Abstract
目的
探讨人工髋关节翻修术中局部应用含大剂量复方倍他米松的“鸡尾酒”注射液镇痛效果及阿片类药物使用情况。
方法
回顾分析2015年1月—2021年12月因髋关节假体无菌性松动行人工髋关节翻修术的180例患者临床资料。其中95例患者术中注射含大剂量复方倍他米松的“鸡尾酒”镇痛(A组),85例患者术中注射传统“鸡尾酒”镇痛(B组)。两组患者性别、年龄、身体质量指数、是否合并糖尿病等基线资料比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。记录并比较两组患者住院时间、术后72 h内阿片类药物使用情况及72 h内不良反应 [包括恶心呕吐、失眠、深静脉血栓形成(deep venous thrombosis,DVT)、感染等]发生情况;术后12、24、48、72 h采用静态和动态疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)评估患者疼痛缓解情况;记录术后2年并发症 [包括假体再次松动、髋关节脱位、髋关节僵硬、跛行、慢性疼痛等]发生情况,采用Harris髋关节评分(HHS)评价术后2年功能。
结果
A组术后72 h内阿片类药物使用率低于B组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组住院时间及术后72 h内恶心呕吐、失眠、DVT、感染等不良反应发生率比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后两组VAS评分均随时间延长逐渐降低,各时间点差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);术后12、24、48 h A组静态和动态VAS评分均低于B组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);术后72 h两组静态和动态VAS评分比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组患者均获随访,随访时间2~8年,平均5.73年。术后2年两组并发症发生情况及HHS评分比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。
结论
人工髋关节翻修术中使用含大剂量复方倍他米松的“鸡尾酒”,可有效缓解术后早期疼痛及减少阿片类药物的使用,且不会增加术后感染、DVT等并发症发生率。
Keywords: 人工髋关节翻修术, 复方倍他米松, 镇痛, “鸡尾酒”
Abstract
Objective
To investigate the analgesic effect of locally injecting a “cocktail” analgesia containing a high-dose compound betamethasone during revision hip arthroplasty, and also to study the usage of opioid drugs.
Methods
A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 180 patients who underwent revision hip arthroplasty due to aseptic loosening of the hip prosthesis between January 2015 and December 2021. Among them, 95 patients received intraoperative injection of “cocktail” analgesia containing high-dose compound betamethasone (group A), and 85 patients received intraoperative injection of traditional “cocktail” analgesia (group B). There was no significant difference in baseline data such as gender, age, body mass index, presence or absence of diabetes mellitus between the two groups (P>0.05). The hospital stay, use of opioid drugs within 72 hours, and the incidence of adverse reactions within 72 hours after operation [including nausea and vomiting, insomnia, deep venous thrombosis (DVT), infection, etc.] were recorded and compared between the two groups. The pain relief of patients was evaluated using the static and dynamic visual analogue scale (VAS) scores at 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after operation. The incidence of complications (including prosthesis re-loosening, hip joint dislocation, hip joint stiffness, limping, chronic pain, etc.) at 2 years after operation was recorded, and the Harris Hip Score (HHS) was used to evaluate the function at 2 years after operation.
Results
In group A, the utilization rate of opioid drugs within 72 hours after operation was significantly lower than that in group B (P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of hospital stay, as well as the incidence of adverse reactions such as nausea and vomiting, insomnia, DVT, and infection within 72 hours after operation (P>0.05). The VAS scores of both groups decreased with time, and the differences between different time points were significant (P<0.05). The static and dynamic VAS scores of group A were significantly lower than those of group B at 12, 24, and 48 hours after operation (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in static and dynamic VAS scores between the two groups at 72 hours after operation (P>0.05). All patients in both groups were followed up 2-8 years, with an average of 5.73 years. At 2 years after operation, no significant difference was found between the two groups in the incidence of complications and HHS score (P>0.05).
Conclusion
“Cocktail” analgesia containing a high-dose compound betamethasone for early analgesia after revision hip arthroplasty can effectively reduce postoperative pain and the use of opioid drugs, but will not increase the incidence of infection and DVT after operation.
