11S2002	GATA30G01	4	118	145	191	215	212	251	237	237	259	349
D11S2006	GATA46A12	4	367	344	363	352	369	359	362	375	368	361
D11S2362	ATA33B03	3	217	253	156	296	211	258	193	119	172	172
D11S2363	GATA12F04	4	186	203	136	266	198	212	215	171	188	246
D11S2365	GATA63F09	4	371	365	195	365	243	324	369	223	324	321
D11S2371	GATA90D07	4	266	338	358	315	298	341	288	246	311	256
D11S4459	ATA9B04	3	212	192	99	267	133	167	229	153	181	259
D11S4463	GATA117D01	4	189	314	249	370	351	356	278	203	298	338
D11S4464	GATA64D03	4	279	242	245	246	278	236	315	312	284	287
D11S969	AFM205VF10	2	232	123	290	103	302	152	72	276	119	101
D12S1042	ATA27A06	3	99	127	49	191	39	43	210	56	68	66
D12S1045	ATA29A06	3	26	52	19	54	18	41	113	41	74	260
D12S1052	GATA26D02	4	362	342	137	356	157	178	350	113	137	126
D12S1064	GATA63D12	4	195	139	236	211	286	254	175	278	247	342
D12S1294	GATA73H09	4	82	290	133	162	100	225	159	78	197	108
D12S1300	GATA85A04	4	242	38	368	80	359	153	65	368	149	206
D12S1301	GATA91H06	4	39	85	76	59	10	55	40	12	28	14
D12S1638	AFMB002VD5	2	298	134	180	210	231	202	197	164	159	186
D12S2070	ATA25F09	3	12	73	1	14	2	2	43	5	5	10
D12S2078	GATA32F05	4	191	170	286	134	203	158	142	235	164	117
D12S269	MFD259	2	143	87	35	115	70	66	97	64	75	86
D12S297	UT5029	4	128	41	21	118	65	82	86	43	66	201
D12S372	GATA4H03	4	300	330	168	372	219	276	370	263	296	305
D12S373	GATA6C01	4	144	72	341	149	221	143	117	190	117	140
D12S395	GATA4H01	4	91	95	329	117	226	196	130	257	218	275
D13S1493	GGAA29H03	4	240	155	221	146	237	141	166	315	182	163
D13S1807	GATA11C08	4	276	292	81	283	93	249	257	86	191	160
D13S285	AFM309VA9	2	69	109	265	78	184	215	76	198	196	102
D13S317	GATA7G10	4	98	282	42	183	56	59	179	37	40	48
D13S779	ATA26D07	3	235	257	131	202	151	110	187	126	95	72
D13S787	GATA23C03	4	338	320	336	343	377	366	314	337	331	339
D13S793	GATA43H03	4	377	77	201	96	236	171	64	212	139	127
D13S796	GATA51B02	4	306	76	269	123	274	230	103	271	251	238
D13S800	GATA64F08	4	274	240	311	182	344	224	167	340	239	171
D13S894	GATA86H01	4	208	353	292	297	319	338	269	284	323	316
D13S895	GGAA22G01	4	218	287	283	285	330	309	239	342	283	299
D14S1007	AFMB002ZF1	2	1	12	17	4	1	5	29	8	17	34
D14S1280	GATA31B09	4	341	276	319	308	267	260	286	265	262	194
D14S1426	GATA136B01	4	115	111	26	112	14	8	59	10	7	3
D14S1434	GATA168F06	4	193	258	250	227	208	268	291	248	325	253
D14S587	GGAA10C09	4	160	217	111	152	166	135	176	135	141	105
D14S588	GGAA4A12	4	214	104	169	68	143	122	42	106	111	51
D14S592	ATA19H08	3	204	113	194	109	194	180	104	231	165	132
D14S599	ATA29G03	3	41	193	6	72	19	17	47	9	9	21
D14S606	GATA30A03	4	226	167	270	226	281	273	218	298	278	362
D14S608	GATA43H01	4	94	191	36	189	54	96	214	15	51	46
D14S617	GGAA21G11	4	209	11	192	11	215	25	14	201	39	27
D14S742	GATA74E02	4	277	334	339	348	371	370	333	345	360	376
D15S128	AFM273YF9	2	73	175	77	155	86	144	183	96	184	208
D15S1507	GATA151F03	4	249	264	372	251	329	328	244	360	336	290
D15S1515	GATA197B10	4	287	362	83	345	122	151	330	97	134	168
D15S165	AFM248VC5	2	15	44	67	43	41	72	85	77	120	197
D15S642	GATA27A03	4	10	182	116	44	64	168	68	94	226	210
D15S643	GATA50G06	4	173	131	178	204	209	259	136	154	175	249
D15S652	ATA24A08	3	111	70	25	102	25	14	110	21	16	25
D15S655	ATA28G05	3	108	56	337	86	218	126	144	280	152	170
D15S659	GATA63A03	4	312	201	159	237	150	103	171	155	81	60
D15S816	GATA73F01	4	176	340	365	249	265	348	216	234	348	202
D15S818	GATA85D02	4	311	319	280	333	288	313	337	290	310	300
D15S822	GATA88H02	4	30	158	8	114	17	48	190	45	87	146
D16S2616	ATA41E04	3	289	179	122	229	171	221	228	186	240	313
D16S2621	GATA71F09	4	42	268	110	100	92	162	143	161	222	137
D16S2624	GATA81D12	4	53	326	151	159	123	187	172	141	190	177
D16S3253	GATA22F09	4	184	281	144	281	199	286	199	136	180	187
D16S3396	ATA55A11	3	292	273	211	310	251	267	317	251	275	285
D16S3401	16PTEL06	2	135	14	41	22	83	18	10	39	12	18
D16S403	AFM049XD2	2	125	8	45	6	60	28	2	83	15	15
D16S422	AFM249XC5	2	8	171	33	37	34	74	53	69	105	106
D16S516	AFM350VD1	2	55	213	114	105	91	138	125	116	147	129
D16S539	GATA11C06	4	260	270	247	254	291	240	205	277	219	200
D16S748	ATA3A07	3	48	30	53	26	26	57	131	80	153	111
D16S753	GGAA3G05	4	145	199	291	216	240	231	270	230	234	227
D16S764	GATA42E11	4	321	315	203	350	257	306	325	174	255	298
D16S769	GATA71H05	4	363	377	344	377	318	350	374	294	343	312
D17S1290	GATA49C09	4	282	198	93	258	156	132	259	117	129	134
D17S1294	GGAA9D03	4	295	333	332	354	363	375	353	348	372	375
D17S1298	GAAT2C03	4	113	325	349	272	262	374	340	292	373	353
D17S1299	GATA25A04	4	357	347	375	335	368	368	328	365	369	340
D17S1301	GATA28D11	4	243	259	373	255	337	323	287	330	351	286
D17S1308	GTAT1A05	4	114	26	240	75	234	147	62	253	154	284
D17S2180	ATC6A06	3	222	297	155	294	130	193	348	150	205	196
D17S2193	ATA43A10Z	3	185	177	148	171	146	218	128	127	127	92
D17S2195	ATA58A02	3	251	36	224	67	201	63	63	214	53	58
D17S2196	GATA185H04	4	85	230	69	107	80	100	70	58	89	44
D17S784	AFM044XG3	2	64	195	167	127	46	164	67	33	135	28
D17S974	GATA8C04	4	359	196	198	248	280	139	181	238	103	107
D18S1357	ATA7D07	3	303	164	172	213	142	119	163	114	96	76
D18S1364	GATA7E12	4	324	181	209	224	295	186	184	239	148	167
D18S1370	ATA45G06	3	81	54	196	83	129	115	89	121	106	99
D18S1371	GATA177C03	4	365	252	206	328	204	179	293	226	200	165
D18S1376	GATA185C06	4	286	256	356	268	352	339	261	366	347	358
D18S1390	18QTEL11	2	136	161	87	135	98	129	158	123	138	195
D18S535	GATA13	4	131	19	174	77	137	35	90	158	33	64
D18S542	GATA11A06	4	123	1	160	9	196	36	4	151	20	49
D18S843	ACT1A01	3	149	235	361	177	306	340	129	267	315	263
D18S851	GATA6D09	4	254	294	140	278	185	293	264	184	268	276
D18S858	ATA23G05	3	156	58	230	62	181	148	82	200	151	161
D18S877	GATA64H04	4	291	245	364	303	367	331	290	363	328	333
D19S1034	GATA21G05	4	192	246	118	243	116	206	296	109	214	221
D19S245	MFD235	4	368	371	374	375	370	369	373	364	370	352
D19S246	MFD232	4	171	133	327	151	270	172	111	225	156	109
D19S254	MFD238	4	354	75	165	116	178	53	98	139	34	32
D19S433	GGAA2A03	4	200	132	97	186	155	131	203	134	132	198
D19S559	UT7544	4	366	324	266	332	296	289	321	285	264	237
D19S586	GATA23B01	4	373	351	257	349	303	262	349	283	244	216
D19S589	GATA29B01	4	347	352	343	340	345	361	351	367	363	345
D19S591	GATA44F10	4	271	232	101	305	134	194	227	91	130	151
D19S714	GATA66B04	4	342	80	305	139	332	166	87	286	124	142
D1S1589	ATA4E02	3	133	46	71	29	23	26	19	17	23	5
D1S1594	GATA22D12	4	288	310	219	311	254	248	301	355	276	255
D1S1596	GATA26G09	4	322	349	227	336	245	288	368	218	265	231
D1S1597	GATA27E01	4	333	366	202	330	227	299	345	260	307	296
D1S1609	GATA50F11	4	239	318	68	274	51	117	274	26	94	41
D1S1612	GGAA3A07	4	28	100	40	89	52	84	60	19	47	183
D1S1627	ATA25E07	3	54	174	274	119	173	207	233	293	301	281
