Abstract
Aim
To describe the epidemiology of injuries related to winter sports in patients younger than 15 years in France.
Methods
We conducted a retrospective observational multicentre cohort study of patients younger than 15 years who were seen by mountain‐community general practitioners for winter‐sports injuries in 1999–2022.
Results
Of the 108 619 patients (mean age, 11.4 ± 2.8 years), 76 724 (70.6%), 26 186 (24.1%) and 2132 (2.0%) were injured while skiing, snowboarding and sledding, respectively. Helmet use was noted in 50 164 (46.2%) patients and increased over time but remained low among sledders. A collision was the mechanism in 12.3% of patients overall and 32.1% of sledders. The most common injuries overall were wrist fractures (48.5%), head and trunk injuries (42.3%), and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears (23.7%), with wrist fractures being more common in beginners (24.7%) and head/trunk injuries and ACL tears in advanced participants (18.3% and 2.6%, respectively). Only 3699 (3.4%) patients were admitted after the general‐practitioner visit, notably for leg or ankle fractures (9.5%).
Conclusion
Winter sports‐related injuries vary according to age, sex, skill level and sport. Admission rates are low but might be further decreased by better prevention. Protective measures should be tailored to each sport and individual.
Keywords: helmet, paediatric injuries, skiing, snowboarding, winter sports
Abbreviations
- ACL
anterior cruciate ligament
- GP
general practitioner
- MDEM
Association des Médecins de Montagne, a non‐profit organisation of general practitioners working in mountain communities
- OWSA
Observatoire d'accidentologie des sports d'hiver, the electronic database on winter sports‐related injuries maintained by the MDEM
- WSRIs
winter sports‐related injuries
Key Notes.
Improved knowledge of patterns of paediatric winter sports‐related injuries (WSRIs) may help to improve preventive measures.
This cohort study in patients younger than 15 years who were first seen in general practice found marked variability in injury patterns according to patient features and type of sport.
Protective gear and education about injury prevention should be tailored to each specific sport and to the characteristics of each child or adolescent.
1. INTRODUCTION
Winter sports such as skiing, snowboarding and sledding are popular in France, especially among children and teenagers. With an average of 55 million skier‐days each year, France ranks third in the world. 1 According to the Mountain‐Community General Practitioners non‐profit organisation (Association des Médecins de Montagne, MDEM) that has over 300 members working as GPs in ski resorts throughout France, 2.35 injuries occur per 1000 skier‐days 2 and about 130 000 individuals sustain winter sports‐related injuries every winter. Older children and adolescents often prefer skiing and snowboarding, while younger children tend to choose sledding. 3 All winter sports can lead to serious injuries 4 , 5 In France, helmet wearing is not mandatory for winter sports.
Extensive data exist on the epidemiology of winter sports‐related injuries (WSRIs) in adults 6 , 7 , 8 and in paediatric patients with severe trauma requiring tertiary‐level hospital admission. 3 , 9 , 10 However, about 95% of paediatric patients with WSRIs do not require admission. 11
Compared to adults, children are at greater risk of sustaining WSRIs, 12 whose type may vary with age. 11 The nature and severity of injuries associated with each winter sport have been characterised in children who are admitted 13 or rescued by helicopter 14 or ski patrol 12 , 15 services. Little is known, in contrast, about WSRIs that require only primary care. Although in some countries these injuries are chiefly seen in hospital emergency departments, in France GPs are the first providers of care to patients with non‐emergent health issues. In French ski resorts, most patients with injuries first see GPs at local medical centres, where ultrasound and plain radiography are usually the only available imaging techniques. GPs can refer patients to local hospitals or specialised trauma centres if further investigations are needed or the injury is serious. A mobile emergency service is available to transfer patients. To our knowledge, no studies have evaluated the epidemiology of WRSIs in paediatric patients seen first by GPs working in mountain communities.
The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiology of WSRIs in children and adolescents seen first by GPs in mountain communities between 1999 and 2022 in France. Improved knowledge of the type of injury associated with each type of winter sport would be expected to help design specific preventive measures.
