1Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516 Egypt
2Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671 Saudi Arabia
3Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, 21955 Makkah, Saudi Arabia
4Department of Environmental Management, Institute of Environmental Engineering, RUDN University, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St, 117198 Moscow, Russian Federation
5Department of Arid Land Agriculture, College of Agricultural and Food Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
6Department of Plant production, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute (ALCRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab City, Alexandria 21934 Egypt
7Department of Plant Production (Genetic Branch), Faculty of Environmental Agricultural Sciences, Arish University, El-Arish, 45511 Egypt
8Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511 Egypt
9Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, 12613 Egypt
10Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519 Egypt
11National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences (NARSS), Al-Nozha Al-Gedida, Cairo, Egypt
© The Author(s) 2025
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.
