Junho Kang
Junho Kang
1Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
1,#,
Jun Hyeong Lee
Jun Hyeong Lee
2Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
2,#,
Hongui Cha
Hongui Cha
3Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
3,
Jinhyeon An
Jinhyeon An
2Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
2,
Joonha Kwon
Joonha Kwon
2Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
4Division of Cancer Data Science, National Cancer Center, Bioinformatics Branch, Goyang, Republic of Korea
2,4,
Seongwoo Lee
Seongwoo Lee
1Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
1,
Seongryong Kim
Seongryong Kim
1Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
1,
Mert Yakup Baykan
Mert Yakup Baykan
1Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
1,
So Yeon Kim
So Yeon Kim
2Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
2,
Dohyeon An
Dohyeon An
2Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
2,
Ah-Young Kwon
Ah-Young Kwon
5Department of Pathology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
5,
Hee Jung An
Hee Jung An
5Department of Pathology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
5,
Se-Hoon Lee
Se-Hoon Lee
3Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
6Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute of Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
3,6,✉,
Jung Kyoon Choi
Jung Kyoon Choi
2Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
7Penta Medix Co., Ltd., Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do Republic of Korea
2,7,✉,
Jong-Eun Park
Jong-Eun Park
1Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
8Biomedical Research Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
1,8,✉
1Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
2Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
3Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
4Division of Cancer Data Science, National Cancer Center, Bioinformatics Branch, Goyang, Republic of Korea
5Department of Pathology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
6Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute of Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
7Penta Medix Co., Ltd., Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do Republic of Korea
8Biomedical Research Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
Subject terms: Cancer microenvironment, Tumour heterogeneity, Cancer genomics, Cancer therapy, Tumour immunology
© The Author(s) 2025
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.