2. METHODS
2.1. Study design
We conducted a retrospective, observational, multicentre, cohort study of WSRIs in paediatric patients seen first by GPs during the 23‐year period from 1999 and 2022 in ski resorts in France. For our study, we used the electronic epidemiology database set up by the MDEM (Observatoire d'accidentologie des sports d'hiver, OWSA) in 1992. The OWSA database is fed by 30 GP offices that are representative of overall GP activity in French winter‐sports resorts. 2 The database is approved by the French Data Protection Authority (Commission Nationale de l'Informatique et des Libertés). The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Savoie Mont‐Blanc University (#2022‐20‐TRAUM). The patients were informed that their data were collected into the OWSA database at the time of the GP visit. In compliance with French law about retrospective analyses of de‐identified health data, informed consent of the patients, parents or guardians was not required.
2.2. Study patients
Study inclusion criteria were a visit to a local GP for an injury sustained while engaging in a winter sport (skiing, snowboarding, sledding, cross‐country skiing, skating or other) and age younger than 15 years of age at the time of the GP visit. We chose 15 years to allow comparisons with previous studies that used the same age cut‐off. 3 , 16 , 17 We included consecutive patients and the only exclusion criterion was age younger than 1 year at the time of the GP visit. We did not include patients with injuries that were not related to winter sports.
2.3. Data collection
All GPs belonging to the MDEM manually complete a paper form for each patient seen for a WSRI. The MDEM GPs are highly motivated physicians who join the organisation to receive continuing education on work in their specific environment and strive to improve the quality of care in part by committing to collect data on patients with WSRIs. We chose 1999 as the start date for our study because the data collected before this year were less exhaustive. Since 1999, the same detailed data are collected for each patient, although the presentation of the form changed in 1999. We therefore chose 1999 as the start date for including patients.
Clinical research assistants employed by the MDEM then enter the data on the paper forms into the electronic OWSA database.
For each patient, age and sex were recorded. The type and location of the injury and the mechanism of injury were described in detail. International Classification of Diseases codes were not used. The use of protective gear such as a helmet (self‐report), whether the ski patrol assisted the patient, and whether the patient was transferred to a trauma centre were recorded.
When more than one WSRI was recorded on the form, only the first recorded injury (arbitrarily indicated as the most severe injury) was included in the study.
2.4. Statistical analysis
Age was described as mean ± SD and categorical variables as n (%). To compare injuries across types of winter sport, we applied the Chi‐squared test if the validity conditions were met and Fisher's exact test otherwise. Values of p smaller than 0.05 were taken to indicate significant differences. Missing data were counted but were ignored in the comparisons.
We then built four multivariate regression models to look for potential associations linking patient features (age group, sex, skill level and type of winter sport) to head injury (model 1), wrist fracture (model 2), anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear (model 3) and admission (model 4). After adjustments on these selected variables, odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were computed.
The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS Statistics 29.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). Changes over time were assessed starting in 2005, when a change occurred in the scale of the database.
3. RESULTS
3.1. Patients
Figure 1 is the patient flow chart. During the 23‐year study period, the 30 participating GPs saw 111 648 children aged 1 to 15 years for injuries and entered their information into the OWSA database. Among them, 3029 were excluded because their injuries were not related to winter sports: 1893 had traffic‐related or household injuries and 1136 had injuries related to summer sports. The remaining 108 619 patients were included in the study. Table 1 reports their main features.
FIGURE 1.
Flow chart of paediatric (1–15 years) winter sports‐related injuries in France.
TABLE 1.
Patient characteristics according to the type of winter sport.
