Skip to main content
PMC home page
Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience : JPN logoLink to Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience : JPN
. 1992 Oct;17(4):158–180.

Dopamine receptor genes: new tools for molecular psychiatry.

H B Niznik 1, H H Van Tol 1
PMCID: PMC1188440  PMID: 1450188

Abstract

For over a decade it has been generally assumed that all the pharmacological and biochemical actions of dopamine within the central nervous system and periphery were mediated by two distinct dopamine receptors. These receptors, termed D1 and D2, were defined as those coupled to the stimulation or inhibition of adenylate cyclase, respectively, and by their selectivity and avidity for various drugs and compounds. The concept that two dopamine receptors were sufficient to account for all the effects mediated by dopamine was an oversimplification. Recent molecular biological studies have identified five distinct genes which encode at least eight functional dopamine receptors. The members of the expanded dopamine receptor family, however, can still be codifed by way of the original D1 and D2 receptor dichotomy. These include two genes encoding dopamine D1-like receptors (D1 [D1A]/D5 [D1B]) and three genes encoding D2-like receptors (D2/D3/D4). We review here our recent work on the cloning and characterization of some of the members of the dopamine receptor gene family (D1, D2, D4, D5), their relationship to neuropsychiatric disorders and their potential role in antipsychotic drug action.

Full text

PDF
158

Images in this article

160Fig. 1
on p.160

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Albert P. R., Neve K. A., Bunzow J. R., Civelli O. Coupling of a cloned rat dopamine-D2 receptor to inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and prolactin secretion. J Biol Chem. 1990 Feb 5;265(4):2098–2104. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Altherr M. R., Bengtsson U., Elder F. F., Ledbetter D. H., Wasmuth J. J., McDonald M. E., Gusella J. F., Greenberg F. Molecular confirmation of Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome with a subtle translocation of chromosome 4. Am J Hum Genet. 1991 Dec;49(6):1235–1242. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Andersen P. H., Gingrich J. A., Bates M. D., Dearry A., Falardeau P., Senogles S. E., Caron M. G. Dopamine receptor subtypes: beyond the D1/D2 classification. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 1990 Jun;11(6):231–236. doi: 10.1016/0165-6147(90)90249-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Artalejo C. R., Ariano M. A., Perlman R. L., Fox A. P. Activation of facilitation calcium channels in chromaffin cells by D1 dopamine receptors through a cAMP/protein kinase A-dependent mechanism. Nature. 1990 Nov 15;348(6298):239–242. doi: 10.1038/348239a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Ashkenazi A., Ramachandran J., Capon D. J. Acetylcholine analogue stimulates DNA synthesis in brain-derived cells via specific muscarinic receptor subtypes. Nature. 1989 Jul 13;340(6229):146–150. doi: 10.1038/340146a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Baindur N., Tran M., Niznik H. B., Guan H. C., Seeman P., Neumeyer J. L. (+/-)-3-allyl-7-halo-8-hydroxy-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepines as selective high affinity D1 dopamine receptor antagonists: synthesis and structure-activity relationship. J Med Chem. 1992 Jan;35(1):67–72. doi: 10.1021/jm00079a008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Bassett A. S., McGillivray B. C., Jones B. D., Pantzar J. T. Partial trisomy chromosome 5 cosegregating with schizophrenia. Lancet. 1988 Apr 9;1(8589):799–801. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(88)91660-1. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Benovic J. L., DeBlasi A., Stone W. C., Caron M. G., Lefkowitz R. J. Beta-adrenergic receptor kinase: primary structure delineates a multigene family. Science. 1989 Oct 13;246(4927):235–240. doi: 10.1126/science.2552582. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Bertorello A. M., Hopfield J. F., Aperia A., Greengard P. Inhibition by dopamine of (Na(+)+K+)ATPase activity in neostriatal neurons through D1 and D2 dopamine receptor synergism. Nature. 1990 Sep 27;347(6291):386–388. doi: 10.1038/347386a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Bockaert J. G proteins and G-protein-coupled receptors: structure, function and interactions. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 1991 Jun;1(1):32–42. doi: 10.1016/0959-4388(91)90008-u. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Bunzow J. R., Van Tol H. H., Grandy D. K., Albert P., Salon J., Christie M., Machida C. A., Neve K. A., Civelli O. Cloning and expression of a rat D2 dopamine receptor cDNA. Nature. 1988 Dec 22;336(6201):783–787. doi: 10.1038/336783a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Chio C. L., Hess G. F., Graham R. S., Huff R. M. A second molecular form of D2 dopamine receptor in rat and bovine caudate nucleus. Nature. 