D1S1653	GATA43A04	4	345	360	307	363	328	365	371	343	366	374
D1S1660	GATA48B01	4	182	74	354	99	340	159	106	304	143	158
D1S1665	GATA61A06	4	169	361	355	286	284	372	323	314	376	330
D1S1677	GGAA22G10	4	165	312	189	263	190	263	346	254	300	291
D1S1679	GGAA5F09	4	296	126	323	184	341	233	147	327	207	226
D1S1728	GATA109	4	141	79	200	98	188	127	202	270	229	258
D1S2134	GATA72H07	4	20	71	18	92	30	77	81	20	78	280
D1S235	AFM203YG9	2	34	99	182	24	103	136	57	156	199	81
D1S2682	AFMA272XC9	2	152	165	129	108	106	216	124	133	254	213
D1S3462	ATA29C07	3	79	187	333	154	186	245	303	227	294	220
D1S3669	GATA29A05	4	162	83	105	74	174	85	66	145	58	43
D1S3720	ATA47D07	3	103	49	214	46	149	56	78	148	48	37
D1S3721	GATA129H04	4	92	88	39	142	82	87	101	63	57	121
D1S468	AFM280WE5	2	158	172	10	125	7	29	105	4	35	13
D1S518	GATA7C01	4	86	47	82	60	94	79	112	159	114	215
D1S534	GATA12A07	4	13	51	28	33	29	61	16	23	36	90
D1S549	GATA4H09	4	257	98	254	143	300	112	123	249	92	84
D1S551	GATA6A05	4	329	117	255	167	228	104	139	261	83	74
D20S103	AFM077XD3	2	24	55	108	19	40	81	38	95	126	97
D20S1143	GATA129B03	4	340	303	360	289	358	321	284	358	322	294
D20S159	UT1307	4	75	269	127	164	145	161	164	93	157	88
D20S164	UT1772	4	19	105	13	91	3	42	140	3	54	75
D20S201	GATA8B01	4	159	266	66	176	108	64	146	103	52	45
D20S451	UT254	4	83	239	246	203	213	301	312	332	354	360
D20S477	GATA29F06	4	78	96	128	136	170	163	88	169	140	247
D20S478	GATA42A03	4	122	346	259	298	255	347	275	187	318	274
D20S480	GATA45B10	4	332	375	328	337	322	344	334	318	335	307
D20S481	GATA47F05	4	127	142	234	70	168	142	51	179	107	52
D20S482	GATA51D03	4	293	358	376	344	362	377	327	346	374	354
D20S851	AFMA218YB5	2	33	9	34	12	15	4	5	2	4	2
D21S1411	UT1355	4	107	169	59	239	32	44	114	18	26	17
D21S1432	GATA11C12	4	139	194	241	163	148	280	169	163	299	188
D21S1437	GGAA3C07	4	148	219	282	170	193	253	192	152	233	98
D21S1440	ATA27F01	3	269	307	278	312	315	319	352	362	361	332
D21S1446	GATA70B08	4	216	94	273	137	253	170	161	329	223	240
D21S2052	GATA129D11	4	228	136	260	169	287	208	93	252	145	169
D21S2055	GATA188F04	4	110	32	30	38	42	10	35	42	10	19
D22S1045	ATA37D06	3	155	210	176	205	124	281	201	104	232	154
D22S1169	AFMB337ZH9	2	84	4	112	8	97	34	7	85	30	55
D22S345	MFD313	2	104	267	38	157	59	80	200	68	91	83
D22S532	UT7136	4	320	247	370	277	327	284	309	311	280	236
D22S683	GATA11B12	4	52	29	16	87	22	15	49	13	11	16
D22S686	GGAA10F06	4	49	218	313	180	206	322	222	269	355	318
D22S689	GATA21F03	4	246	224	238	241	238	219	251	268	253	225
D2S1328	GATA27A12	4	47	16	316	34	195	88	46	242	100	180
D2S1334	GATA4D07	4	76	286	120	168	132	160	173	89	162	91
D2S1352	ATA27D04	3	210	118	277	141	301	264	107	224	261	209
D2S1353	ATA27H09	3	259	212	85	300	144	155	236	88	112	178
D2S1356	ATA4F03	3	101	67	3	104	11	6	52	1	3	11
D2S1360	GATA11H10	4	25	272	147	122	118	265	54	71	201	205
D2S1363	GATA23D03	4	117	7	175	30	119	37	20	185	60	68
D2S1384	GATA52A04	4	50	205	126	145	113	134	177	258	173	162
D2S1391	GATA65C03	4	261	323	134	318	187	238	318	166	237	277
D2S1394	GATA69E12	4	370	370	350	373	361	367	376	369	375	372
D2S1399	GGAA20G04	4	183	106	48	93	62	50	99	51	56	40
D2S1400	GGAA20G10	4	106	220	89	259	127	210	320	195	293	365
D2S1776	GATA71D01	4	215	289	146	265	200	191	272	183	211	212
D2S1780	GATA72G11	4	349	369	302	360	326	335	367	326	338	314
D2S1788	GATA86E02	4	151	173	75	235	114	156	162	84	125	189
D2S1790	GATA88G05	4	179	262	248	257	244	266	232	244	270	303
D2S2944	GATA30E06	4	375	313	359	341	376	360	347	371	357	366
D2S2952	GATA116B01	4	301	168	104	178	131	198	152	112	185	184
D2S2968	GATA178G09	4	142	163	142	208	182	220	358	350	365	368
D2S2972	GATA176C01	4	331	260	279	329	334	282	304	287	246	252
D2S2986	2QTEL47	2	23	5	11	36	43	65	41	50	72	268
D2S405	GATA8F07	4	307	156	346	230	316	272	209	303	282	279
D2S410	GATA4E11	4	109	207	50	187	73	73	276	129	110	143
D2S427	GATA12H10	4	201	149	256	225	239	201	265	189	166	150
D2S434	GATA4G12	4	302	304	212	331	232	275	341	324	330	308
D2S441	GATA8F03	4	116	2	20	3	21	21	12	47	65	63
D3S1262	AFM059XA9	2	44	62	138	55	112	113	21	72	69	80
D3S1311	AFM254VE1	2	2	59	143	15	24	121	32	57	216	89
D3S1560	AFM217XD6	2	126	101	294	101	229	169	83	323	146	116
D3S1744	GATA3C02	4	361	275	288	295	325	304	271	296	288	269
D3S1746	GATA8F01	4	120	45	222	82	205	120	108	282	144	217
D3S1763	GATA3H01	4	280	250	162	299	230	311	252	172	263	344
D3S1764	GATA4A10	4	248	244	125	264	167	205	306	228	281	282
D3S1766	GATA6F06	4	369	364	362	371	372	364	361	370	359	346
D3S1768	GATA8B05	4	35	116	65	113	61	101	127	75	123	223
D3S2387	GATA22G12	4	66	68	123	69	110	86	100	194	113	73
D3S2398	GATA6G12	4	178	140	276	147	246	239	273	331	317	304
D3S2403	GGAA4B09	4	129	150	94	218	183	204	145	101	118	267
D3S2409	ATA10H11	3	21	17	7	20	13	22	50	30	70	261
D3S2418	ATA22E01	3	207	21	158	51	216	47	24	250	31	35
D3S2427	GATA22F11	4	87	57	46	41	74	19	37	61	19	22
D3S2432	GATA27C08	4	319	306	258	321	290	351	295	204	306	295
D3S2460	GATA68F07	4	244	78	171	110	165	123	155	196	158	182
D3S3038	GATA73D01	4	161	274	264	271	292	329	208	240	292	351
D3S3039	GATA7F05	4	339	356	308	355	365	357	343	316	333	350
D3S3045	GATA84B12	4	150	61	14	88	33	40	132	38	102	85
D3S3630	AFMB296ZF5	2	230	146	225	121	210	175	116	236	242	113
D3S3644	AFMB318YF1	2	225	93	310	222	364	291	135	357	227	322
D3S4523	ATA34G06	3	130	236	12	206	5	71	254	7	84	69
D3S4529	GATA128C02	4	337	359	326	347	309	336	329	322	334	302
D3S4545	GATA164B08	4	37	216	64	90	78	105	71	70	88	82
D4S1625	GATA107	4	270	374	285	353	305	346	366	321	341	347
D4S1627	GATA7D01	4	187	153	342	185	294	255	243	351	303	320
D4S1629	GATA8A05	4	163	308	177	369	321	327	240	147	228	326
D4S1644	GATA11E09	4	250	343	298	306	308	353	336	319	362	371
D4S1647	GATA2F11	4	197	209	190	234	136	217	225	142	249	173
D4S1652	GATA5B02	4	112	222	272	240	269	302	260	299	316	357
D4S2361	ATA2A03	3	268	147	63	198	102	116	174	74	90	93
D4S2366	GATA22G05	4	177	81	226	158	225	176	154	210	160	265
D4S2367	GATA24H01	4	194	91	371	150	333	232	157	338	235	278
D4S2368	GATA27G03	4	297	254	304	304	249	256	250	207	203	152
D4S2394	ATA26B08	3	96	15	135	16	169	51	18	170	42	65
D4S2397	ATA27C07	3	40	162	181	84	159	199	77	211	210	262
D4S2417	GATA42H02	4	265	185	95	193	90	181	230	124	231	199
D4S2431	GGAA19H07	4	59	97	262	166	207	227	198	241	269	289
D4S2623	GATA62A12	4	140	31	325	64	233	76	56	188	61	67
D4S2632	GATA72G09	4	18	40	80	42	58	89	28	44	97	174
D4S3243	GATA10G07	4	121	151	113	148	128	133	241	221	272	233
D4S3248	GATA28F03	4	313	328	154	313	223	244	344	229	256	270
D4S3360	4PTEL04	2	157	296	98	194	111	154	213	100	176	135
D4S403	AFM157XG3	2	9	34	91	21	63	68	45	99	98	139
D4S408	AFM165XC11	2	29	27	170	35	107	97	36	110	108	115
D5S1456	GATA11A11	4	317	221	300	219	349	228	221	361	257	193