| Variable | Sub‐group | Total n (%) | Skiing n (%) | Snowboarding n (%) | Sledding n (%) | Other or not recorded n (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 108 619 (100) | 76 724 (70.6) | 26 186 (24.1) | 2132 (2.0) | 3577 (3.3) | |
| Age, years, mean ± SD | 11.4 ± 2.8 | 11.0 ± 2.8 | 13.0 ± 1.8 | 9.0 ± 3.5 | 10.2 ± 3.4 | |
| Age group, n (%) | 1–5 years | 3598 (3.3) | 2673 (3.5) | 58 (0.2) | 436 (20.5) | 431 (12.0) |
| 6–10 years | 32 460 (29.9) | 27 841 (36.3) | 2426 (9.3) | 928 (43.5) | 1265 (35.4) | |
| 11–15 years | 72 561 (66.8) | 46 210 (60.2) | 23 702 (90.5) | 768 (36.0) | 1881 (52.6) | |
| Sex, n (%) | Male | 56 835 (52.3) | 37 616 (49.0) | 16 373 (62.5) | 1095 (51.3) | 1751 (49.0) |
| Female | 51 033 (47.0) | 38 564 (50.3) | 9668 (36.9) | 1010 (47.4) | 1791 (50.0) | |
| Not recorded | 751 (0.7) | 544 (0.7) | 145 (0.6) | 27 (1.3) | 35 (1.0) | |
| Skill level, n (%) | Beginner | 32 284 (29.7) | 19 203 (25.0) | 12 137 (46.3) | 384 (18.0) | 560 (15.7) |
| Intermediate | 43 004 (39.6) | 33 964 (44.3) | 8447 (32.3) | 180 (8.5) | 413 (11.5) | |
| Advanced | 17 731 (16.3) | 14 930 (19.5) | 2615 (10.0) | 18 (0.8) | 167 (4.7) | |
| Not recorded | 15 600 (14.4) | 8627 (11.2) | 2987 (11.4) | 1550 (72.7) | 2437 (68.1) | |
| Helmet used, n (%) | Yes | 50 164 (46.2) | 39 124 (51.0) | 10 604 (40.5) | 227 (10.6) | 209 (5.8) |
| No | 36 772 (33.8) | 22 949 (29.9) | 11 038 (42.1) | 1130 (53.0) | 1655 (46.3) | |
| Not recorded | 21 683 (20.0) | 14 651 (19.1) | 4544 (17.4) | 775 (36.4) | 1713 (47.9) | |
| Snowpark accident a , n (%) | 1859 (1.7) | 1251 (1.6) | 599 (2.3) | 5 (0.2) | 4 (0.1) | |
| Collision, n (%) | Overall | 13 345 (12.3) | 10 974 (14.3) | 1527 (5.8) | 683 (32.1) | 161 (4.5) |
| With a human | 9545 (8.8) | 7926 (10.3) | 1250 (4.8) | 287 (13.5) | 82 (2.3) | |
| With an inert object | 3800 (3.5) | 3048 (4.0) | 277 (1.0) | 396 (18.6) | 79 (2.2) | |
| Ski patrol involvement, n (%) | 41 576 (38.3) | 32 391 (42.2) | 8737 (33.4) | 176 (8.3) | 272 (7.6) | |
| Direct hospitalisation admission, n (%) | 3699 (3.4) | 2593 (3.4) | 915 (3.5) | 111 (5.2) | 80 (2.2) | |
Note: All p values are less than 0.001.
Abbreviation: SD: standard deviation.
Snowparks offer bumps and rails that allow acrobatics.
3.2. Type of injury according to type of sport
Table 2 reports the injury types seen with each sport. Skiing was chiefly associated with lower‐limb injuries such as ACL tears and leg and ankle fractures. Conversely, snowboarding injuries usually affected the upper limb and were dominated by wrist fractures. Two‐fifths of sledding injuries involved the head and/or trunk, with the remaining injuries being evenly divided between the upper and lower limbs. Among injuries related to cross‐country skiing, 29.9% were lower‐limb contusions. Wrist fractures accounted for 38.4% of injuries sustained while ice skating.
TABLE 2.
Type of injury depending on winter sport.