1990 Jan 18;343(6255):266–269. doi: 10.1038/343266a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Civelli O., Bunzow J. R., Grandy D. K., Zhou Q. Y., Van Tol H. H. Molecular biology of the dopamine receptors. Eur J Pharmacol. 1991 Aug 14;207(4):277–286. doi: 10.1016/0922-4106(91)90001-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Clark D., White F. J. D1 dopamine receptor--the search for a function: a critical evaluation of the D1/D2 dopamine receptor classification and its functional implications. Synapse. 1987;1(4):347–388. doi: 10.1002/syn.890010408. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Cleghorn J. M., Zipursky R. B., List S. J. Structural and functional brain imaging in schizophrenia. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 1991 Jul;16(2):53–74. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Cole A. J., Bhat R. V., Patt C., Worley P. F., Baraban J. M. D1 dopamine receptor activation of multiple transcription factor genes in rat striatum. J Neurochem. 1992 Apr;58(4):1420–1426. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1992.tb11358.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Collins S., Caron M. G., Lefkowitz R. J. Regulation of adrenergic receptor responsiveness through modulation of receptor gene expression. Annu Rev Physiol. 1991;53:497–508. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ph.53.030191.002433. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Comings D. E., Comings B. G., Muhleman D., Dietz G., Shahbahrami B., Tast D., Knell E., Kocsis P., Baumgarten R., Kovacs B. W. The dopamine D2 receptor locus as a modifying gene in neuropsychiatric disorders. JAMA. 1991 Oct 2;266(13):1793–1800. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Dal Toso R., Sommer B., Ewert M., Herb A., Pritchett D. B., Bach A., Shivers B. D., Seeburg P. H. The dopamine D2 receptor: two molecular forms generated by alternative splicing. EMBO J. 1989 Dec 20;8(13):4025–4034. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1989.tb08585.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Dearry A., Falardeau P., Shores C., Caron M. G. D2 dopamine receptors in the human retina: cloning of cDNA and localization of mRNA. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 1991 Oct;11(5):437–453. doi: 10.1007/BF00734808. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Dearry A., Gingrich J. A., Falardeau P., Fremeau R. T., Jr, Bates M. D., Caron M. G. Molecular cloning and expression of the gene for a human D1 dopamine receptor. Nature. 1990 Sep 6;347(6288):72–76. doi: 10.1038/347072a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Demchyshyn L., Sunahara R. K., Miller K., Teitler M., Hoffman B. J., Kennedy J. L., Seeman P., Van Tol H. H., Niznik H. B. A human serotonin 1D receptor variant (5HT1D beta) encoded by an intronless gene on chromosome 6. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Jun 15;89(12):5522–5526. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.12.5522. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Detera-Wadleigh S. D., Goldin L. R., Sherrington R., Encio I., de Miguel C., Berrettini W., Gurling H., Gershon E. S. Exclusion of linkage to 5q11-13 in families with schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders. Nature. 1989 Aug 3;340(6232):391–393. doi: 10.1038/340391a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Dohlman H. G., Thorner J., Caron M. G., Lefkowitz R. J. Model systems for the study of seven-transmembrane-segment receptors. Annu Rev Biochem. 1991;60:653–688. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.60.070191.003253. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Dowling J. E. Retinal neuromodulation: the role of dopamine. Vis Neurosci. 1991 Jul-Aug;7(1-2):87–97. doi: 10.1017/s0952523800010968. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Ellenbroek B. A., Artz M. T., Cools A. R. The involvement of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in the effects of the classical neuroleptic haloperidol and the atypical neuroleptic clozapine. Eur J Pharmacol. 1991 Apr 10;196(1):103–108. doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(91)90414-l. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Ellis R. J., van der Vies S. M. Molecular chaperones. Annu Rev Biochem. 1991;60:321–347. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.60.070191.001541. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Elsholtz H. P., Lew A. M., Albert P. R., Sundmark V. C. Inhibitory control of prolactin and Pit-1 gene promoters by dopamine. Dual signaling pathways required for D2 receptor-regulated expression of the prolactin gene. J Biol Chem. 1991 Dec 5;266(34):22919–22925. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Eubanks J. H., Altherr M., Wagner-McPherson C., McPherson J. D., Wasmuth J. J., Evans G. A. Localization of the D5 dopamine receptor gene to human chromosome 4p15.1-p15.3, centromeric to the Huntington's disease locus. Genomics. 1992 Mar;12(3):510–516. doi: 10.1016/0888-7543(92)90442-u. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Felder R. A., Felder C. C., Eisner G. M., Jose P. A. The dopamine receptor in adult and maturing kidney. Am J Physiol. 1989 Sep;257(3 Pt 2):F315–F327. doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.1989.257.3.F315. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Fremeau R. T., Jr, Duncan G. E., Fornaretto M. G., Dearry A., Gingrich J. A., Breese G. R., Caron M. G. Localization of D1 dopamine receptor mRNA in brain supports a role in cognitive, affective, and neuroendocrine aspects of dopaminergic neurotransmission. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 May 1;88(9):3772–3776. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.9.3772. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Gandelman K. Y., Harmon S., Todd R. D., O'Malley K. L. Analysis of the structure and expression of the human dopamine D2A receptor gene. J Neurochem. 1991 Mar;56(3):1024–1029. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb02024.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Gelernter J., Kennedy J. L., van Tol H. H., Civelli O., Kidd K. K. The D4 dopamine receptor (DRD4) maps to distal 11p close to HRAS. Genomics. 1992 May;13(1):208–210. doi: 10.1016/0888-7543(92)90222-e. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Gerfen C. R., McGinty J. F., Young W. S., 3rd Dopamine differentially regulates dynorphin, substance P, and enkephalin expression in striatal neurons: in situ hybridization histochemical analysis. J Neurosci. 1991 Apr;11(4):1016–1031. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.11-04-01016.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Gerlach J. New antipsychotics: classification, efficacy, and adverse effects. Schizophr Bull. 1991;17(2):289–309. doi: 10.1093/schbul/17.2.289. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Giardino L., Calzà L., Piazza P. V., Amato G. Multiple neurochemical action of clozapine: a quantitative autoradiographic study of DA2, opiate and benzodiazepine receptors in the rat brain after long-term treatment. J Neural Transm Gen Sect. 1991;83(3):189–203. doi: 10.1007/BF01253389. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Gilliam T. C., Freimer N. B., Kaufmann C. A., Powchik P. P., Bassett A. S., Bengtsson U., Wasmuth J. J. Deletion mapping of DNA markers to a region of chromosome 5 that cosegregates with schizophrenia. Genomics. 1989 Nov;5(4):940–944. doi: 10.1016/0888-7543(89)90138-9. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Giros B., Martres M. P., Pilon C., Sokoloff P., Schwartz J. C. Shorter variants of the D3 dopamine receptor produced through various patterns of alternative splicing. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1991 May 15;176(3):1584–1592. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(91)90469-n. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Giros B., Martres M. P., Sokoloff P., Schwartz J. C. Clonage du gène du récepteur dopaminergique D3 humain et identification de son chromosome. C R Acad Sci III. 1990;311(13):501–508. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Giros B., Sokoloff P., Martres M. P., Riou J. F., Emorine L. J., Schwartz J. C. Alternative splicing directs the expression of two D2 dopamine receptor isoforms. Nature. 1989 Dec 21;342(6252):923–926. doi: 10.1038/342923a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Goldstein M., Deutch A. Y. Dopaminergic mechanisms in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. FASEB J. 1992 Apr;6(7):2413–2421. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Gomez-Mancilla B., Bédard P. J. Effect of D1 and D2 agonists and antagonists on dyskinesia produced by L-dopa in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-treated monkeys. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1991 Oct;259(1):409–413. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Grandy D. K., Marchionni M. A., Makam H., Stofko R. E., Alfano M., Frothingham L., Fischer J. B., Burke-Howie K. J., Bunzow J. R., Server A. C. Cloning of the cDNA and gene for a human D2 dopamine receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Dec;86(24):9762–9766. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.24.9762. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Grandy D. K., Zhang Y. A., Bouvier C., Zhou Q. Y., Johnson R. A., Allen L., Buck K., Bunzow J. R., Salon J., Civelli O. Multiple human D5 dopamine receptor genes: a functional receptor and two pseudogenes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Oct 15;88(20):9175–9179. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.20.9175. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Grandy D. K., Zhou Q. Y., Allen L., Litt R., Magenis R. E., Civelli O., Litt M. A human D1 dopamine receptor gene is located on chromosome 5 at q35.1 and identifies an EcoRI RFLP. Am J Hum Genet. 1990 Nov;47(5):828–834. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Gusella J. F., Tanzi R. E., Bader P. I., Phelan M. C., Stevenson R., Hayden M. R., Hofman K. J., Faryniarz A. G., Gibbons K. Deletion of Huntington's disease-linked G8 (D4S10) locus in Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome. Nature. 1985 Nov 7;318(6041):75–78. doi: 10.1038/318075a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Gutkind J. S., Novotny E. A., Brann M. R., Robbins K. C. