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Chinese Journal of Burns logoLink to Chinese Journal of Burns
. 2021 Apr 20;37(4):391–394. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501120-20200224-00089

姜黄素对糖尿病创面的促愈合作用及其机制研究进展

Research advances on the effects and mechanism of curcumin in promoting diabetic wound healing

Zhuolong Tu 1, Cai Lin 1,*
PMCID: PMC11917206  PMID: 33887887

Abstract

Diabetic wound is a common complication of diabetes, and the effect of current treatment is still poor. Curcumin has many pharmacological effects, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation, antimicrobial, anti-cancer, and improving insulin resistance. In this paper, the research advances on the effects and mechanism of curcumin in promoting diabetic wound healing were mainly reviewed.

Keywords: Curcumin, Diabetes mellitus, Wound healing


姜黄素是从姜科植物郁金、莪术和姜黄的根茎中提取出来的天然活性物质, 是一种分子量小的多酚类物质, 其分子式为C21H20O6。姜黄素通过减少炎症介质产生, 进而减少炎症细胞因子释放等多种途径发挥抗炎作用;姜黄素通过清除自由基和增强抗氧化酶活性实现抗氧化作用;姜黄素还具有抗微生物和改善胰岛素抵抗等药理作用[1-3]。近些年的研究结果表明, 姜黄素对糖尿病创面愈合有促进作用, 可以通过多条细胞信号通路和多个分子靶点发挥治疗作用[4-5]

皮肤创面愈合是一种复杂的病理生理变化, 包括创面应激与炎症反应、创面收缩、肉芽组织增生及瘢痕组织形成、表皮与其他组织的再生与修复等一系列过程。糖尿病创面的形成主要是由创面的缺血、缺氧、高血糖环境以及持续扩大的炎症反应所致。这些机制致使糖尿病创面炎症细胞浸润, ECM及促进创面修复的生长因子被降解, 新生血管障碍, 胶原沉积减少, 肉芽组织形成不良, 创面愈合停滞在愈合过程的1个或多个阶段[6-8]。本文对姜黄素影响糖尿病创面愈合过程及其作用机制的研究进展进行综述。

1. 姜黄素具有控制血糖的作用

体内高血糖水平是糖尿病皮肤创面的发病基础, 长期高血糖状态可导致炎症反应、相关生长因子减少、血管病变及神经结构功能损伤[9]。早期良好的血糖控制、正常平稳的血糖环境对于皮肤创面的组织再生和修复至关重要。姜黄素具有降低血糖、改善胰岛细胞功能、降低胰岛素抵抗等作用[10-11]。de Melo等[12]运用荟萃分析表明, 补充姜黄提取物、姜黄素类化合物及姜黄素均能在一定程度上降低血糖异常者的空腹血糖水平, 但对非糖尿病患者无效。在一项双盲随机临床试验中, 44例2型糖尿病患者按性别分层后被随机分为口服姜黄素组和安慰剂组, 治疗结束时, 口服姜黄素组患者血清甘油三酯和高敏C反应蛋白平均浓度较安慰剂组降低, 而血清脂联素平均浓度较安慰剂组升高。该结果表明姜黄素的摄入可以降低甘油三酯和炎症指标水平, 提示姜黄素可以减少糖尿病并发症[13]。姜黄素降低血糖的机制有以下3点:(1)姜黄素可以降低TNF-α和血浆游离脂肪酸水平, 还可以抑制核因子κB的活化、脂质过氧化以及溶酶体酶活性, 从而改善葡萄糖稳态和减少胰岛素抵抗。(2)姜黄素可增强脂蛋白脂肪酶活性, 提高血浆胰岛素水平。(3)姜黄素参与肝脏酶的活化, 通过激活糖酵解途径, 抑制糖异生和肝脏脂质代谢酶来降低血糖[14]

2. 姜黄素具有抗菌作用

多个体内外研究表明, 姜黄素具有抗细菌、抗病毒和抗真菌活性[15-19]。多种病原菌感染和基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)的活性增强是糖尿病创面延迟愈合的重要影响因素。Sonamuthu等[16]设计金属螯合二肽(L-肌肽)和姜黄素联合生物相容性丝蛋白(L-car@cur/SF)水凝胶敷料, 用于糖尿病小鼠全层皮肤缺损创面感染的治疗, 结果表明局部运用L-car@cur/SF水凝胶具有使小鼠创面部位MMP-9失活和抑菌的作用, 提高了糖尿病小鼠创面愈合效率。有研究者用姜黄素丙二醇脂质体(CUR-PGL)乳膏治疗大鼠Ⅱ度烧伤, 结果显示CUR-PGL乳膏对细菌生长的抑制作用与质量分数1%磺胺嘧啶银乳膏相当, 说明姜黄素纳米脂质体制剂能有效改善烧伤创面的损伤和感染[18]。Soleimani等[19]探讨了姜黄素灌胃对1型糖尿病大鼠全层皮肤缺损创面微生物菌群的影响, 结果显示, 姜黄素可显著减少菌落总数, 促进皮肤创面愈合。