| Location | Type of injury | Total n (%) | Skiing n (%) | Snowboarding n (%) | Sledding n (%) | Other or not recorded n (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 108 619 (100) | 76 724 (70.6) | 26 186 (24.1) | 2132 (2.0) | 3577 (3.3) | |
| Head and trunk, n (%) | 16 786 (15.5) | 12 141 (15.8) | 2840 (10.8) | 902 (42.3) | 903 (25.3) | |
| Head | 8653 (8.0) | 6291 (8.2) | 1572 (6.0) | 252 (11.8) | 538 (15.1) | |
| Face | 2459 (2.3) | 1839 (2.4) | 127 (0.5) | 318 (14.9) | 175 (4.9) | |
| Spine | 3580 (3.3) | 2481 (3.2) | 729 (2.8) | 251 (11.8) | 119 (3.3) | |
|
Chest, abdomen and/or pelvis n (%) |
2094 (1.9) | 1530 (2.0) | 412 (1.5) | 81 (3.8) | 71 (2.0) | |
| Upper limb, n (%) | 38 871 (35.8) | 19 619 (25.6) | 17 466 (66.7) | 662 (31.1) | 1124 (31.4) | |
| Shoulder | 7296 (6.7) | 5225 (6.8) | 1786 (6.8) | 156 (7.4) | 129 (3.6) | |
| Wrist fracture | 17 439 (16.1) | 4164 (5.4) | 12 702 (48.5) | 163 (7.6) | 410 (11.4) | |
| Thumb sprain | 4111 (3.8) | 3664 (4.8) | 310 (1.2) | 45 (2.1) | 92 (2.6) | |
| Other / not recorded | 10 025 (9.2) | 6566 (8.6) | 2668 (10.2) | 298 (14.0) | 493 (13.8) | |
| Lower limb, n (%) | 41 063 (37.8) | 36 132 (47.1) | 3379 (12.9) | 549 (25.7) | 1003 (28.0) | |
| Anterior cruciate ligament tear | 1968 (1.8) | 1815 (2.4) | 141 (0.5) | 6 (0.3) | 6 (0.2) | |
| Other knee ligament injury | 18 005 (16.6) | 16 311 (21.3) | 1480 (5.7) | 43 (2.0) | 171 (4.8) | |
| Leg or ankle fracture | 6326 (5.8) | 5514 (7.2) | 588 (2.3) | 122 (5.7) | 102 (2.8) | |
| Ankle sprain | 904 (0.8) | 652 (0.8) | 88 (0.3) | 42 (2.0) | 122 (3.4) | |
| Other/not recorded | 13 860 (12.8) | 11 840 (15.4) | 1082 (4.1) | 336 (15.7) | 602 (16.8) | |
| Other/not recorded, n (%) | 11 899 (10.9) | 8832 (11.5) | 2501 (9.6) | 19 (0.9) | 547 (15.3) | |
Note: All p values are less than 0.001.
3.3. Type of injury according to age, sex and skill level
The data according to age group and sex are reported in Table S1. The percentage of injuries to the head and face decreased significantly with increasing age (p < 0.001), as did the percentage of leg and ankle fractures (p < 0.001). Conversely, an increase in percentages with increasing age was noted for wrist fractures, shoulder injuries and ACL tears (p < 0.001 for all three injury types).
Significantly higher percentages were noted in boys versus girls for wrist fractures, shoulder injuries and head injuries (p < 0.001 for all three comparisons). Girls more often sustained knee‐ligament injuries including ACL tears than did boys (p < 0.001).
Injuries for which the percentages were significantly higher in the advanced‐skills group than in the beginners group were head and trunk injuries, thumb sprains, shoulder injuries and ACL tears (p < 0.001 for all four comparisons). The percentage was lower in beginners for wrist fractures and non‐ACL knee‐ligament injuries (p < 0.001 for both comparisons).
3.4. Helmet use (Figure 2)
FIGURE 2.
Helmet wearing trends in paediatric (1–15 years) for all winter sports combined. The black line represents the annual rate reported in our study. The blue line represents a smoothing line (Polynomial Regressions). The grey area corresponds to the confidence interval of the smooth line.
Helmet use was highest for skiing and lowest for sledding (Table 1). Helmet use in the study patients increased from 2005 to 2022. In 2022, 87.1% of patients were wearing a helmet at the time of injury. This proportion varied considerably, however, across sports, from 90.9% during skiing and 90.1% during snowboarding to only 16.5% during sledding.
3.5. Collisions (Figure 3)
FIGURE 3.
Collisions trends in paediatric (1–15 years) for all winter sports combined. The black line represents the annual rate reported in our study. The blue line represents a smoothing line (Polynomial Regressions). The grey area corresponds to the confidence interval of the smooth line.
Collisions were more common during sledding than during skiing or snowboarding (Table 1). Crashes into inert obstacles, as opposed to people, were more common during sledding than during skiing and snowboarding. The proportion of injuries due to collisions decreased steadily from 2005 to 2022.