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes as agonist-dependent oncogenes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Jun 1;88(11):4703–4707. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.11.4703. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Harrison M. B., Wiley R. G., Wooten G. F. Selective localization of striatal D1 receptors to striatonigral neurons. Brain Res. 1990 Oct 1;528(2):317–322. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(90)91674-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Horstman D. A., Brandon S., Wilson A. L., Guyer C. A., Cragoe E. J., Jr, Limbird L. E. An aspartate conserved among G-protein receptors confers allosteric regulation of alpha 2-adrenergic receptors by sodium. J Biol Chem. 1990 Dec 15;265(35):21590–21595. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Jann M. W. Clozapine. Pharmacotherapy. 1991;11(3):179–195. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Jarvie K. R., Booth G., Brown E. M., Niznik H. B. Glycoprotein nature of dopamine D1 receptors in the brain and parathyroid gland. Mol Pharmacol. 1989 Oct;36(4):566–574. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Julius D. Molecular biology of serotonin receptors. Annu Rev Neurosci. 1991;14:335–360. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ne.14.030191.002003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Kanterman R. Y., Mahan L. C., Briley E. M., Monsma F. J., Jr, Sibley D. R., Axelrod J., Felder C. C. Transfected D2 dopamine receptors mediate the potentiation of arachidonic acid release in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Mol Pharmacol. 1991 Mar;39(3):364–369. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Kaziro Y., Itoh H., Kozasa T., Nakafuku M., Satoh T. Structure and function of signal-transducing GTP-binding proteins. Annu Rev Biochem. 1991;60:349–400. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.60.070191.002025. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Kebabian J. W., Calne D. B. Multiple receptors for dopamine. Nature. 1979 Jan 11;277(5692):93–96. doi: 10.1038/277093a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Kennedy J. L., Giuffra L. A., Moises H. W., Cavalli-Sforza L. L., Pakstis A. J., Kidd J. R., Castiglione C. M., Sjogren B., Wetterberg L., Kidd K. K. Evidence against linkage of schizophrenia to markers on chromosome 5 in a northern Swedish pedigree. Nature. 1988 Nov 10;336(6195):167–170. doi: 10.1038/336167a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Kennedy J. L., Sidenberg D. G., Van Tol H. H., Kidd K. K. A HincII RFLP in the human D4 dopamine receptor locus (DRD4). Nucleic Acids Res. 1991 Oct 25;19(20):5801–5801. doi: 10.1093/nar/19.20.5801. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Kobilka B. K., Frielle T., Dohlman H. G., Bolanowski M. A., Dixon R. A., Keller P., Caron M. G., Lefkowitz R. J. Delineation of the intronless nature of the genes for the human and hamster beta 2-adrenergic receptor and their putative promoter regions. J Biol Chem. 1987 May 25;262(15):7321–7327. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Kobilka B. Adrenergic receptors as models for G protein-coupled receptors. Annu Rev Neurosci. 1992;15:87–114. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ne.15.030192.000511. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Lankford K. L., DeMello F. G., Klein W. L. D1-type dopamine receptors inhibit growth cone motility in cultured retina neurons: evidence that neurotransmitters act as morphogenic growth regulators in the developing central nervous system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Apr;85(8):2839–2843. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.8.2839. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Le Moine C., Normand E., Bloch B. Phenotypical characterization of the rat striatal neurons expressing the D1 dopamine receptor gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 May 15;88(10):4205–4209. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.10.4205. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Lledo P. M., Homburger V., Bockaert J., Vincent J. D. Differential G protein-mediated coupling of D2 dopamine receptors to K+ and Ca2+ currents in rat anterior pituitary cells. Neuron. 1992 Mar;8(3):455–463. doi: 10.1016/0896-6273(92)90273-g. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Lohse M. J., Benovic J. L., Codina J., Caron M. G., Lefkowitz R. J. beta-Arrestin: a protein that regulates beta-adrenergic receptor function. Science. 1990 Jun 22;248(4962):1547–1550. doi: 10.1126/science.2163110. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Lokhandwala M. F., Amenta F. Anatomical distribution and function of dopamine receptors in the kidney. FASEB J. 1991 Dec;5(15):3023–3030. doi: 10.1096/fasebj.5.15.1683844. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Machida C. A., Searles R. P., Nipper V., Brown J. A., Kozell L. B., Neve K. A. Molecular cloning and expression of the rhesus macaque D1 dopamine receptor gene. Mol Pharmacol. 1992 Apr;41(4):652–659. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Mack K. J., Todd R. D., O'Malley K. L. The mouse dopamine D2A receptor gene: sequence homology with the rat and human genes and expression of alternative transcripts. J Neurochem. 