Keywords: Revision hip arthroplasty, compound betamethasone, analgesia, “cocktail”
随着中国人口老龄化,行人工全髋关节置换术(total hip arthroplasty,THA)的患者越来越多,手术失败及翻修术数量也与日俱增[1]。髋关节翻修手术由于创伤大,较初次THA术后疼痛更强烈[2]。而传统THA术后镇痛模式过分依赖阿片类药物的使用,可能带来术后恶心呕吐、呼吸抑制和恶性低血压等不良反应[3-4]。目前,多模式药物配方的“鸡尾酒”注射液已广泛用于初次THA术后疼痛治疗,但最佳“鸡尾酒”配方尚无统一标准。传统“鸡尾酒”配方主要包含麻醉药物、非甾体类抗炎药和阿片类药物,不含激素类药物[5]。许多研究表明,对于行初次THA的患者,含激素类药物的“鸡尾酒”疗法可有效减少术后疼痛及减少阿片类药物使用[6-9]。但对于髋关节翻修手术中使用含激素类药物“鸡尾酒”的相关报道较少。鉴于此,现回顾分析2015年1月—2021年12月因髋关节假体松动于我院行人工髋关节翻修手术患者的临床资料,部分患者局部应用含大剂量复方倍他米松的“鸡尾酒”镇痛,并与传统局部应用“鸡尾酒”镇痛的患者进行比较,探讨前者是否具有更优的镇痛效果并且能减少阿片类药物的使用,为临床髋关节翻修术后镇痛模式研究提供参考。报告如下。
1. 临床资料
1.1. 一般资料
患者纳入标准:① 因髋关节无菌性松动行人工髋关节翻修术者;② 随访时间2年以上并有完整临床资料。排除标准:① 近期有口服阿片类药物史;② 长期口服治疗焦虑、失眠、癫痫等精神类药物史;③ 长时间服用激素或免疫抑制剂;④ 不能配合完成静态疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)。
2015年1月—2021年12月共180例患者符合选择标准纳入研究。其中95例患者术中注射含大剂量复方倍他米松的“鸡尾酒”镇痛(A组),85例患者术中注射传统“鸡尾酒”镇痛(B组)。两组患者性别、年龄、身体质量指数、是否合并糖尿病等基线资料比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表1。
表 1.
Comparison of baseline data between the two groups
两组患者基线资料比较
| 基线资料 Baseline data |
A组(n=95) Group A (n=95) |
B组(n=85) Group B (n=85) |
统计量 Statistical value |
P值 P value |
| 年龄 [M(Q1,Q3),岁] | 56(46,68) | 56(47,69) | Z=−0.199 | 0.842 |
| 性别(男/女,例) | 38/57 | 32/53 | χ2=0.105 | 0.762 |
| 身体质量指数 [M(Q1,Q3),kg/m2] | 24.0(21.0,28.0) | 24.0(21.0,27.5) | Z=−0.104 | 0.918 |
| 合并糖尿病(是/否,例) | 9/86 | 6/79 | χ2=0.342 | 0.600 |
1.2. 镇痛方案
A组“鸡尾酒”成分:5 mg吗啡(广州白云山医药股份有限公司),100 mg罗哌卡因(阿斯利康公司,瑞典),5 mL氟比洛芬酯(北京潮汐医药有限公司),3 mL复方倍他米松(商品名:得宝松;默沙东公司,美国),加入生理盐水稀释至80 mL。B组“鸡尾酒”除不含复方倍他米松外,其余成分同A组。
患者术前均接受5 mg地塞米松和氨甲环酸(20 mg/kg)静脉点滴。人工髋关节翻修术中植入新假体后,由2位有丰富临床经验的外科医生完成“鸡尾酒”注射。其中,将40 mL“鸡尾酒”通过1.2 mm×38 mm的TWSB针头(山东威高集团有限公司)注入深层组织,包括阔筋膜张肌和臀大肌,余40 mL“鸡尾酒”注入浅筋膜等。
两组患者均于术后1周内接受每天12 h常规冷疗镇痛,术后3 d静脉注射氟比洛芬酯(50 mg/12 h)。住院医师采用VAS评分评估患者疼痛情况,患者静息状态时记录静态VAS评分,患者行屈髋、翻身、拄拐下地时记录动态VAS评分。若VAS评分为4~6分,给予患者口服依托考昔片120 mg镇痛;若VAS评分≥7分,则给予患者注射曲马多注射液100 mg或口服曲马多片剂100 mg。
1.3. 疗效评价指标
记录并比较两组患者住院时间、术后72 h内阿片类药物(曲马多注射液或口服曲马多片剂)使用情况及72 h内不良反应 [包括恶心呕吐、失眠、深静脉血栓形成(deep venous thrombosis,DVT)、感染等] 发生情况;术后12、24、48、72 h采用静态和动态VAS评分评估患者疼痛缓解情况。术后1、3、6、12个月及之后每年随访1次,门诊复查X线片,并记录术后2年并发症 [包括假体再次松动、髋关节脱位、髋关节僵硬、跛行、慢性疼痛等] 发生情况;采用Harris髋关节评分(HHS)评价功能。
1.4. 统计学方法
采用SPSS26.0统计软件进行分析。计量资料经 Kolmogorov-Smirnov正态性检验,符合正态分布的数据以均数±标准差表示,组间比较采用独立样本t检验;不符合正态分布的数据以M(Q1,Q3)表示,组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验;VAS评分组间多个时间点比较采用广义估计方程。计数资料组间比较采用四格表卡方检验或Fisher确切概率法。检验水准取双侧α=0.05。
2. 结果
A组术后72 h内阿片类药物使用率低于B组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组住院时间及术后72 h内失眠、恶心呕吐、DVT、感染等不良反应发生率比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后两组VAS评分均随时间延长逐渐降低,各时间点差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);术后12、24、48 h A组静态和动态VAS评分均低于B组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);术后72 h两组静态和动态VAS评分比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见图1。两组患者均获随访,随访时间2~8年,平均5.73年。术后2年两组并发症(跛行、假体再次松动、髋关节僵硬、髋关节脱位、慢性疼痛)发生情况及HHS评分比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表2。
图 1.