3.6. Risk factors
Table S2 reports the results of the multivariate analysis to identify factors independently associated with head injuries, wrist fractures, ACL tears and admission. Considerable variation was noted, with for instance greater skill being associated with more head injuries and ACL tears but fewer wrist fractures and female sex being associated with fewer head injuries and wrist fractures but more ACL tears. Table S3 gives the numbers of patients who were admitted and for whom the ski patrol was involved, according to patient features and type of injury. Admissions were uncommon and evenly divided among age groups and skill levels but were more frequent in patients with injuries to the head and trunk or lower limb and in those with collision as the mechanism of injury. The ski patrol was often involved, notably in patients with lower‐limb fractures.
4. DISCUSSION
In our large retrospective 23‐year cohort of children aged 1–15 years at a GP visit for a WSRI, marked variations were noted in the associations of age, sex and skill level with the type of injury. Lower‐limb injuries were particularly common during skiing, upper‐limb injuries during snowboarding, and head and trunk injuries during sledding. Collision as the mechanism of injury decreased over time. Importantly, helmet use increased over time, to four‐fifths of patients by 2022. However, helmet use remained uncommon during sledding. Few patients required admission, the most common reasons being injuries to the head, trunk and lower limbs.
The proportion of patients who required admission was consistent with earlier data. 8 , 11 Injury management by local GPs well versed in the diagnosis and treatment of WSRIs decreases the case‐loads in hospital emergency departments, allowing them to focus on the most serious cases. That head and trunk injuries and lower‐limb fractures were associated with admission agrees with previous reports. 3 , 4 , 18 It is important to note, however, that we did not include patients who were admitted immediately after injury, without first seeing a GP. Thus, overall injury severity was underestimated in our cohort. 3 , 15
Other studies have also demonstrated an increase in helmet use among children and adolescents in recent years. 8 , 10 This increase suggests that helmet campaigns may have been successful. Helmet use reduces the risk of head, neck and facial injuries of any severity in children. 19 , 20 , 21 A trauma‐centre registry study demonstrated that, among paediatric patients admitted to intensive care for WSRIs, those wearing a helmet had significantly lower injury severity scores. 5 Helmet use does not seem to increase high‐risk behaviours or the risk of neck or cervical‐spine injuries in winter‐sports participants. 16 , 22 In our cohort, over a tenth of injuries sustained during sledding were head injuries, a higher proportion than for any other sport, as reported by others. 3 , 18 , 23 However, helmet use was far less common during sledding than during skiing and snowboarding, in accordance with previous data. 3 Moreover, collisions were more common during sledding, perhaps because many sledders practise off piste. Sledding, head injuries and collisions were associated with a high risk of admission. 6 , 7 , 23 Clearly, further educational efforts are needed to encourage sledding in safe areas free of trees and other obstacles and to emphasise the importance of helmet use during all winter sports.
Knee‐ligament injuries are the most common skiing‐related injuries in both children and adults. 6 , 7 , 17 ACL tears, however, are significantly less common in children. 24 In a retrospective 18‐year cohort, ACL tears accounted for 20.9% of skiing injuries in adults compared to only 3.3% in children. 17 Conversely, leg and ankle fractures were significantly more common in children. 6 , 15 , 17 This difference may be related to the specific mechanical and anatomical characteristics of bones in childhood. Butter clump fractures and green wood fractures occur only in children, and the growth plate yields to stress more quickly than do the ligaments inserted into it. 25
Snowboarding, in contrast to skiing, was more likely to lead to upper‐limb injuries such as wrist fractures, in keeping with previous reports. 7 , 17 The differences in injuries between skiing and snowboarding are probably ascribable to differences in equipment, general posture and fall mechanisms. 26 During snowboarding, both feet are fixed to the board, limiting the risk of twisting the lower limbs, whereas a fall during skiing can apply considerable torque to a lower limb. Ski binding adjustments that ensure easier release in the event of a fall may reduce the risk of lower extremity injuries. 6 On the other hand, fixation of both feet to the snowboard may increase the risk of falling, notably in beginners, and outstretching the hand to break the fall can cause a wrist fracture. Several studies suggest that wearing wrist guards may reduce the risk of wrist fracture during snowboarding injuries. 27 Our findings and previous data clearly demonstrate that recommendations about injury prevention should be tailored to each type of winter sport. All winter‐sports participants should wear helmets. Quick‐release ski bindings probably benefit skiers, and wrist guards may deserve consideration in snowboarders.