1991 Sep;57(3):795–801. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb08221.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Mahan L. C., Burch R. M., Monsma F. J., Jr, Sibley D. R. Expression of striatal D1 dopamine receptors coupled to inositol phosphate production and Ca2+ mobilization in Xenopus oocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Mar;87(6):2196–2200. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.6.2196. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Mansour A., Meador-Woodruff J. H., Zhou Q. Y., Civelli O., Akil H., Watson S. J. A comparison of D1 receptor binding and mRNA in rat brain using receptor autoradiographic and in situ hybridization techniques. Neuroscience. 1991;45(2):359–371. doi: 10.1016/0306-4522(91)90233-e. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Martens G. J., Molhuizen H. O., Gröneveld D., Roubos E. W. Cloning and sequence analysis of brain cDNA encoding a Xenopus D2 dopamine receptor. FEBS Lett. 1991 Apr 9;281(1-2):85–89. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(91)80364-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Martres M. P., Sokoloff P., Giros B., Schwartz J. C. Effects of dopaminergic transmission interruption on the D2 receptor isoforms in various cerebral tissues. J Neurochem. 1992 Feb;58(2):673–679. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1992.tb09770.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. McCobb D. P., Haydon P. G., Kater S. B. Dopamine and serotonin inhibition of neurite elongation of different identified neurons. J Neurosci Res. 1988;19(1):19–26. doi: 10.1002/jnr.490190104. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. McHugh D., Coffin V. The reversal of extrapyramidal side effects with SCH 39166, a dopamine D1 receptor antagonist. Eur J Pharmacol. 1991 Sep 4;202(1):133–134. doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(91)90268-u. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. McMillian M. K., He X. P., Hong J. S., Pennypacker K. R. Dopamine stimulates [3H]phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate binding in cultured striatal cells. J Neurochem. 1992 Apr;58(4):1308–1312. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1992.tb11343.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Meltzer H. Y. The mechanism of action of novel antipsychotic drugs. Schizophr Bull. 1991;17(2):263–287. doi: 10.1093/schbul/17.2.263. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Mengod G., Vilaró M. T., Niznik H. B., Sunahara R. K., Seeman P., O'Dowd B. F., Palacios J. M. Visualization of a dopamine D1 receptor mRNA in human and rat brain. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 1991 May;10(2):185–191. doi: 10.1016/0169-328x(91)90110-j. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Minowa M. T., Minowa T., Monsma F. J., Jr, Sibley D. R., Mouradian M. M. Characterization of the 5' flanking region of the human D1A dopamine receptor gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Apr 1;89(7):3045–3049. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.7.3045. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Missale C., Boroni F., Castelletti L., Dal Toso R., Gabellini N., Sigala S., Spano P. Lack of coupling of D-2 receptors to adenylate cyclase in GH-3 cells exposed to epidermal growth factor. Possible role of a differential expression of Gi protein subtypes. J Biol Chem. 1991 Dec 5;266(34):23392–23398. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Monsma F. J., Jr, Mahan L. C., McVittie L. D., Gerfen C. R., Sibley D. R. Molecular cloning and expression of a D1 dopamine receptor linked to adenylyl cyclase activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Sep;87(17):6723–6727. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.17.6723. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Monsma F. J., Jr, McVittie L. D., Gerfen C. R., Mahan L. C., Sibley D. R. Multiple D2 dopamine receptors produced by alternative RNA splicing. Nature. 1989 Dec 21;342(6252):926–929. doi: 10.1038/342926a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Montmayeur J. P., Bausero P., Amlaiky N., Maroteaux L., Hen R., Borrelli E. Differential expression of the mouse D2 dopamine receptor isoforms. FEBS Lett. 1991 Jan 28;278(2):239–243. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(91)80125-m. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Montmayeur J. P., Borrelli E. Transcription mediated by a cAMP-responsive promoter element is reduced upon activation of dopamine D2 receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Apr 15;88(8):3135–3139. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.8.3135. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Neumeyer J. L., Baindur N., Niznik H. B., Guan H. C., Seeman P. (+/-)-3-Allyl-6-bromo-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3- benzazepin, a new high-affinity D1 dopamine receptor ligand: synthesis and structure-activity relationship. J Med Chem. 1991 Dec;34(12):3366–3371. doi: 10.1021/jm00116a004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Neve K. A., Henningsen R. A., Bunzow J. R., Civelli O. Functional characterization of a rat dopamine D-2 receptor cDNA expressed in a mammalian cell line. Mol Pharmacol. 