D5S1457	GATA21D04	4	224	321	179	361	152	285	282	130	287	203
D5S1462	GATA3H06	4	263	337	318	342	317	342	357	300	327	315
D5S1470	GATA7C06	4	168	183	281	160	189	209	217	191	267	155
D5S1480	ATA23A10	3	27	50	58	31	69	98	11	28	64	118
D5S1501	GATA52A12	4	132	39	193	56	276	102	33	175	80	125
D5S1505	GATA62A04	4	323	327	296	327	313	292	324	341	290	271
D5S1725	GATA89G08	4	316	137	334	195	354	226	195	336	208	214
D5S211	MFD154	2	17	102	4	39	9	16	109	49	43	77
D5S2488	ATA20G07	3	309	341	275	325	307	332	326	302	313	323
D5S2500	GATA67D03	4	327	189	357	217	353	271	194	334	250	229
D5S2501	GATA68A03	4	281	350	183	366	214	279	363	168	260	243
D5S2505	GATA84E11	4	188	329	173	262	163	270	247	149	238	157
D5S2845	GATA134B03	4	267	112	251	165	248	145	149	213	128	133
D5S2849	GATA145D10	4	100	265	153	212	115	157	231	125	163	153
D5S408	AFM164XB8	2	72	107	163	179	162	188	206	215	202	266
D5S816	GATA2H09	4	153	300	184	207	105	294	196	87	297	144
D5S817	GATA3E10	4	203	226	314	250	304	315	335	372	371	369
D5S820	GATA6E05	4	237	367	124	316	177	252	311	111	198	181
D6S1006	ATC4D09	3	16	10	51	7	27	39	96	219	193	363
D6S1009	GATA32B03	4	284	25	157	25	175	45	25	193	62	39
D6S1017	GGAT3H10	4	325	331	107	270	160	124	267	138	99	78
D6S1021	ATA11D10	3	221	283	188	273	126	246	235	143	266	156
D6S1027	ATA22G07	3	95	184	84	161	99	137	178	128	179	228
D6S1031	ATA28B11	3	70	48	267	97	283	189	48	217	116	204
D6S1040	GATA23F08	4	253	285	335	319	279	296	316	222	271	232
D6S1051	GATA61E03	4	374	317	297	338	331	345	342	320	340	355
D6S1053	GATA64D02	4	234	188	287	339	338	295	223	359	258	273
D6S1056	GATA68H04	4	174	66	74	66	88	24	30	165	18	20
D6S1277	GATA81B01	4	202	176	289	153	242	223	185	279	291	241
D6S1959	GATA29A01	4	351	372	152	362	217	235	360	208	241	244
D6S2410	GATA11E02	4	358	335	213	346	247	277	356	206	245	242
D6S2436	GATA165G02	4	278	279	186	317	222	214	300	176	192	176
D6S2439	GATA163B10	4	223	166	228	192	224	140	137	262	142	114
D6S2522	6QTEL54	2	256	322	377	367	347	363	308	305	337	324
D6S305	AFM242ZG5	2	252	86	43	94	36	20	73	29	13	9
D6S474	GATA31	4	348	354	306	357	335	371	355	328	358	364
D6S942	UT654	4	211	248	320	309	346	352	245	289	314	377
D7S1799	GATA23F05	4	241	251	352	269	264	316	283	291	326	264
D7S1802	GATA41G07	4	352	357	299	351	342	362	339	309	339	343
D7S1804	GATA43C11	4	175	130	29	188	79	33	122	36	21	31
D7S1808	GGAA3F06	4	4	138	9	23	16	30	44	35	49	95
D7S1818	GATA24D12	4	290	355	117	359	172	250	375	197	289	288
D7S1824	GATA32C12	4	93	141	166	199	202	242	134	146	195	327
D7S2204	GATA73D10	4	97	120	185	140	180	174	115	192	171	145
D7S2477	AFMB035XB9	2	74	3	72	10	35	3	6	32	2	1
D7S2846	GATA31A10	4	372	295	309	291	311	261	298	308	277	218
D7S3046	GATA118G10	4	198	92	347	144	314	195	180	335	217	230
D7S3047	GATA119B03	4	376	363	216	374	282	337	364	259	312	325
D7S3051	GATA137H02	4	180	135	268	138	275	184	121	199	187	123
D7S3056	GATA24F03	4	294	233	244	261	289	318	224	233	279	311
D7S3058	GATA30D09	4	231	82	324	133	260	118	151	247	122	100
D7S3061	GGAA6D03	4	80	90	56	61	81	32	84	66	41	54
D7S3070	GATA189C06	4	310	345	253	326	263	326	338	255	329	328
D7S559	MFD265	2	181	291	119	252	101	190	211	107	183	119
D7S817	GATA13G11	4	146	271	57	245	28	58	258	14	38	26
D7S820	GATA3F01	4	273	293	139	287	197	278	246	173	209	250
D7S821	GATA5D08	4	272	122	233	156	299	243	168	274	252	254
D8S1048	UT7129	4	330	299	284	334	360	334	331	317	308	337
D8S1108	GATA50D10	4	353	339	340	324	350	358	354	353	367	348
D8S1110	GATA8G10	4	258	143	90	201	121	111	220	167	131	164
D8S1113	GGAA8G07	4	71	6	261	2	135	13	3	160	8	4
D8S1128	GATA21C12	4	61	206	145	52	75	177	34	79	169	57
D8S1132	GATA26E03	4	318	64	295	106	356	149	92	301	115	124
D8S1136	GATA41A01	4	199	348	239	292	256	307	307	272	319	292
D8S1179	GATA7G07	4	346	301	243	320	285	298	289	297	285	257
D8S1477	GGAA20C10	4	56	152	106	175	76	146	219	59	136	131
D8S2324	GATA14E09	4	336	229	317	280	355	274	263	356	274	245
D8S261	AFM123XG5	2	58	125	52	73	67	62	75	98	73	87
D8S262	AFM127XH2	2	308	108	237	124	259	130	141	281	194	130
D8S373	UT721	4	172	180	207	228	164	200	248	132	167	112
D8S503	AFM193XH4	2	31	65	31	47	31	38	95	90	76	179
D8S560	AFMA127YE5	2	77	13	60	13	49	7	8	46	6	7
D8S592	GATA6B02	4	335	200	351	256	339	290	266	352	304	306
D9S1118	GATA71E08	4	247	18	149	48	191	67	15	180	44	38
D9S1120	GATA81C04	4	285	284	44	314	57	92	279	27	67	70
D9S1121	GATA87E02	4	60	33	132	32	109	60	27	65	37	33
D9S1122	GATA89A11	4	304	305	210	322	277	287	332	275	286	334
D9S1779	AFM026TG9	2	5	53	27	63	48	83	26	22	50	166
D9S1825	AFMB029XG1	2	205	35	187	45	235	46	31	288	45	36
D9S1838	AFMB303ZG9	2	57	128	86	65	50	54	79	16	32	12
D9S1871	AFM345TA9	2	3	42	22	5	8	9	13	34	22	23
D9S2157	ATA59H06	3	7	114	54	50	12	78	160	60	150	138
D9S2169	GATA62F03	4	355	376	367	376	366	376	377	376	377	373
D9S301	GATA7D12	4	245	288	92	236	120	114	268	144	133	104
D9S910	ATA18A07	3	45	23	55	57	72	52	74	92	77	207
D9S922	GATA21F05	4	68	144	23	126	20	31	212	11	29	61
D9S925	GATA27A11	4	164	103	78	111	89	94	120	82	82	110
D9S930	GATA48D07	4	350	190	345	223	320	234	191	295	189	148
D9S934	GATA64G07	4	262	255	331	282	310	343	297	306	344	331
D9S938	GGAA22E01	4	67	22	2	17	4	1	17	6	1	8
F13A1-D6S	SE30	4	6	28	103	1	37	23	1	48	27	6
NA-D10S-1	GATA121A08	4	299	231	353	232	324	314	253	347	332	272
NA-D10S-2	ATA103C06	3	124	119	102	190	140	165	207	182	230	309
NA-D11S-1	ATA34E08	3	32	178	121	120	85	185	148	122	220	301
NA-D12S-1	GATA49D12	4	62	37	229	27	141	91	61	137	79	50
NA-D12S-2	PAH	4	328	234	109	276	154	183	302	181	213	235
NA-D13S-1	ATA5A09	3	90	69	24	71	66	27	23	25	14	56
NA-D14S-1	GATA193A07	4	51	215	141	128	138	197	156	177	224	192
NA-D15S-1	GATA50C03	4	238	298	220	290	252	312	294	245	295	310
NA-D16S-1	GATA138C05	4	236	124	205	200	220	192	170	205	155	185
NA-D17S-1	ATA78D02	3	43	115	15	85	38	70	80	53	59	120
NA-D18S-1	GATA178F11	4	305	228	231	260	250	297	319	313	364	341
NA-D18S-2	ATA82B02	3	89	24	61	40	53	12	58	52	24	24
NA-D1S-1	ATA79C10	3	196	238	32	174	47	75	133	24	46	42
NA-D1S-2	GATA124C08	4	334	211	338	279	374	330	285	374	321	359
NA-D1S-3	GATA133A08	4	364	277	321	302	348	308	305	349	302	319
NA-D1S-4	ATA42G12	3	275	263	115	247	125	247	242	118	236	219
NA-D1S-5	GATA124F08	4	166	280	197	231	179	269	313	243	349	293
NA-D22S-1	GATA198B05	4	134	154	79	132	77	109	189	131	168	159
NA-D4S-1	GATA70E01	4	88	309	263	242	192	310	256	232	346	283
NA-D5S-1	ATA52D02	3	102	159	218	181	158	173	226	178	177	141
NA-D6S-1	GATA184A08	4	65	148	223	130	147	213	153	157	243	248
NA-D7S-1	GATA104	4	315	241	208	288	271	203	262	216	161	175
NA-D8S-1	GATA151F02	4	206	204	235	196	297	222	182	266	206	190
NA-D8S-2	GAAT1A4	4	167	43	315	79	266	128	69	339	121	94
NA-D9S-1	GATA187D09	4	220	160	242	209	272	283	255	344	320	356
TPO-D2S	SRA	4	344	186	96	221	139	106	204	120	86	71