Change trends in postoperative VAS scores of two groups
两组患者术后VAS评分变化趋势
a. 静态VAS评分;b. 动态VAS评分
a. Static VAS score; b. Dynamic VAS score
表 2.
Comparison of outcome indicators between the two groups
两组患者结局资料比较
| 结局指标 Outcome indicator |
A组(n=95) Group A (n=95) |
B组(n=85) Group B (n=85) |
效应值(95%CI) Effect value (95%CI) |
P值 P value |
| 阿片类药物使用 [例(%)] | 11(11.6) | 23(27.1) | OR=0.637(0.254,1.596) | 0.008 |
| 住院时间 [M(Q1,Q3),d] | 14(11,16) | 13(11,16) | MD=0.982(0.935,1.031) | 0.613 |
| 术后不良反应 [例(%)] | ||||
| 失眠 | 18(18.9) | 15(17.9) | OR=1.091(0.511,2.328) | 0.849 |
| 恶心呕吐 | 18(18.9) | 15(17.9) | OR=1.091(0.511,2.328) | 0.849 |
| DVT | 8(8.4) | 5(6.0) | OR=1.471(0.462,4.683) | 0.575 |
| 感染 | 1(1.1) | 1(1.2) | OR=0.894(0.055,14.511) | >0.999 |
| 术后2年并发症 [例(%)] | ||||
| 跛行 | 3(3.2) | 2(2.4) | OR=1.353(0.221,8.299) | >0.999 |
| 假体再次松动 | 4(4.2) | 4(4.7) | OR=0.890(0.216,3.675) | >0.999 |
| 髋关节僵硬 | 2(2.1) | 2(2.4) | OR=0.892(0.123,6.478) | >0.999 |
| 髋关节脱位 | 1(1.1) | 0(0) | - | >0.999 |
| 慢性疼痛 | 7(7.4) | 5(5.9) | OR=1.273(0.388,4.171) | 0.771 |
| 术后2年HHS评分 [M(Q1,Q3),分] | 77.4(69.4,80.4) | 74.3(68.5,79.5) | MD=1.005(0.979,1.032) | 0.242 |
3. 讨论
人工关节置换术后患者常出现疼痛等问题,持续疼痛会使患者术后康复锻炼不及时,从而导致关节僵硬,最终对治疗效果不满意[10]。所以及时解决人工关节置换术后疼痛的问题,在患者术后康复治疗过程中至关重要。“鸡尾酒”疗法是一种简单、有效、廉价的多模式镇痛方案,已被部分国家列入了人工关节置换术后加速康复的管理指南[11-12]。张博等[13]研究表明,人工全膝关节置换术前静脉应用糖皮质激素可有效减轻患者术后疼痛。阳强等[14]认为局部应用含1 mL复方倍他米松的“鸡尾酒”注射液,能有效减少患者髋关节置换术后疼痛及阿片类药物使用。相较于初次人工关节置换术,对于髋关节翻修术中关节腔局部应用糖皮质激素能否减轻患者术后疼痛的相关研究仍较少。
传统“鸡尾酒”方案具备术后镇痛、缩短住院时间和改善远期关节活动度等优势[15-18],其配方通常包含麻醉药物、非甾体类抗炎药和阿片类药物[19]。Parvataneni等[17]报道在此基础上添加肾上腺素可增强血管收缩,减缓药物吸收,延长镇痛药物的作用时间等,同时局部给药能更好地避免全身给药引起的不良反应。但应用肾上腺素会引起局部血管收缩,是否会导致局部皮肤坏死及切口延迟愈合,目前尚不明确。由于行翻修手术患者皮肤软组织条件较初次置换者差,更易引起以上问题,目前对于肾上腺素应用于关节腔仍有争议。所以针对行髋关节翻修手术的患者,选择一种安全有效的“鸡尾酒”配方至关重要[20]。糖皮质激素用于镇痛治疗具有一定合理性,但糖皮质激素有免疫抑制作用,可能会造成血糖水平升高、切口感染、DVT等副作用。有多项研究报道短期或单次应用糖皮质激素是安全的,不足以引起相关副作用[21-23],故我们认为单次局部应用复方倍他米松可行。