1989 Sep;36(3):446–451. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Neve K. A., Neve R. L., Fidel S., Janowsky A., Higgins G. A. Increased abundance of alternatively spliced forms of D2 dopamine receptor mRNA after denervation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Apr 1;88(7):2802–2806. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.7.2802. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Nguyen T., Sunahara R., Marchese A., Van Tol H. H., Seeman P., O'Dowd B. F. Transcription of a human dopamine D5 pseudogene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1991 Nov 27;181(1):16–21. doi: 10.1016/s0006-291x(05)81375-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Niznik H. B. Dopamine receptors: molecular structure and function. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1987 Nov;54(1):1–22. doi: 10.1016/0303-7207(87)90134-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Niznik H. B., Jarvie K. R., Brown E. M. Dopamine D1 receptors of the calf parathyroid gland: identification of a ligand binding subunit with lower apparent molecular weight but similar primary structure to neuronal D1-receptors. Biochemistry. 1989 Aug 22;28(17):6925–6930. doi: 10.1021/bi00443a022. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Niznik H. B., Jarvie K. R., Bzowej N. H., Seeman P., Garlick R. K., Miller J. J., Jr, Baindur N., Neumeyer J. L. Photoaffinity labeling of dopamine D1 receptors. Biochemistry. 1988 Oct 4;27(20):7594–7599. doi: 10.1021/bi00420a004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Noronha-Blob L., Lowe V. C., Weitzberg M., Burch R. M. NPC 15669 enhances survival and reverses leukopenia in endotoxin-treated mice. Eur J Pharmacol. 1991 Jul 9;199(3):387–388. doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(91)90507-m. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. O'Dowd B. F., Hnatowich M., Caron M. G., Lefkowitz R. J., Bouvier M. Palmitoylation of the human beta 2-adrenergic receptor. Mutation of Cys341 in the carboxyl tail leads to an uncoupled nonpalmitoylated form of the receptor. J Biol Chem. 1989 May 5;264(13):7564–7569. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. O'Dowd B. F., Nguyen T., Tirpak A., Jarvie K. R., Israel Y., Seeman P., Niznik H. B. Cloning of two additional catecholamine receptors from rat brain. FEBS Lett. 1990 Mar 12;262(1):8–12. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(90)80140-e. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. O'Malley K. L., Harmon S., Tang L., Todd R. D. The rat dopamine D4 receptor: sequence, gene structure, and demonstration of expression in the cardiovascular system. New Biol. 1992 Feb;4(2):137–146. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. O'Malley K. L., Mack K. J., Gandelman K. Y., Todd R. D. Organization and expression of the rat D2A receptor gene: identification of alternative transcripts and a variant donor splice site. Biochemistry. 1990 Feb 13;29(6):1367–1371. doi: 10.1021/bi00458a003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Ostrowski J., Kjelsberg M. A., Caron M. G., Lefkowitz R. J. Mutagenesis of the beta 2-adrenergic receptor: how structure elucidates function. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 1992;32:167–183. doi: 10.1146/annurev.pa.32.040192.001123. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Palczewski K., Benovic J. L. G-protein-coupled receptor kinases. Trends Biochem Sci. 1991 Oct;16(10):387–391. doi: 10.1016/0968-0004(91)90157-q. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Piomelli D., Pilon C., Giros B., Sokoloff P., Martres M. P., Schwartz J. C. Dopamine activation of the arachidonic acid cascade as a basis for D1/D2 receptor synergism. Nature. 1991 Sep 12;353(6340):164–167. doi: 10.1038/353164a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Polymeropoulos M. H., Xiao H., Merril C. R. The human D5 dopamine receptor (DRD5) maps on chromosome 4. Genomics. 1991 Nov;11(3):777–778. doi: 10.1016/0888-7543(91)90091-r. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Power R. F., Mani S. K., Codina J., Conneely O. M., O'Malley B. W. Dopaminergic and ligand-independent activation of steroid hormone receptors. Science. 1991 Dec 13;254(5038):1636–1639. doi: 10.1126/science.1749936. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Rao D. D., McKelvy J., Kebabian J., MacKenzie R. G. Two forms of the rat D2 dopamine receptor as revealed by the polymerase chain reaction. FEBS Lett. 1990 Apr 9;263(1):18–22. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(90)80695-f. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Robertson H. A. Dopamine receptor interactions: some implications for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Trends Neurosci. 1992 Jun;15(6):201–206. doi: 10.1016/0166-2236(92)90034-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Robertson H. A., Paul M. L., Moratalla R., Graybiel A. M. Expression of the immediate early gene c-fos in basal ganglia: induction by dopaminergic drugs. Can J Neurol Sci. 1991 Aug;18(3 Suppl):380–383. doi: 10.1017/s0317167100032480. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. Rodrigues P. dos S., Dowling J. E. Dopamine induces neurite retraction in retinal horizontal cells via diacylglycerol and protein kinase C. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Dec;87(24):9693–9697. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.24.9693. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Sarkar G., Kapelner S., Grandy D. K., Marchionni M., Civelli O., Sobell J., Heston L., Sommer S. S. Direct sequencing of the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) in schizophrenics reveals three polymorphisms but no structural change in the receptor. Genomics. 1991 Sep;11(1):8–14. doi: 10.1016/0888-7543(91)90096-w. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. Sawaguchi T., Goldman-Rakic P. S. D1 dopamine receptors in prefrontal cortex: involvement in working memory. Science. 1991 Feb 22;251(4996):947–950. doi: 10.1126/science.1825731. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Seeman P. Brain dopamine receptors. Pharmacol Rev. 1980 Sep;32(3):229–313. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Seeman P. Dopamine receptors and the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia. Synapse. 1987;1(2):133–152. doi: 10.1002/syn.890010203. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. Seeman P., Niznik H. B. Dopamine receptors and transporters in Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia. FASEB J. 1990 Jul;4(10):2737–2744. doi: 10.1096/fasebj.4.10.2197154. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. Seeman P., Niznik H. B., Guan H. C., Booth G., Ulpian C. Link between D1 and D2 dopamine receptors is reduced in schizophrenia and Huntington diseased brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Dec;86(24):10156–10160. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.24.10156. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. Seeman P., Niznik H. B., Guan H. C. Elevation of dopamine D2 receptors in schizophrenia is underestimated by radioactive raclopride. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1990 Dec;47(12):1170–1172. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1990.01810240090014. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. Selbie L. A., Hayes G., Shine J. The major dopamine D2 receptor: molecular analysis of the human D2A subtype. DNA. 1989 Nov;8(9):683–689. doi: 10.1089/dna.1.1989.8.683. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. Senogles S. E., Spiegel A. M., Padrell E., Iyengar R., Caron M. G. Specificity of receptor-G protein interactions. Discrimination of Gi subtypes by the D2 dopamine receptor in a reconstituted system. J Biol Chem. 1990 Mar 15;265(8):4507–4514. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. Sherrington R., Brynjolfsson J., Petursson H., Potter M., Dudleston K., Barraclough B., Wasmuth J., Dobbs M., Gurling H. Localization of a susceptibility locus for schizophrenia on chromosome 5. Nature. 1988 Nov 10;336(6195):164–167. doi: 10.1038/336164a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. Sibley D. R., Monsma F. J., Jr Molecular biology of dopamine receptors. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 1992 Feb;13(2):61–69. doi: 10.1016/0165-6147(92)90025-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  114. Sidhu A., Sullivan M., Kohout T., Balen P., Fishman P. H. D1 dopamine receptors can interact with both stimulatory and inhibitory guanine nucleotide binding proteins. J Neurochem. 1991 Oct;57(4):1445–1451. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb08312.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  115. Simon M. I., Strathmann M. P., Gautam N. Diversity of G proteins in signal transduction. Science. 1991 May 10;252(5007):802–808. doi: 10.1126/science.1902986. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  116. Sokoloff P., Giros B., Martres M. P., Bouthenet M. L., Schwartz J. C. Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel dopamine receptor (D3) as a target for neuroleptics. Nature. 1990 Sep 13;347(6289):146–151. doi: 10.1038/347146a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  117. St Clair D., Blackwood D., Muir W., Baillie D., Hubbard A., Wright A., Evans H. J. No linkage of chromosome 5q11-q13 markers to schizophrenia in Scottish families. Nature. 1989 May 25;339(6222):305–309. doi: 10.1038/339305a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  118. Stormann T. M., Gdula D. C., Weiner D. M., Brann M. R. Molecular cloning and expression of a dopamine D2 receptor from human retina. Mol Pharmacol. 1990 Jan;37(1):1–6. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  119. Strader C. D., Candelore M. R., Hill W. S., Sigal I. S., Dixon R. A. Identification of two serine residues involved in agonist activation of the beta-adrenergic receptor. J Biol Chem. 1989 Aug 15;264(23):13572–13578. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  120. Strader C. D., Gaffney T., Sugg E. E., Candelore M. R., Keys R., Patchett A. A., Dixon R. A. Allele-specific activation of genetically engineered receptors. J Biol Chem. 1991 Jan 5;266(1):5–8. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  121. Sunahara R. K., Guan H. C., O'Dowd B. F., Seeman P., Laurier L. G., Ng G., George S. R., Torchia J., Van Tol H. H., Niznik H. B. Cloning of the gene for a human dopamine D5 receptor with higher affinity for dopamine than D1. Nature. 1991 Apr 18;350(6319):614–619. doi: 10.1038/350614a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  122. Sunahara R. K., Niznik H. B., Weiner D. M., Stormann T. M., Brann M. R., Kennedy J. L., Gelernter J. E., Rozmahel R., Yang Y. L., Israel Y. Human dopamine D1 receptor encoded by an intronless gene on chromosome 5. Nature. 1990 Sep 6;347(6288):80–83. doi: 10.1038/347080a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  123. Tiberi M., Jarvie K. R., Silvia C., Falardeau P., Gingrich J. A., Godinot N., Bertrand L., Yang-Feng T. L., Fremeau R. T., Jr, Caron M. G. Cloning, molecular characterization, and chromosomal assignment of a gene encoding a second D1 dopamine receptor subtype: differential expression pattern in rat brain compared with the D1A receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Sep 1;88(17):7491–7495. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.17.7491. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  124. Todd R. D., Khurana T. S., Sajovic P., Stone K. R., O'Malley K. L. Cloning of ligand-specific cell lines via gene transfer: identification of a D2 dopamine receptor subtype. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Dec;86(24):10134–10138. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.24.10134. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  125. Undie A. S., Friedman E. Stimulation of a dopamine D1 receptor enhances inositol phosphates formation in rat brain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1990 Jun;253(3):987–992. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  126. Van Tol H. H., Bunzow J. R., Guan H. C., Sunahara R. K., Seeman P., Niznik H. B., Civelli O. Cloning of the gene for a human dopamine D4 receptor with high affinity for the antipsychotic clozapine. Nature. 1991 Apr 18;350(6319):610–614. doi: 10.1038/350610a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  127. Van Tol H. H., Wu C. M., Guan H. C., Ohara K., Bunzow J. R., Civelli O., Kennedy J., Seeman P., Niznik H. B., Jovanovic V. Multiple dopamine D4 receptor variants in the human population. Nature. 1992 Jul 9;358(6382):149–152. doi: 10.1038/358149a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  128. Waddington J. L., O'Boyle K. M. Drugs acting on brain dopamine receptors: a conceptual re-evaluation five years after the first selective D-1 antagonist. Pharmacol Ther. 1989;43(1):1–52. doi: 10.1016/0163-7258(89)90046-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  129. Weiner D. M., Levey A. I., Brann M. R. Expression of muscarinic acetylcholine and dopamine receptor mRNAs in rat basal ganglia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Sep;87(18):7050–7054. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.18.7050. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  130. Weiner D. M., Levey A. I., Sunahara R. K., Niznik H. B., O'Dowd B. F., Seeman P., Brann M. R. D1 and D2 dopamine receptor mRNA in rat brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Mar 1;88(5):1859–1863. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.5.1859. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  131. Weinshank R. L., Adham N., Macchi M., Olsen M. A., Branchek T. A., Hartig P. R. Molecular cloning and characterization of a high affinity dopamine receptor (D1 beta) and its pseudogene. J Biol Chem. 1991 Nov 25;266(33):22427–22435. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  132. Wexler N. S., Rose E. A., Housman D. E. Molecular approaches to hereditary diseases of the nervous system: Huntington's disease as a paradigm. Annu Rev Neurosci. 1991;14:503–529. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ne.14.030191.002443. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  133. Yang-Feng T. L., Xue F. Y., Zhong W. W., Cotecchia S., Frielle T., Caron M. G., Lefkowitz R. J., Francke U. Chromosomal organization of adrenergic receptor genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Feb;87(4):1516–1520. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.4.1516. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  134. Young S. T., Porrino L. J., Iadarola M. J. Cocaine induces striatal c-fos-immunoreactive proteins via dopaminergic D1 receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Feb 15;88(4):1291–1295. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.4.1291. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  135. Zhou Q. Y., Grandy D. K., Thambi L., Kushner J. A., Van Tol H. H., Cone R., Pribnow D., Salon J., Bunzow J. R., Civelli O. Cloning and expression of human and rat D1 dopamine receptors. Nature. 1990 Sep 6;347(6288):76–80. doi: 10.1038/347076a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience are provided here courtesy of Canadian Medical Association

RESOURCES