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Theory

Consider populations i=1,2,…,K and loci l=1,2,…,L, with K⩾2 and L⩾1. Locus l has alleles j=1,2,…,N^(l). The relative frequency for allele j of locus l in population i is p^(l)_ij; this quantity represents a parametric rather than a sample frequency. The (parametric) average frequency of allele j at locus l is defined as

graphic file with name AJHGv73p1402df1.jpg

We use “log” to denote the natural logarithm, with 0log0=0.

Informativeness for Assignment: the No-Admixture Model

In the no-admixture model, individuals are each assumed to originate from one of K populations. Suppose we are given a random individual, whose (random) population assignment is Q, with Q∈{1,2,…,K}. The probability that the individual belongs to population i is ℙ(Q=i); we assume that each population has the same initial probability of being the source of an unknown individual, so that ℙ(Q=i)=1/K for all i. The (random) genotype of one of the individual’s two alleles at locus l is J^(l).

Our aim is to measure the amount of “information” gained about Q from knowledge of J^(l) and to compare this quantity across different values of l. This measurement can be performed in a natural way, through use of an information-theoretic framework. If the value of J^(l) is unknown, there is uncertainty, or entropy, regarding the value of the random variable Q. Once the value of J^(l) is known, the entropy of Q decreases. The reduction in uncertainty about Q due to knowledge of J^(l) is the mutual information, I_n(Q;J^(l))=H_n(Q)-H_n(Q|J^(l)), where H_n(Q) is the initial entropy of Q, and H_n(Q|J^(l)) is the conditional entropy of Q given knowledge of J^(l) (the subscript “n” refers to the no-admixture model). Using standard definitions (Cover and Thomas 1991, chapter 2), and leaving off superscripts for convenience, we have

graphic file with name AJHGv73p1402df2.jpg

graphic file with name AJHGv73p1402df3.jpg

and

graphic file with name AJHGv73p1402df4.jpg

We refer to I_n(Q;J) as the informativeness for assignment. For a given set of populations, the minimal I_n of 0 occurs when all alleles have equal frequencies in all populations. The maximal value, logK, occurs when N⩾K and no allele is found in more than one population.

This measure of the amount of “information” about the ancestry Q contained in the genotype J also arises from a likelihood approach. The quantity Inline graphic can be viewed as the expected log-likelihood associated with drawing an allele randomly from the set of populations {1,2,…,K}. The term is the expected log-likelihood associated with drawing an allele from a hypothetical “average” population whose allele frequencies equal the mean across the K populations. Thus, equation (4) gives the expected logarithm of the likelihood ratio whose numerator is the likelihood that an allele is assigned to one of the populations and whose denominator is the likelihood that an allele is assigned to the “average” population. When the minimum description length principle (Barron et al. 1998) is used, up to a constant, I_n also equals the expected reduction, upon observation of J, in the length of the optimal coding of the random variable Q. It gives the average (taken across populations) Kullback-Leibler information (Kullback 1959, p. 6) for distinguishing population-specific allele frequency distributions from the distribution for the “average population.” For K=2, I_n is similar to a previously proposed statistic based on Kullback-Leibler information (table 1).

The expression for I_n(Q;J) also has a close correspondence with the G statistic obtained from a contingency table, each of whose N columns of K elements gives the relative frequencies of an allele in the K populations. This G statistic is given by (Sokal and Rohlf 1995, p. 737)

graphic file with name AJHGv73p1402df500.jpg

Using equation (1) and Inline graphic , we can simplify to

Thus, for any number of populations and alleles, identifying loci of high informativeness for assignment is equivalent to identifying loci with large values of G_n.

Note that I_n(Q;J) is a sum over alleles. The contribution of allele j to informativeness for assignment is

graphic file with name AJHGv73p1402df5.jpg

For fixed p_j, the minimal allelic informativeness of 0 occurs when p_ij=p_j for all i. For fixed p_j⩽1/K, the maximum, p_jlogK, occurs when p_ij=Kp_j for exactly one value of i and p_ij=0 for all other values.

Similarly, it is possible to write I_n(Q;J) as a sum over populations, with the contribution of population i to the informativeness for assignment equaling

graphic file with name AJHGv73p1402df6.jpg

Equations (5) and (6) enable calculation of the specific contribution of an allele or population to I_n. These computations are useful, since alleles at a locus might differ in their importance for assignment of individuals to populations. Populations might also differ in their degree of difference from the “average” population, so that assignment to some populations is easier than assignment to others. Henceforth, we use “informativeness” only in relation to the I_n statistic (and the I_a statistic, to be defined later), although we use “informative” and “information” more generally, to describe “ability to infer ancestry.” Note that, if the prior assignment of individuals is not uniformly distributed, general priors, ℙ(Q=i)=q_i, can be accommodated by replacing ℙ(Q=i) with q_i in the derivations of equations (2) and (3) and 1/K with q_i in equations (1), (4), (5), and (6).

I_n can also be extended for use in assignment to populations of multilocus diploid genotypes rather than of single alleles. For convenience, we treat diploid genotypes as being ordered so that (j₁,j₂) differs from (j₂,j₁) (an unordered genotype is assigned randomly to one of the possible ordered genotypes). If we assume both Hardy-Weinberg proportions and independence of loci within populations, equation (4) applies with l=1Lp_ij^(l)₁p_ij^(l)₂ in place of p_ij, Inline graphic in place of p_j, and with the sum taken over all l=1L[N^(l)]² possible multilocus genotypes, {(j⁽¹⁾₁,j⁽¹⁾₂),(j⁽²⁾₁,j⁽²⁾₂),…,(j^(L)₁,j^(L)₂)}. Although this sum is difficult to evaluate if the number of possible multilocus genotypes is large, it can, in principle, predict the informativeness of multilocus sets; note that informativeness is not additive over loci, since loci that are independent within populations may still contribute to ancestry inference in a correlated manner.

Relationship of I_n to δ and F_st

For the simplest case in which informativeness is of interest—namely, for K=N=2—it is possible to relate I_n to δ and to F_st. In the mathematical development, we let δ equal the signed difference between the frequencies of allele 1 in two populations, p₁₁-p₂₁, and, without loss of generality, we assume that p₁₁⩾p₂₁, so that δ∈[0,1]; when applied to data, it is implicit that δ refers to the absolute difference, |p₁₁-p₂₁|. Denoting σ=p₁₁+p₂₁, we must have σ∈[δ,2-δ]. Simplifying equation (4) in terms of δ and σ, we obtain (fig. 1A)

graphic file with name AJHGv73p1402df7.jpg

As it should be, I_n is invariant with respect to a transposition of alleles (δ→-δ and σ→2-σ), of populations (δ→-δ), or of both alleles and populations (σ→2-σ).

Relationship of informativeness for assignment (I_n) to δ (A), and F_st (B). The plots are based on two alleles and two source populations, and they use equations (7) and (8).

For K=2 and N=2, F_st for a locus (henceforth used interchangeably with F), can be written as (modified from p. 167 of Weir 1996)

graphic file with name AJHGv73p1402df8.jpg

Solving equation (8) for δ and using equation (7), we can express I_n in terms of F and σ (fig. 1B).

For a fixed value of δ or F, a biallelic marker is best able to infer ancestry if one of its alleles is absent in one of the populations: if the random genotype J equals this allele, there is no uncertainty about the origin of an individual. In other words, for a fixed δ (Campbell et al. 2003) or F, the markers with the greatest ability to infer ancestry have a value of σ near one of the extremes. The statistic I_n captures this aspect of ancestry inference ability (fig. 1; table 2): for a fixed δ, informativeness declines from its maximum at σ=δ to its minimum at σ=1 and then climbs to a second maximum at σ=2-δ; for a fixed F, the minimal informativeness is at σ=1, and the maxima are at σ=2F/(1+F) and at σ=2/(1+F).

Table 2.

Relationship of informativeness for assignment (I_n), δ, and F_st^[Note]

Quantity (A)	Expression in Terms of σ and Other Quantity (B)	Allowable Values of σ in Terms of A	Allowable Values of A in Terms of B	Maximal Width of the Rangeof A Given the Value of B	Minimal Informativeness forAssignment in Terms of σ and A	Maximal Informativeness forAssignment in Terms of σ and A	Maximal Width of the Range of Informativeness Given the Value of A
δ		[δ,2-δ]		.1349 at F≈.0874	at σ=1	at σ=δ or σ=2-δ	at δ=1/2
F				5φ-8≈.0902 at δ=2-φ≈.3820	at σ=1	at or	.0417 at F≈.4772

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Note.— In the upper row of the table, A=δ and B=F. In the lower row, A=F and B=δ. Inline graphic .

A comparison of figure 1A and 1B demonstrates that informativeness varies less across values of σ for a fixed F than for a fixed δ; thus, I_n is more closely related to F than to δ. By considering the difference between the maximal and minimal informativeness over values of σ (table 2), it can be shown that the value of F predicts the value of I_n to within 0.0417, whereas δ predicts I_n only to within 0.0849. The mean difference between the upper and lower bounds on I_n, given the value of F, is 0.0282; the corresponding mean difference between the upper and lower bounds on I_n, given δ, is more than twice as large, equaling 0.0569 (fig. 2A and 2B).

Informativeness for assignment (I_n), δ, and F_st for 8,714 SNPs, based on allele frequency estimates in African Americans and European Americans. A, I_n vs. δ. B, I_n vs. F_st. C, F_st vs. δ. Upper and lower bounds for the dependent variable, given the independent variable, are taken from table 2. A red vertical line marks the point of greatest difference between the upper and lower curves. Mean differences between upper and lower curves are 3/4-*log*2≈0.0569 (A), [16log2+2-6(*log*2)²-π²]/12≈0.0282 (B), and 2log2-4/3≈0.0530 (C). Spearman rank correlation coefficients between the variables are 0.921, 0.998, and 0.943 in A, B, and C, respectively.