Rahbar Takrami等[20]研究显示, 聚合物胶束纳米颗粒包裹的姜黄素可诱导耐环丙沙星铜绿假单胞菌在24 h内死亡50%, 而单纯环丙沙星处理的铜绿假单胞菌在24 h内不受抑制;与单独使用环丙沙星相比, 经姜黄素和环丙沙星联合处理的铜绿假单胞菌中的mexXoprM基因表达下调。以上结果提示姜黄素可能通过下调外排泵相关基因, 使环丙沙星被铜绿假单胞菌捕获, 增加药物效应。此外, 纳米银可以提高姜黄素的光稳定性和抗菌活性[21]。在体外抗菌活性实验中, 将姜黄素转化为纳米形式, 可以成倍增加其生物利用度, 对创面部位常见的4种主要细菌菌株(大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和芽孢杆菌)均具有较强的抗菌作用, 且具有良好的保湿性, 使其在创面愈合过程中发挥重要作用[22]

3. 姜黄素具有抗炎与抗氧化作用

炎症反应是创面愈合过程中至关重要的一步, 通常被认为是皮肤再生的第1步。创面愈合早期炎症细胞浸润, 有利于上皮再生、胶原沉积和血管生成。然而, 糖尿病患者持续高水平表达促炎细胞因子(IL-1β、TNF-α、MMP-9)和氧化应激增加会影响创面愈合[23]。因此, 抑制过度炎症反应有利于糖尿病患者创面的愈合。姜黄素具有抗氧化、清除自由基和抗炎等生物活性, 在创面愈合过程中起着重要的作用[3]。姜黄素的抗炎作用可能是通过抑制环氧合酶-2、脂氧合酶、诱导型NOS、细胞因子产物(γ干扰素、TNF)和其他一些转录因子(核因子κB)的表达产生的[3-4]。姜黄素在创面愈合早期诱导炎症细胞凋亡, 缩短炎症期, 加速愈合进程[24]

Kant等[4]在糖尿病大鼠开放性全层皮肤切除创面上局部涂抹质量分数0.3%姜黄素凝胶, 结果显示, 与局部涂抹生理盐水相比, 使用姜黄素凝胶加快创面收缩, 降低了创面中IL-1β、TNF-α和MMP-9的表达, 同时还提高抗炎细胞因子IL-10和抗氧化酶SOD、过氧化氢酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶的水平;组织病理学显示, 姜黄素处理的创面肉芽组织生长较好, 以Fb增殖和胶原沉积为主, 创面被厚厚的再生上皮层覆盖。

4. 姜黄素促进创面新生血管形成

新生血管的形成是糖尿病创面愈合过程中的关键因素之一, 姜黄素能够促进新生血管生成。给接受单侧后肢缺血手术的1型糖尿病小鼠以姜黄素连续灌胃14 d, 与橄榄油灌胃相比, 姜黄素明显改善小鼠缺血后肢的血液再灌注, 增加了缺血后肢毛细血管密度[25]。用质量分数1%姜黄素乳膏对糖尿病小鼠全层皮肤缺损创面进行处理, 可促进小鼠创面新生血管生成, 且鸡胚尿囊膜实验结果进一步证实, 姜黄素的促血管生成活性与浓度成正比, 提示姜黄素乳膏可促进糖尿病小鼠模型中糖尿病创面的愈合[5]。Ranjbar-Mohammadi等[26]研究了负载姜黄素的电纺聚ε-己内酯/西黄胶纳米纤维对糖尿病大鼠全层皮肤缺损创面愈合的潜在作用, 结果显示, 与没有处理的对照相比, 运用组织工程支架的创面中新生血管数量和肉芽组织增多, 上皮间隙增大。姜黄素通过上调多种细胞因子的表达, 促进糖尿病大鼠的新生血管生成, 促进创面愈合。Kant等[27]将60只造成开放性全层皮肤缺损创面的糖尿病大鼠随机分为生理盐水组、普朗尼克凝胶处理组以及姜黄素凝胶处理组并进行相应处理, 结果显示, 与生理盐水组相比, 姜黄素凝胶处理组创面愈合明显加快, 通过Fb增殖和胶原沉积形成组织结构良好的肉芽组织, 并形成完整的早期再生上皮;姜黄素凝胶处理组大鼠VEGF、TGF-β1、缺氧诱导因子1α、基质细胞衍生因子1α、血红素加氧酶1的表达均高于其他2组。姜黄素还可通过对碱性FGF的影响, 增加Fb数量和血管生成, 促进1型糖尿病大鼠创面愈合[28]