疼痛是因患者损伤部位释放炎症因子引起,而糖皮质激素类药物可以抑制炎症因子释放,并且其与麻醉药物联合可通过预防外周和中枢敏化,降低其他药物带来的副作用,从而安全有效地提高镇痛效果[24-25]。地塞米松和倍他米松作为常用的“鸡尾酒”佐剂,均能在关节腔发挥良好镇痛效果[26]。有研究[27]报道含地塞米松的“鸡尾酒”注射液应用于关节腔局部注射,24 h内有更好的镇痛效果,而含长效倍他米松的“鸡尾酒”注射液虽然短时镇痛效果不如含地塞米松的“鸡尾酒”注射液,但在镇痛作用时间上更持久。本研究选用的复方倍他米松是由长效二丙酸倍他米松和短效倍他米松磷酸钠等组成的复合制剂,兼具了起效快、镇痛时间长的特点。此外,根据本团队既往行初次人工关节置换的临床实践,将“鸡尾酒”中复方倍他米松含量从1 mL增加至3 mL,能尽可能地发挥出复方倍他米松作用时间长、起效快的优势。与Wang等[28]研究的含1 mL复方倍他米松的“鸡尾酒”注射液相比,本研究使用的含3 mL复方倍他米松的“鸡尾酒”配方有效镇痛时间超过了48 h,镇痛效果更好。
阿片类药物应用于THA术后镇痛治疗,能有效缓解术后疼痛。但频繁使用此类药物会造成呼吸抑制、眩晕、胃肠功能紊乱、药物依赖等问题,目前临床治疗中去阿片化也成为了近年研究热点[29-30]。Han等[31]的研究认为长时间使用阿片类药物,会使患者术后对于痛觉感受更加敏感。有研究表明,阿片类药物的使用会影响患者免疫系统及肠道菌群的稳态[32]。由于人工髋关节翻修手术时间长、出血量大且手术复杂多变,术后并发症相较于初次THA患者更多,所以降低术后并发症发生率尤为重要。Luo等[33]的研究也发现含复方倍他米松的“鸡尾酒”注射液应用于人工关节置换术后患者有良好镇痛效果,且有效减少了阿片类药物的使用,同时也证实了含复方倍他米松“鸡尾酒”注射液患者术后炎症因子水平更低。本研究结果显示,含大剂量复方倍他米松的“鸡尾酒”注射液相较于传统“鸡尾酒”,能有效减少患者人工髋关节翻修术后阿片类药物的使用,相应减少了由阿片类药物引发的不良事件发生概率。
综上述,含大剂量复方倍他米松的“鸡尾酒”注射液用于人工髋关节翻修手术患者术后镇痛治疗,不仅较传统“鸡尾酒”镇痛效果更好,同时能减少阿片类药物的使用,且不会增加切口感染、DVT等并发症的发生率。但本研究为单中心回顾性研究,样本量较少,可能存在结果偏倚,还需行多中心大样本量临床随机对照试验进一步明确该新型配方“鸡尾酒”的镇痛效果。
利益冲突 在课题研究和文章撰写过程中不存在利益冲突;经费支持没有影响文章观点和对研究数据客观结果的统计分析及其报道
伦理声明 研究方案经新疆医科大学第一附属医院医学伦理委员会批准(K202301-19)
作者贡献声明 杨宁:参考文献收集、文章撰写,原始数据收集整理及统计分析;吾湖孜·吾拉木:整体研究方案设定;郭晓斌、李亦丞:研究方案学术指导及患者随访;张晓岗:论文选题、基金获取、技术指导与支持,对论文进行批判性审阅
Funding Statement
国家自然科学基金资助项目(82160421);新疆维吾尔自治区自然科学基金资助项目(2022D01D56);“天山英才”医药卫生高层次人才培养计划(TSYC202301A008);新疆维吾尔自治区“天山英才”培养计划青年托举人才项目(2023TSYC-QNTJ0018);新疆医科大学第一附属医院暨第一临床医学院“青年科研起航”专项(2023YFY-QKMS-05)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82160421); Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (2022D01D56); “Tianshan Talent” High-level Talents Training Program in Medicine and Health (TSYC202301A008); “Tianshan Talent” Training Program for Young Talent Support in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (2023TSYC-QNTJ0018); “Young Scientific Research Take-off” Special Project of the First Affiliated Hospital & the First School of Clinical Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University (2023YFY-QKMS-05)
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