An additional consequence of equation (8) and the requirement that σ∈[δ,2-δ] is that δ can be used to predict F fairly accurately, and vice versa (fig. 2C). This is useful in cases in which only one of these two measures has been reported. Given δ and allowing σ to vary over [δ,2-δ], F ranges from a minimum of δ², when σ=1, to a maximum of δ/(2-δ), when σ=δ or σ=2-δ. Thus, either δ² or δ/(2-δ) can be regarded as a substitute for F; for any values of δ and σ, it can be shown that δ/(2-δ)-0.0902⩽F⩽δ²+0.0902. The maximal discrepancy between the two approximations, 0.0902, is attained when δ≈0.3820 (table 2). The mean of the two bounds, or (δ+2δ²-δ³)/(4-2δ), is always within 0.0451 of F. The accuracy of such simple approximations as F≈δ² and F≈δ/(2-δ) is perhaps somewhat surprising.

Predictions of δ from F are slightly less accurate than the reverse predictions. Given F, as σ ranges over [2F/(1+F),2/(1+F)], δ ranges from a minimum of 2F/(1+F) at σ=1 to a maximum of Inline graphic at σ=2F/(1+F) or σ=2/(1+F). The maximal width of this range of δ, given F, is 0.1349, and it is attained at F≈0.0874.

Optimal Rate of Correct Assignment

If we use the no-admixture model, another way to measure marker information content is to pursue a decision-theoretic approach. We adopt an assignment rule in which observing that one of the two alleles of a random individual is j leads to assignment to population i with probability d_ij, where Inline graphic for each j. We also choose a cost function c_ii^′, which gives the penalty for assignment to population i^′ when the correct population is i. Under the assumption of a uniform prior on the population of origin, or ℙ(Q=i)=1/K for all i, the aim is to choose an assignment rule, or a set of values of d_ij, that minimizes the expected value of the loss (Weiss 1961, p. 69), or

graphic file with name AJHGv73p1402df9.jpg

If c_ii^′ is taken to equal 0 when i=i^′ and 1 otherwise, minimizing equation (9) is equivalent to maximizing the probability of correct assignment, or Inline graphic . The optimal rate of correct assignment (ORCA) is the probability of correct assignment when the optimal rule is used. To determine this rule, note that, for allele j, the maximum of the linear function over the set must occur at one of the vertices of the set. Consequently, this maximum occurs when each allele is always assigned to the population in which it is most frequent, and it equals Inline graphic . Adding across alleles, we obtain

graphic file with name AJHGv73p1402df10.jpg

Similarly to I_n, the minimal value of ORCA, 1/K, occurs when all alleles have equal frequencies in all populations, and the maximal value, 1, occurs when N⩾K and no allele is found in more than one population. Also similarly to I_n, general prior assignment probabilities, ℙ(Q=i)=q_i, can be accommodated by replacing 1/K with q_i in equations (9) and (10). Note that, for K=N=2 with p₁₁⩾p₂₁, we obtain (p₁₁+p₂₂)/2 for ORCA, or

Similarly to I_n, ORCA can be extended for evaluation of sets of many loci. Because the maximal correct assignment probability when (Hardy-Weinberg) diploid genotypes rather than individual alleles are assigned to populations equals Inline graphic , when multilocus diploid genotypes (at loci that are independent within populations) are assigned, the corresponding probability is

graphic file with name AJHGv73p1402df12.jpg

Equation (12) can, in principle, predict the probabilities of correct assignment of sets of one or more loci in procedures (Buchanan et al. 1994; Paetkau et al. 1995; Banks et al. 2003) that assign multilocus genotypes to their most likely source populations.

Informativeness for Ancestry Coefficients: the Admixture Model

We have introduced two new measures that can facilitate assignment of individuals to populations. Often, however, a goal of ancestry inference is to estimate “ancestry coefficients” for an individual whose ancestry is from two or more populations (Rannala and Mountain 1997; Pritchard et al. 2000; Anderson and Thompson 2002). Such an individual has a vector of K ancestry coefficients that sum to 1, where the coefficient for population i gives the fraction of the individual’s genome that derives from population i. Ancestry is now a random vector Q rather than a discrete random variable. The mutual information I_a(Q;J) that quantifies the amount of information about Q provided by knowledge of J is of interest. With Q=(Q₁,Q₂,…,Q_K), where Q_i is the (random) ancestry coefficient for the ith population and Inline graphic , we have

graphic file with name AJHGv73p1402df13.jpg

Similarly to the no-admixture case, any assumptions could be made for the initial probability distribution of Q. That is, any distribution defined on the set Inline graphic is suitable. For simplicity, we assume that this distribution is uniform: all collections of ancestry coefficients that sum to 1 are a priori equally likely.

Using the definition of mutual information for continuous random variables (Cover and Thomas 1991, chapter 9), I_a(Q;J) equals (see the appendix)

graphic file with name AJHGv73p1402df140.jpg

where S⁽²⁾_K+1 is a Stirling number of the first kind (Abramowitz and Stegun 1965, p. 833) (the first six values of |S⁽²⁾_K+1|, starting at K=2, are 3, 11, 50, 274, 1,764, and 13,068). The quantity I_a is termed the “informativeness for ancestry coefficients.” I_a has a similar multilocus extension to that of I_n, and, for K=N=2, relationships of I_a to δ and F are qualitatively similar to the corresponding relationships of I_n to δ and F (not shown). For example, for fixed δ, the maxima of I_a over σ occur at σ=δ and σ=2-δ, and the minimum is at σ=1.

Number of Markers

The statistic I_a suggests a way to prioritize markers for use in inference of ancestry coefficients, but it does not have a simple relationship with the number of markers needed for this inference. However, using a maximum-likelihood approach, it is possible to approximate this number of markers. Equation (13) gives the likelihood of ancestry coefficients (q₁,q₂,…,q_K-1) in a haploid one-locus model, with q_K=1-q₁-…-q_K-1. The expected Fisher information matrix, U, for the likelihood function has dimensions (K-1)×(K-1) and, for each i and i^′, the (i,i^′)th element equals (Millar 1991, eq. [A.3])

graphic file with name AJHGv73p1402df15.jpg

Multiplying equation (15) by 2, we can obtain the corresponding value for (Hardy-Weinberg) diploids. When standard maximum-likelihood theory is used (Elandt-Johnson 1971), the variance-covariance matrix of the ancestry coefficient maximum-likelihood estimates is approximated by U^-1. For K⩾3, a straightforward transformation of U can enable inclusion of q_K in the matrix (Millar 1991); for K=2, the maximum-likelihood estimates Inline graphic and have equal variances.

Using equation (15), in the (diploid) case of K=2, we obtain

graphic file with name AJHGv73p1402df16.jpg

For biallelic markers (N=2), equation (16) reduces to

If we consider all possible values of q₁ and assume that p₁₁⩾p₂₁, the largest value of equation (17) occurs at q₁=(1-2p₂₁)/(2δ), producing an upper bound for the approximate variance equal to

Because the information matrix for a set of loci that are independent within populations is the sum of the matrices for the individual loci, the number of independent markers, all with the same value δ, that are required to achieve Inline graphic , is

Using equation (19), 35 biallelic markers with δ=0.6 are necessary for achieving an SD of 0.1, in agreement with a previous suggestion of ∼40 such markers (Hoggart et al. 2003).

The number of independent biallelic markers required for accurate estimation of ancestry coefficients in the two-population admixture model (table 3) is considerably larger than the number required for assignment in corresponding no-admixture models (Risch et al. 2002; Campbell et al. 2003). However, our computations assume that estimation of ancestry coefficients occurs by maximum likelihood; other estimation procedures or use of dependencies between markers might reduce the number of markers needed. In addition, since it is based on an upper bound for the variance and not on the general expression, equation (19) might further overestimate the number of markers needed. Note that, because only the upper bound and not the general expression is directly related to δ, markers with high values of I_n and I_a rather than of δ might often produce smaller variances at values of q₁ relevant to individuals under consideration.

Table 3.

Number of Biallelic Markers Required for Achieving a Specified Standard Deviation in Ancestry Coefficient Estimates for a Two-Population Model (eq. [19])

	No. of Markers Requiredfor an SD of
δ	.2	.1	.05	.01
.9	4	16	62	1,544
.8	5	20	79	1,954
.7	7	26	103	2,552
.6	9	35	139	3,473
.5	13	50	200	5,000
.4	20	79	313	7,813
.3	35	139	556	13,889
.2	79	313	1,250	31,250
.1	313	1,250	5,000	125,000

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Estimation of Informativeness

I_n, ORCA, and I_a have been defined parametrically, as inherent properties of a marker together with a set of populations. In practice, however, estimates made from data rather than parametric allele frequencies must be used. For a given locus, let the number of copies of allele j observed at the locus in population i equal n_ij, and let the total number of observations in population i equal n_i. A simple estimator of informativeness statistics is the count estimate, in which p_ij is estimated by n_ij/n_i, and the estimated Inline graphic values are inserted in place of the parametric values.

This estimator can produce biased estimates; consider, for example, two samples taken from the same population. Since allele counts in the two samples are likely to differ by chance, markers will have positive estimated I_n for distinguishing the two samples and estimated ORCA >1/2 when parametric informativeness equals 0 and parametric ORCA is 1/2. This bias is not of major concern when the goal is to compare informativeness estimates for different loci through use of the same sample (Brenner 1998), since a systematic bias affects all loci in a similar manner. In addition, in comparisons of locus informativeness across different samples, sample-specific biases should affect all loci similarly, and the relationship between informativeness estimates of a locus in two samples is preserved even if the estimates are biased.

I_n, ORCA, and I_a have been defined using frequencies of alleles rather than of diploid genotypes. If alleles within individuals are not independent, so that within-population genotype frequencies do not correspond to Hardy-Weinberg proportions, the definitions can be applied treating J as a random diploid genotype, and the count estimates of genotype frequencies can be used in estimation. We do not consider this issue further.

Data

We consider various subsets (table 4) of a data set of 377 microsatellite markers—45 dinucleotides, 58 trinucleotides, and 274 tetranucleotides—genotyped in 1,056 individuals from 52 human populations (Cann et al. 2002; Rosenberg et al. 2002; Zhivotovsky et al. 2003; Human Diversity Panel Genotypes Web site; Human STRP Screening Sets Web site). Names of regions and regional affiliations of populations are the same as in the article by Rosenberg et al. (2002). At least 50 of the 377 markers are among those reported in table 1 of the article by Collins-Schramm et al. (2002), and at least 212 of them are included in table 1 of the article by Smith et al. (2001).