5. 姜黄素调节自噬的作用

自噬作为一种自我保护机制广泛存在于真核细胞中, 在维持细胞存活、更新、物质循环和组织内稳态方面起着重要作用。在创面愈合过程中, 自噬参与炎症、再上皮化和创面重塑等病理生理过程[29]。炎症病理是许多慢性疾病的基础, 恢复自噬能缓解炎症, 促进创面愈合[30]。Chiu等[31]在大鼠深Ⅱ度烧伤模型研究中观察到, 激活自噬可抑制核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体蛋白3炎症小体活性及IL-1β的产生, 从而改善烧伤创面进展, 促进创面愈合。Jin等[32]的研究表明, 腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶/哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白信号通路参与自噬的激活, 从而保护内皮祖细胞, 使其免受凋亡和功能障碍的影响, 并促进糖尿病小鼠全层皮肤缺损创面愈合。糖尿病引起的创面愈合延迟还被认为与晚期糖基化终末产物(AGE)的积累密切相关, 而诱导自噬则可通过去除AGE而有利于糖尿病创面的愈合[33]

姜黄素通过调节细胞自噬机制, 起到抗感染、抗癌、抗衰老、抗氧化应激和神经保护等作用[34-35]。有研究者在糖尿病小鼠模型的研究中观察到, 姜黄素可激活腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶和氨基末端激酶1, 使B细胞淋巴瘤-2(Bcl-2)蛋白和Bcl-2蛋白相互作用细胞死亡调解子磷酸化, 并随后破坏它们与自噬蛋白Beclin-1的相互作用, 从而分别促进自噬和减轻凋亡[36]。另外, 姜黄素可在糖尿病大鼠模型中通过磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶/蛋白激酶B/哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白信号通路途径诱导自噬改善糖尿病并发症[37]。姜黄素调节自噬, 是否在糖尿病创面愈合过程中起作用, 值得进一步研究。

6. 含姜黄素的高分子材料在创面愈合中的研究进展

尽管姜黄素具有广泛的活性, 但其固有的理化特性(生物利用度低、水溶性差、化学不稳定性、光降解性、半衰期短、代谢快)限制了它的药用价值。与口服姜黄素相比, 近年来人们尝试利用各种先进给药系统, 提高姜黄素外用的抗炎、抗氧化和抗菌能力。这些先进系统包括聚合物纳米颗粒、纳米复合水凝胶、纳米微球、纳米纤维、纳米杂化支架、纳米结合物、纳米结构脂质载体、纳米乳液、聚合物胶束和聚合物共混膜。在这些给药系统中掺入的姜黄素表现出更好的溶解性、跨膜通透性、长期稳定性、更高的生物利用度、更长的血浆半衰期、精准的靶向性给药和更高的治疗效果[38-41]。Xi等[39]设计了一种多功能弹性聚乳酸-聚硅柠檬酸-姜黄素-聚多巴胺纳米纤维支架(PPCP基质), 用于裸鼠皮肤肿瘤的光热化学治疗和感染引起的小鼠全层皮肤缺损创面的修复。PPCP基质中的聚多巴胺和姜黄素分别表现出优异的近红外光热特性和肿瘤细胞毒性能力, PPCP基质在体内外通过协同这2种特性和能力来治疗皮肤肿瘤和起到抗菌的作用。另外, PPCP基质通过促进早期血管生成, 显著促进正常皮肤细胞的黏附和增殖, 促进非金黄色葡萄球菌感染的小鼠全层皮肤缺损模型和金黄色葡萄球菌感染的小鼠全层皮肤缺损创面愈合。负载姜黄素纳米颗粒的水凝胶(CUR-NP/HG)能延长姜黄素的局部给药时间, 与未经处理的1型糖尿病大鼠全层皮肤缺损组相比, CUR-NP/HG治疗组创面愈合过程明显改善, 再生上皮及上皮和真皮之间的连接完整, 重组真皮中的胶原沉积明显增加[40]。Karri等[41]通过在壳聚糖纳米颗粒中引入姜黄素来提高其稳定性和溶解性, 结果显示, 与单纯无菌纱布覆盖相比, 姜黄素具有更好地促进糖尿病大鼠全层皮肤缺损创面愈合的能力。

7. 小结

在糖尿病创面愈合过程中, 姜黄素通过降血糖、抗菌、抗炎、抗氧化、促进创面血管生成和潜在的自噬调节作用加速创面愈合。因此, 姜黄素有潜力作为糖尿病创面的愈合剂, 尤其是在局部用药方面。然而, 目前有关姜黄素治疗糖尿病创面的知识来自体外和体内的动物实验研究, 缺乏临床试验。虽然几个临床前研究证明使用先进的药物传递系统可改善姜黄素的药效, 但是仍缺少给药系统的比较研究, 无法对比最佳给药方案, 另外, 对于药物传递系统临床应用的安全性也需要探索。

Funding Statement

浙江省科技计划重点专项(2017C01054);温州市重大科技创新攻关项目(ZY2019003)

Key Special Project of Zhejiang Science and Technology Plan (2017C01054); Major Scientific and Technological Innovation Project in Wenzhou (ZY2019003)

Footnotes

利益冲突  所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突

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