Table 3.

Disadvantages of three digital media in physical education teaching in the OLPE model

Edmodo’s Disadvantages in Physical Education			Disadvantages of zoom in physical education			Google Meet’s Disadvantages in Physical Education
Functional limitations	Features	Applicable scenarios	Functional limitations	Features	Applicable scenarios	Functional limitations	Features	Applicable scenarios
Edmodo lacks real-time interaction in physical education, lacks instant feedback on physical education activities, does not support live broadcasting or simultaneous interactive use of other multimedia tools. There is no sports tracking function and lacks built-in sports data statistical analysis function	“Edmodo is designed primarily for text-based communication, assignments, and quizzes, making it less effective for teaching physical skills that require visual and kinesthetic learning methods.”	Edmodo is not suitable for skill classes that require detailed observation, such as difficult and aesthetic movements in dance or gymnastics. Monitoring progress: teachers cannot effectively monitor students’ physical condition or ensure correct techniques. Environmental restrictions: students may complete their studies in an environment that is not suitable for physical activities	ZOOM’s camera field of view cannot capture the full range of student movements. It is difficult for teachers to accurately observe and assess physical skills. Lack of physical interaction, such as the platform does not allow hands-on instruction or real-time physical correction. Inadequate assessment tools, ZOOM lacks specialized features for sports assessment, such as movement tracking or interactive feedback mechanisms [24]	Video quality issues: Changes in Internet bandwidth can cause video quality to lag, which prevents teachers from effectively assessing students’ learning progress. Audio delay: Lag in audio transmission can undermine the effectiveness of teaching competitive sports that require precise timing, such as dance or martial arts routines	Karnam (2020), Zoom has serious security risks and its use of stored data is worrying. Zoom’s privacy policy does not clearly state how they handle recorded meetings, so there is a privacy threat. According to Business Insider, Zoom has been accused of passing data to third parties, without notifying users. The “transmission encryption” used by Zoom when sending data is less secure than the “end-to-end encryption” used by other companies on the Internet. [25]	Google Meet’s simple interface means that the selection and operation of functions are relatively limited. Google Meet lacks dedicated functions for sports teaching, such as sports analysis or interactive practice modules. The video quality is unstable, and lacks direct participation functions. There is no built-in assessment function, and Google Meet cannot conduct real-time quizzes or skill assessments for sports activities	Rahamat (2011) pointed out that when students are dribbling, the teacher cannot see all students at the same time, making it difficult to ensure the correctness of the students’ skills. Soltan (2016), in homogeneous group teaching, the teacher guides students to jump shots, and the teacher cannot clearly observe the full range of students’ body movements, such as leg position and arm movement	There are many disadvantages of using Google Meet for synchronous meetings, including inefficient communication and interaction between teachers and students, inability to carry out practical applications, lack of social interaction, lack of motivation to learn, insufficient checking of objective class tasks, and possible cheating or decline in physical and mental health [26]. For example, spending too much time in front of the screen and developing a sedentary lifestyle [27]