Table 4.

Data Sets and Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficients of I_n, ORCA, and I_a

		Correlation Coefficient
Data Set	Description of Groups	I_n and ORCA	I_n and I_a	ORCA and I_a
World-52	52 populations representing seven regions	.920	…	…
World-5	5 regional groups (Africa, Eurasia, East Asia, Oceania, America)	.956	.994	.956
World-7	7 regional groups (Africa, Europe, Middle East, Central/South Asia, East Asia, Oceania, America)	.953	.990	.947
Africa	6 populations (Bantu [Kenya], Mandenka, Yoruba, San, Mbuti Pygmy, Biaka Pygmy)	.945	.986	.937
Europe	8 populations (Orcadian, Adygei, Russian, Basque, French, Italian, Sardinian, Tuscan)	.878	.973	.867
Middle East	4 populations (Mozabite, Bedouin, Druze, Palestinian)	.873	.994	.891
Central/South Asia	9 populations (Balochi, Brahui, Makrani, Sindhi, Pathan, Burusho, Hazara, Uygur, Kalash)	.883	…	…
East Asia	18 populations (Han, Han [N. China], Dai, Daur, Hezhen, Lahu, Miao, Oroqen, She, Tujia, Tu, Xibo, Yi, Mongola, Naxi, Cambodian, Japanese, Yakut)	.915	…	…
Oceania	2 populations (Melanesian, Papuan)	.921	.998	.940
America	5 populations (Karitiana, Surui, Colombian, Maya, Pima)	.934	.989	.945

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To compare informativeness for microsatellites and SNPs, we consider SNPs that have been studied in African Americans, European Americans, and East Asians and that were found to have few enough errors for use in analysis of population divergence (Akey et al. 2002; Joshua Akey's Homepage). From the Akey et al. (2002) data, we exclude several types of SNPs: (1) SNPs genotyped by the Whitehead Institute, whose European American sample differed from that used by the other genotyping centers; (2) SNPs with unknown sample sizes or with sample size <40 (20 individuals) in at least one of the three groups; (3) SNPs with unknown, nonunique, or nonautosomal map positions; and (4) SNPs whose frequencies were obtained by DNA pooling or for which one or more of the reported allele frequencies could not be expressed as a rounded quotient of an integer and the reported sample size. The 8,714 SNPs we use were all genotyped by Celera, Motorola, or Orchid.

Statistical Properties of Informativeness

In this section, we demonstrate that the proposed informativeness statistics are, indeed, useful measures. First, we show that the statistics I_n, ORCA, and I_a produce similar estimates, so that we can proceed using only one statistic, the informativeness for assignment. Second, we demonstrate that the I_n statistic is robust, in that rankings of locus informativeness do not vary greatly across resamples of the data. Third, we show that the I_n statistic does indeed measure ability to infer ancestry, in that population structure inference using markers of high informativeness requires fewer markers than inference using markers of low informativeness.

Relationship between I_n, ORCA, and I_a

For each of the data sets in table 4, we computed I_n, ORCA, and I_a for each of the loci, using the allele count estimates with equations (4), (10), and (14). For each data set, Spearman rank correlation coefficients (Gibbons 1985, p. 226) of locus I_n and ORCA, I_n and I_a, and ORCA and I_a values were computed. Loci for which two or more populations had an identical allele frequency estimate were not used in the latter two calculations, to avoid obtaining denominators of 0 in the computation of I_a. For the World-52, Central/South Asia, and East Asia data sets, in which many populations had the same sample sizes and therefore had numerous opportunities to produce equal allele frequency estimates in two or more populations, there were many such loci, and the correlation coefficients involving I_a were not computed.

Rankings of loci by I_n, ORCA, and I_a were all highly correlated, with the largest correlations observed between I_n and I_a (table 4). Thus, for convenience, in the remainder of this article we restrict attention to estimates of I_n, or, simply, the informativeness, and we assume that all three measures have similar properties.

Locus Informativeness Rankings

For each of the 10 data sets (table 4), markers were ranked from highest to lowest estimated informativeness (table A [online only]). To assess the robustness of these rankings, or the extent to which they are affected by the particular choice of individuals included in the data, we performed bootstrap replicates.

Individuals were resampled with replacement within groups, holding group sample sizes fixed. For each replicate, informativeness was estimated for each locus, and loci were ranked by estimated informativeness. In some replicates, for at least one group and one locus, the resample included only individuals who did not have genotypes at the locus. This situation arose only for data sets in which some groups had small sample sizes (⩽10). In these data sets, it was possible for a resample to consist solely of copies of a few individuals. Thus, if these few individuals had no data at a locus, the resample also had no data. For each data set, excluding these replicates, which were discarded, 1,000 resamples were performed. For data sets in which all groups had larger sample sizes (>10), it was not necessary to discard any replicates.

To assess the variability of I_n values across bootstrap replicates, for each locus, we computed the ratio of the SD of the bootstrap values of I_n to the value estimated from the data, and we averaged this quantity across loci. Three statistics were used to compare the locus informativeness rankings that were estimated from the data and those that were obtained in the bootstrap replicates: (1) the mean across replicates of R_{V_d,V_b}, where V_d denotes the vector of informativeness ranks based on the data, V_b denotes the vector of ranks based on the bth bootstrap replicate, and R denotes the Spearman rank correlation coefficient; (2) the Kendall coefficient of concordance of the 1,000 bootstrap replicates (Gibbons 1985, p. 250); (3) the mean across loci of the mean across replicates of the absolute deviation between the rank of a locus in the data and its rank in the replicate. This third statistic was also computed using only the 50 loci of highest estimated informativeness.

Although informativeness fluctuated noticeably across replicates for individual loci, rankings in different replicates were highly concordant with each other and were highly correlated with the rankings based on the estimates from the data (table 5). Similar patterns of correlation across bootstrap replicates were observed for all of the data sets. The World-52, World-5, and World-7 data sets, which contained the most data, produced the most robust informativeness ranks and values; the least robust were found for Oceania, the smallest data set.

Table 5.

Robustness of Informativeness Statistics^[Note]

Data Set	No. of Replicates Discarded	Mean Ratio ofBootstrap SD toEstimated I_n Value	Mean ± SD Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient	Kendall Coefficient of Concordance of Ranks	Mean ± SD Absolute Deviation of Ranks	Mean ± SD Absolute Deviation of Ranks (50 Loci of Highest I_n)
World-52	1,460	.064	.977 ± .002	.974	17.53 ± 8.27	7.38 ± 4.38
World-5	0	.119	.978 ± .003	.959	17.24 ± 5.60	8.57 ± 4.42
World-7	0	.106	.980 ± .003	.964	16.44 ± 5.30	8.19 ± 4.09
Africa	27	.215	.909 ± .018	.852	34.75 ± 12.57	16.13 ± 9.06
Europe	514	.274	.845 ± .021	.770	45.39 ± 17.40	17.81 ± 10.92
Middle East	0	.317	.839 ± .020	.734	46.35 ± 15.18	22.51 ± 11.47
Central/South Asia	108	.223	.880 ± .017	.818	39.71 ± 15.32	16.80 ± 12.27
East Asia	392	.170	.919 ± .009	.883	32.47 ± 13.95	13.75 ± 10.13
Oceania	0	.683	.836 ± .034	.723	46.45 ± 15.72	21.44 ± 9.74
America	0	.180	.935 ± .012	.883	29.04 ± 10.81	13.56 ± 6.28

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Note.— See the “Locus Informativeness Rankings” subsection of the “Statistical Properties of Informativeness” section for a description of the quantities in the table.

The fluctuation of ranks of individual loci across replicates indicates that exact ranks of loci (such as in tables A, B, C, D, and E [online only]) should be regarded with caution. However, fluctuations were small enough that the markers of highest informativeness usually had low ranks in bootstrap replicates (rightmost column of table 5). Thus, confidence can be placed in general statements such as a locus being “among the most informative markers” in a data set.

Performance of Markers of High Informativeness in Ancestry Inference

One way to test the utility of I_n as a measurement of the ability of a marker to infer ancestry is to check whether the population structure inferred using the markers of highest I_n more closely approximates the population structure inferred using all of the markers than does the population structure inferred using the markers of lowest I_n. Using the computer program structure (Pritchard et al. 2000; available from the Pritchard Lab Web site), with five clusters and the full data of 1,056 individuals, we previously found that the genetically inferred population structure corresponded fairly closely to the five regions in the World-5 data set (Rosenberg et al. 2002). Thus, if I_n indeed measures ability to infer ancestry, informativeness of a locus in the World-5 data set should correlate well with the contribution of the locus to population structure inference using five clusters.

We therefore ran structure with all 1,056 individuals in the data, using the markers of highest informativeness for the World-5 data set. For various choices of the number of markers, M, five structure runs were performed with the M markers of highest I_n, and five runs were performed with the M most heterozygous markers (table S4 of Rosenberg et al. [2002]). Expected heterozygosity was used for comparison, because, among several statistics studied in a previous analysis (Rosenberg et al. 2001), it produced the greatest reduction in the number of markers needed for inference. One run was performed with each of 20 random sets of M markers; for each value of M, random sets were chosen independently of the sets that were selected for the other values of M. Five runs were performed with the M markers of lowest I_n. All structure runs used five clusters, and, as in the study by Rosenberg et al. (2002), they employed the admixture model for individual ancestry (Pritchard et al. 2000), the F model for allele frequency correlations (Falush et al. 2003), and a burn-in period of length 20,000 followed by 10,000 iterations.