Facial injuries were uncommon in our cohort. A database study covering the 5‐year period from 2010 to 2014 estimated that 27 618 emergency‐department visits for facial injuries related to winter sports occurred in patients younger than 18 years in the United States. 28 Among the injuries, 88.9% were lacerations, contusions, or abrasions and only 5.5% were fractures. Fractures were more common in older patients and with sledding compared to skiing or snowboarding. Efforts to improve the efficacy and increase the use of facial protection gear are warranted.
In France, injured patients who require non‐emergent medical attention are seen first by GPs, whereas in many other countries they receive initial care at hospital emergency departments. In a nationwide emergency‐department database study from the United States, skiing and snowboarding injuries decreased substantially over the 11 years from 2010 to 2020. 29 Head injuries accounted for 19.3% of all injuries, a proportion not considerably higher than that in our study (15.5%), suggesting that the emergency‐department population in the United States may not differ markedly from the GP population in France.
The percentages of head and face injuries and of leg and ankle fractures decreased significantly with increasing age in our cohort. Similarly, in a study at a Colorado ski resort of injuries seen in 2012–2013 and 2016–2017 in patients younger than 18 years, the percentages of injuries to the head and face and to the lower limbs were also higher in younger patients. 30 Also consistent with our findings, lower‐limb injuries were more common during skiing and upper‐limb injuries during snowboarding. Collision injuries were more common in younger patients, suggesting a possible area for injury prevention.
A major limitation of our study is the retrospective design. However, for most variables, as shown in the tables, the numbers of missing data were low. An exception is helmet use between 2009 and 2011, which constitutes only three of the 23 study years. Second, we recorded information only about patients who saw a GP after the injury. Patients with serious injuries requiring immediate transfer to a trauma centre were not evaluated. This point limits the general applicability of our findings. Third, changes in clinical practice undoubtedly occurred over the 23‐year recruitment period. Moreover, data collection for head and neck injuries changed somewhat after 2005. Fourth, some patients who met our study criteria may not have had an OWSA form completed by the GP, for instance due to lack of time. Also, for patients with several injuries, we considered only the first injury recorded on the form—the most serious injury when the case arose. The only mechanism of injury recorded was collision: data were not obtained on other factors such as equipment failure. Fifth, skill level was self‐reported by the patients. Sixth, we pooled sports other than skiing, snowboarding and sledding into a group that also included patients whose type of sport was not recorded. Only small numbers of patients sustained injuries during other sports such as cross‐country skiing or skating. Finally, we did not have data on the number of people exposed to WSRIs during the study period and are therefore unable to estimate the incidence rate of injuries.
5. CONCLUSION
The factors associated with injuries during winter sports in children and adolescents vary widely across type of sport and according to age, sex and skill level. The predominant injuries in patients seen by GPs are lower‐limb injuries during skiing, wrist fractures during snowboarding, and injuries to the head, face and spine during sledding. Few patients seen first by GPs require admission. Preventive measures should target the specific risks associated with each sport. Quick‐release ski bindings and wrist guards for snowboarders may deserve special attention. Helmet wear is strongly recommended for all winter sports including sledding. Research is needed to identify optimal fall‐ and collision‐prevention strategies and to improve protective gear. Potential risk factors such as fatigue and conditions regarding weather, snow and slope deserve evaluation.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Quentin Mugniery: Conceptualization; data curation; formal analysis; investigation; methodology; project administration; resources; visualization; writing – original draft; writing – review and editing. Cécile Ricard: Formal analysis; software; writing – original draft; writing – review and editing. Suzanne Mirtain: Writing – review and editing. Manon Navarre: Writing – review and editing. Corentin Tanné: Conceptualization; data curation; investigation; methodology; project administration; resources; supervision; validation; visualization; writing – original draft; writing – review and editing.
FUNDING INFORMATION
None.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT
The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.
Supporting information
Table S1.
Table S2.
Table S3.
Mugniery Q, Ricard C, Mirtain S, Navarre M, Tanné C. Epidemiology of paediatric winter sports‐related injuries in France: The WINTRAUMA‐1 retrospective cohort study. Acta Paediatr. 2025;114:603–610. 10.1111/apa.17480
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
The study data will be shared with other investigators upon reasonable request to the corresponding author.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Supplementary Materials
Table S1.
Table S2.
Table S3.
Data Availability Statement
The study data will be shared with other investigators upon reasonable request to the corresponding author.