The similarity coefficient C (Rosenberg et al. 2002) was used to compare runs with subsets of the markers against 10 runs that employed all 377 markers and were performed by Rosenberg et al. (2002). As in that study, the normalization required in the computation of C was based on the runs that used all of the markers. For each value of M, M<377, each of the 10 runs that used all 377 markers was compared with each of the five runs that used the M markers of highest informativeness, for a total of 50 comparisons. For M=377, the 90 pairwise comparisons of the 10 full-data runs were performed. For each M, the first quartile, median, and third quartile of the distribution of the 50 values were obtained (90 values for M=377). Comparisons to the full-data runs were made in an analogous manner, using the runs based on the least informative, most heterozygous, and random markers. For the random markers and M<377, the similarity coefficient distribution was based on 200 comparisons.

Figure 3 indicates that, in general, fewer loci chosen according to the highest informativeness were required than random loci for inferring a population structure similar to that obtained with all the loci. This pattern was observed especially for small and intermediate values of M; although similarity coefficients at these M often varied considerably across runs, runs based on the markers of highest I_n generally produced greater similarity coefficients than those based on random or highly heterozygous markers. For larger values of M, the difference in similarity coefficients across criteria was less pronounced, partly because the sets of markers chosen by different criteria had greater overlap than for small values of M. However, runs that used the markers of lowest I_n produced similarity coefficients that were considerably smaller than those obtained by the other sets of markers. Many more of the markers of lowest I_n than of those of highest I_n were required to obtain inferred population structures that were visually similar to that inferred using the full data (fig. 4). Thus, high informativeness is a useful indicator of the ability of a marker to infer ancestry; more dramatically, low informativeness suggests that a locus is not of great utility for inference of ancestry.

Similarity coefficients for runs based on reduced sets of markers and runs based on the full data. Sets of markers were chosen with each of four methods: highest informativeness, highest expected heterozygosity, random, and lowest informativeness.

Inferred population structure with five clusters, based on markers of highest and lowest informativeness and plotted using *distruct* (available from Noah Rosenberg's Homepage). Each individual is represented by a thin vertical line, which is partitioned into five colored segments that represent the individual’s estimated ancestry coefficients in the five clusters. Black lines separate individuals of different populations, which are labeled below the figure. The left-right order of individuals is the same in all plots. The bottom plot is the same as is shown in figure 1 of Rosenberg et al. (2002); each of the other graphs is based on the highest-likelihood run among five runs with the relevant set of loci.

Comparison of Rankings across Data Sets

For pairs of data sets, we computed correlation coefficients of locus informativeness (table 6). Most pairs of rankings had correlations of at least 0.2. Markers that had high informativeness for inference of regional ancestry tended to be informative for inference within several regions. One exception was that informativeness in the America data set was not correlated with informativeness in the World-5 and World-7 data sets.

Table 6.

Pearson (above the Diagonal) and Spearman (below the Diagonal) Correlation Coefficients of Locus Informativeness Values for Pairs of Data Sets

	World-52	World-5	World-7	Africa	Europe	MiddleEast	Central/SouthAsia	EastAsia	Oceania	America
World-52	…	.835	.867	.766	.640	.635	.782	.728	.433	.319
World-5	.860	…	.986	.586	.356	.411	.494	.402	.272	−.007
World-7	.887	.987	…	.605	.380	.431	.526	.422	.278	.024
Africa	.754	.608	.621	…	.505	.521	.598	.521	.317	.180
Europe	.626	.391	.415	.490	…	.500	.600	.607	.310	.387
Middle East	.579	.419	.434	.480	.481	…	.651	.590	.324	.338
Central/South Asia	.746	.508	.536	.542	.582	.570	…	.733	.368	.374
East Asia	.685	.397	.420	.455	.565	.492	.670	…	.402	.444
Oceania	.379	.242	.246	.276	.316	.298	.306	.370	…	.232
America	.286	−.006	.023	.151	.376	.297	.338	.413	.231	…

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The highest correlations for pairs of regions occurred for regions that were geographically proximate, such as Central/South Asia and East Asia. All correlations for pairs of regions, among those that included two of Africa, Europe, Middle East, Central/South Asia, and East Asia, were larger than correlations that involved Oceania or America. The smallest correlation for a pair of regions was between informativeness in Africa and informativeness in America. Larger absolute levels of informativeness in Africa, America, and Oceania (fig. 5) are consistent with the greater observed differentiation among populations in these regions (Rosenberg et al. 2002).

Correlations of informativeness for pairs of regional data sets

Most loci were ranked poorly in at least one data set (table A [online only]). D11S2000, D16S3401, D16S422, D21S2055, and D3S2427 were the only markers to rank among the 75 most informative in all data sets; note that D21S2055 was one of three loci identified by Zhivotovsky et al. (2003) as unusually variable. D13S285 and D7S1804 were highly informative in all seven regional data sets (rank ⩽75) but were less informative in at least one of the three worldwide data sets (rank >75). Conversely, D14S1007, D1S235, D22S683, D2S1356, D8S560, D9S1779, D9S1871, NA-D18S-2, and NA-D5S-1 were highly informative in the worldwide data sets (rank ⩽25) but were less informative in one or more of the regional data sets (rank >75).

Microsatellites and SNPs

Dinucleotide loci, which show the most variation among the markers in these data (Zhivotovsky et al. 2003), were generally more informative than tetranucleotide loci (table 7), consistent with the generally greater differentiation of dinucleotides across human populations (Ruiz Linares 1999; Rosenberg et al. 2003). Dinucleotides were usually also more informative than trinucleotides, but, in many cases, trinucleotides and tetranucleotides had similar levels of informativeness. However, for the worldwide data sets and for Africa, tetranucleotides were by far the least informative class of microsatellite. For example, although 73% of the loci were tetranucleotides, in the World-7 data set, the 25 loci of highest informativeness included only 7 tetranucleotides. Of the 100 loci of lowest informativeness in this data set, 97 were tetranucleotides.

Table 7.

Informativeness and Repeat Size

	Mean Informativeness Rank			P Value (Two-Tailed Mann-Whitney Test)
Data Set	Dinucleotides	Trinucleotides	Tetranucleotides	Dinucleotides vs. Trinucleotides	Dinucleotides vs. Tetranucleotides	Trinucleotides vs. Tetranucleotides
World-52	94	151	213	<.001	<.001	<.001
World-5	86	119	221	.009	<.001	<.001
World-7	85	119	221	.011	<.001	<.001
Africa	107	161	209	<.001	<.001	.001
Europe	136	201	195	<.001	.001	.790
Middle East	140	189	197	.011	.002	.564
Central/South Asia	124	205	196	<.001	<.001	.603
East Asia	138	206	194	<.001	.002	.466
Oceania	168	189	192	.314	.176	.789
America	185	232	181	.048	.865	<.001

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To compare informativeness of microsatellites and SNPs, we determined the informativeness of microsatellites for assignment with three source populations: Africans, Europeans, and East Asians. For these groups, we also determined informativeness for each pairwise combination of source populations (tables B and C [online only]). Similarly, we estimated informativeness of SNPs among African Americans, European Americans, and East Asians. Because the individuals and populations in the microsatellite and SNP data sets were not the same, our comparison of microsatellite and SNP informativeness can only be regarded as approximate. Inclusion of some extremely isolated populations in the microsatellite data but not in the SNP data might exaggerate the relative informativeness of microsatellites. However, this effect might be counteracted by a SNP ascertainment procedure that produced greater divergence across populations than is characteristic of randomly chosen SNP markers (J. Akey, personal communication); the microsatellite data likely show little or no such effect (Rosenberg et al. 2002). The small-sample upward bias in informativeness might also impact relative informativeness estimates.

For each set of source populations, randomly chosen microsatellites had greater informativeness than random SNPs (fig. 6). The ratios of median dinucleotide informativeness to median SNP informativeness were 7.8 (Africans vs. Europeans), 6.8 (Africans vs. East Asians), 5.1 (Europeans vs. East Asians), and 5.3 (Africans vs. Europeans vs. East Asians). The ratios of means were 4.3, 3.7, 2.8, and 3.8, respectively, and the 50th percentile of dinucleotide informativeness corresponded to the 96th, 95th, 88th, and 98th percentiles of SNP informativeness.

Informativeness quantiles for microsatellites and SNPs. For each set of populations, curves follow the same relative order over most of the domain (from top to bottom: dinucleotides, trinucleotides, tetranucleotides, and SNPs). SNPs were genotyped in African Americans and European Americans rather than in Africans and Europeans.

One threshold proposed for declaring a SNP to be highly informative is δ=0.5 (Shriver et al. 1997), a value exceeded by 1.9%, 4.6%, and 2.7% of the SNPs (among those polymorphic in the relevant pair of populations) for African Americans and European Americans, African Americans and East Asians, and European Americans and East Asians, respectively. The value δ=0.5 corresponds to F_st∈[0.250,0.333] and I_n∈[0.131,0.216] (table 2); for corresponding comparisons, averaging across the three classes of loci, 26.0%, 42.0%, and 12.4% of microsatellites exceed the lower bound of I_n, and 5.9%, 10.2%, and 1.5% exceed the upper bound.

Discussion

In this article, we have introduced new statistics, I_n, ORCA, and I_a, for measuring the information provided by loci about ancestry. I_n, which is highly correlated with ORCA and I_a (table 4), is robust, in that it gives similar results in bootstrap replicates (table 5). The statistic is effective for inference of ancestry, in that population structure is more easily inferred using markers that have high values of I_n than using those that have low values (figs. 3 and 4). Although it is closely related to δ in the case of biallelic markers in two source populations (figs. 1 and 2; table 2), unlike δ, I_n captures the dependence of information content on the position of allele frequencies in the unit interval.

Use of markers of highest informativeness is desirable for reduction of genotyping effort in such situations as forensics (Shriver et al. 1997; Lowe et al. 2001), admixture mapping (Dean et al. 1994; McKeigue 1998), and structured-association mapping (Pritchard and Donnelly 2001; Hoggart et al. 2003). In these scenarios, it is desirable to maximize information about individual ancestry at minimal cost. For the case of admixture mapping, the additional constraint that loci must be located in candidate regions of the genome applies; unlike other ancestry inference scenarios, admixture mapping makes use not of the ancestry of an individual as a whole but of particular parts of an individual genome. Thus, ideal marker sets for admixture mapping must have representation in regions of interest as well as high informativeness.

Highly informative markers are also useful in testing for population stratification in case-control genetic association studies (Pritchard and Rosenberg 1999), although the test does not use individual ancestry estimates. The goal is to determine whether cases and controls differ in ancestry to such an extent that an excess number of random markers will, by chance, be associated with disease status. Because they have the greatest potential to differentiate among ancestry groups, the most informative markers offer the greatest power to reject the null hypothesis of no genomewide allele-frequency differences between cases and controls; thus, their use offers a cautious approach in dealing with population stratification. If allele-frequency differences are detected, these markers are ideal for structured-association methods that employ individual ancestry estimates to avoid identifying the associations that result from ancestry differences rather than from true association with disease status (Pritchard and Donnelly 2001). The number of these markers needed for desired precision in estimated ancestry coefficients can be approximated using the maximum-likelihood model.

Consequently, the panels in tables A, B, C, D, and E (online only) can provide a resource for tests of population stratification. For example, in European Americans, the test might use markers that are most informative for distinguishing among various types of European ancestry (table A [online only]); in Hispanic Americans, it might employ markers that are most informative for distinguishing European from Native American ancestry (table B [online only]) or for distinguishing European, Native American, and African ancestry (table C [online only]). Note that panels in tables A–E utilize groups and classifications that might not be identical to those needed in applications: for example, if ancestry inference in African Americans is of interest, the African and European groups in our data do not fully represent the groups from which African Americans have descended. However, we observed that informativeness in one region was often highly correlated with informativeness in another region (table 6; fig. 5). Thus, while the most informative markers in a data set need not be the most informative for use with a different collection of groups, this imperfect panel of markers is likely to be considerably more informative than a random panel. The observed pattern, in which informativeness correlations were highest for neighboring geographic regions, is likely to be a consequence of the correlation of allele frequencies that results from shared ancestry (Ramachandran et al., in press). Populations from neighboring regions typically share ancestors more recently, so that their allele frequencies are more strongly correlated.

Two exceptions to the general pattern of correlation across data sets were Oceania and America, in which informativeness was not very highly correlated with informativeness in other regions. The small correlations likely indicate that many of the markers that are extremely variable in other regions by chance must not have been highly variable in founder groups of Oceania and the Americas. That informativeness patterns across di-, tri-, and tetranucleotides were different in Oceania and America from those of the other data sets suggests that bottlenecks were strong enough to obscure the typical patterns of variation for these three classes of markers.

Thus, to identify a panel of markers that are generally useful for inference of regional ancestry and for population ancestry inference within regions (Hoggart et al. 2003), it is most difficult to find markers that are informative both within continental Eastern Hemisphere regions and within Oceania and the Americas. We have identified a small number of generally informative markers; many more loci will need to be screened if markers that are informative in every region are to be found. Alternatively, a general panel might be assembled by collecting markers useful for inference between specific pairs of groups. Such a procedure may be advantageous, because, unlike sequential accumulation of generally informative markers, it avoids duplication of effort by accounting for the possibility that markers of high informativeness can provide information about ancestry in different ways. A systematic procedure to identify maximally informative sets or loci that are conditionally optimal, given the markers that have already been chosen, might use multilocus I_n, multilocus ORCA (eq. [12]), or a decision tree (Guinand et al. 2002).

Although random microsatellites are considerably more informative than random SNPs for distinguishing among pairs of populations, and highly informative loci constitute a greater fraction of microsatellites than of SNPs, the right-hand tail of the distribution of SNP informativeness crosses that of microsatellites (fig. 6), suggesting that, if enough SNPs are screened, a set with informativeness comparable to that of the set of the most informative microsatellites can be found. This observation may be less applicable to the problem of distinguishing among K source populations for K>2. For a locus with N alleles, if N⩾K, the informativeness of the locus can potentially be as large as logK, whereas, if N=2, the maximal informativeness is no larger than log2, regardless of the value of K. Because microsatellites in the data of Rosenberg et al. (2002) have an average of 12.4 alleles, for relatively large values of K, microsatellites have greater potential for higher information content than SNPs, most of which are biallelic. Thus, for large K, the relative performance of microsatellites compared with SNPs will likely be greater than is seen in figure 6 for sets of two and three source populations.

Thus, for inferring ancestry among groups such as African Americans, European Americans, and East Asians, for which genomewide SNP allele frequencies have already been obtained (Akey et al. 2002), use of the most informative known SNPs is likely to be most efficient. However, because informativeness for distinguishing among populations such as different Native American groups is not correlated with informativeness for distinguishing among major regional groups (table 6), SNPs chosen by their informativeness in other scenarios will likely be considerably less useful in these populations than randomly chosen microsatellites. Until the most informative SNPs are identified for a set of populations of interest, use of microsatellites, especially dinucleotides, may lead to greater statistical efficiency in inference of ancestry. Of course, technical problems associated with dinucleotides (Ghebranious et al. 2003) might outweigh the efficiency that derives from their use, and factors such as laboratory fixed costs and difficulties in multiplexing might make the application of less informative markers more economical. The decision about which markers to use for inference of ancestry in any particular context should incorporate a combination of economic, technical, and statistical concerns.

Acknowledgments

N.A.R. was supported by an NSF Postdoctoral Fellowship in Biological Informatics. We thank J. Akey for assistance with the SNP data set, P. Calabrese and D. Conti for discussions, and E. Ziv and two reviewers for thoughtful comments on the manuscript.

Appendix: Informativeness for Ancestry Coefficients

Define Inline graphic and suppose on Δ_K-1. The probability density function for Q=(Q₁,Q₂,…,Q_K), which we denote by f_Q(q), can be regarded as a function defined on Δ_K-1. An elementary calculation shows that Δ_K-1dQ₁…dQ_K-1=1/(K-1)!, and, therefore,

Similarly to the discrete no-admixture model, we can apply the continuous-variable analogue of mutual information (Cover and Thomas 1991, chapter 9) to define informativeness in the admixture model, or I_a(Q;J) (the subscript “a” refers to the admixture model). The informativeness for ancestry coefficients is the difference of entropy H_a(Q) and conditional entropy H_a(Q|J). By use of equation (A1) and the definition, the entropy is

The conditional entropy of Q given J is given by

By use of equations (13) and (A1), the following integral can be evaluated:

Setting a_ij=p_ij(K-1)!/p_j and substituting equations (13), (A1), and (A4) into (A3), we have

If we assume that, for all j, if i≠i^′, then p_ij≠p_i^′j, by applying the result of Rosenberg and Stong (2003) with K-1 in place of k to the function f(x)=x^Klogx/K!, it can be shown that the integral in equation (A5) evaluates to

graphic file with name AJHGv73p1402df250.jpg

where S⁽²⁾_K+1=(-1)^K+1K!(1+2^-1+3^-1+…+K^-1) is a Stirling number of the first kind. Finally, inserting equation (A6) into (A5) and simplifying gives

graphic file with name AJHGv73p1402df260.jpg

The expression for the mutual information (eq. [14]) is obtained by use of I_a(Q;J)=H_a(Q)-H_a(Q|J) with equations (A2) and (A7). Note that the definition of I_a is sensible only if no two populations share the same frequency for any allele. It is appropriate to assume that parametric allele frequencies are unequal in different populations; however, when allele frequencies are estimated from samples of small and equal size, this assumption will often not be met.

Footnotes

This article is dedicated to the memory of Ryk Ward.

Electronic-Database Information

The URLs for data presented herein are as follows:

Human Diversity Panel Genotypes, Center for Medical Genetics, http://research.marshfieldclinic.org/genetics/Freq/FreqInfo.htm (for microsatellite genotypes)
Human STRP Screening Sets, Center for Medical Genetics, http://research.marshfieldclinic.org/genetics/sets/combo.html (for Marshfield panel 10)
Joshua Akey’s Homepage, http://cgi.uc.edu/~jakey/ (for SNP allele frequencies)
Noah Rosenberg’s Homepage, http://www.cmb.usc.edu/~noahr/distruct.html (for distruct software)
Pritchard Lab, http://pritch.bsd.uchicago.edu/ (for structure software)

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[RF1] Human Diversity Panel Genotypes, Center for Medical Genetics, http://research.marshfieldclinic.org/genetics/Freq/FreqInfo.htm (for microsatellite genotypes)

[RF2] Human STRP Screening Sets, Center for Medical Genetics, http://research.marshfieldclinic.org/genetics/sets/combo.html (for Marshfield panel 10)

[RF3] Joshua Akey’s Homepage, http://cgi.uc.edu/~jakey/ (for SNP allele frequencies)

[RF4] Noah Rosenberg’s Homepage, http://www.cmb.usc.edu/~noahr/distruct.html (for distruct software)

[RF5] Pritchard Lab, http://pritch.bsd.uchicago.edu/ (for structure software)

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Informativeness of Genetic Markers for Inference of Ancestry*

Noah A Rosenberg

Lei M Li

Ryk Ward

Jonathan K Pritchard

Abstract

Introduction

Table 1.

Table A.

Table B.

Table C.

Table D.

Table E.

Theory

Informativeness for Assignment: the No-Admixture Model

Relationship of In to δ and Fst

Figure 1.

Table 2.

Figure 2.

Optimal Rate of Correct Assignment

Informativeness for Ancestry Coefficients: the Admixture Model

Number of Markers

Table 3.

Estimation of Informativeness

Data

Table 4.

Statistical Properties of Informativeness

Relationship between In, ORCA, and Ia

Locus Informativeness Rankings

Table 5.

Performance of Markers of High Informativeness in Ancestry Inference

Figure 3.

Figure 4.

Comparison of Rankings across Data Sets

Table 6.

Figure 5.

Microsatellites and SNPs

Table 7.

Figure 6.

Discussion

Acknowledgments

Appendix: Informativeness for Ancestry Coefficients

Footnotes

Electronic-Database Information

References

ACTIONS

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RESOURCES

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Links to NCBI Databases

Informativeness of Genetic Markers for Inference of Ancestry^{^*}

Relationship of I_n to δ and F_st

Relationship between I_n, ORCA, and I_a