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Journal of Central South University Medical Sciences logoLink to Journal of Central South University Medical Sciences
. 2024 Dec 28;49(12):1991–1998. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2024.240210

脉搏波传导速度评价血管老化的临床研究进展

Clinical research progress in pulse wave velocity in the assessment of vascular aging

WU Jingjing 1,2, LI Fei 1, WANG Jie 1, CAI Jingjing 2, YUAN Hong 1, LU Yao 1,
Editors: 吴 旭芳, 郭 征
PMCID: PMC11975521  PMID: 40195672

Abstract

Vascular aging refers to the degenerative changes in vascular wall structure and vasodilatory function, forming the pathophysiological basis for the onset and progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Pulse wave velocity (PWV), a non-invasive method for evaluating and detecting early vascular aging, has achieved significant results in predicting CVD risk and evaluating the efficacy of pharmacological treatments. PWV can effectively predict CVD risk across various populations, including healthy individuals, patients with hypertension, diabetes, and chronic inflammatory diseases. In patients with comorbidities such as hypertension, pharmacological interventions, such as anti-inflammatory, lipid-lowering, anti-hypertensive, and anti-diabetic treatments, can effectively reduce PWV and thus slow down vascular aging. Therefore, PWV is not only a vital tool for assessing early vascular aging but also an important indicator for evaluating treatment outcomes. Regular monitoring of PWV levels is of great significance in predicting CVD risk, evaluating therapeutic efficacy, and guiding clinical decision-making.

Keywords: vascular aging, cardiovascular disease, pulse wave velocity, pharmacological treatment, arterial stiffness


血管老化是指随着年龄增加而发生的血管壁结构和功能退行性改变的过程,其与心血管疾病(cardiovascular disease,CVD)等慢性病的发生关系密切,严重损害人们健康预期寿命[1-3]。当前全球血管老化问题日益突出,尤其是在中国等亚洲国家[4]。脉搏波传导速度(pulse wave velocity,PWV)作为反映血管结构和硬度的重要指标,已被多项专家共识[5-7]认为是评估血管老化的有效手段。PWV在预测CVD发病与死亡风险方面的研究已取得了一定的进展[8-10]。然而,在临床实践中,基于PWV评估的血管老化在CVD高危人群筛查中的应用和推广尚未得到重视。此外,尚不明确PWV是否可以作为药物治疗血管老化效果的评价指标[11-14]。探明血管老化的危害,早期预防和延缓血管老化,是减轻世界人口CVD负担和实现健康老龄化的关键。因此,本文旨在系统阐述PWV在评估血管老化方面的最新研究进展,以推动其在临床实践中的应用,并为未来的研究方向提供指导。

1. 血管老化的流行病学现状和危害

随着人口老龄化的加剧,血管老化已经成为全球重大公共卫生问题。基于PWV评估的血管老化研究[5, 15]显示:血管老化的患病率呈上升趋势,并存在地域、年龄和性别差异。研究[5]发现中国血管老化的患病率(40.8%)显著高于欧美等地区(27.5%)。男性在成年早期血管老化的进展速度超过女性,但随着年龄增长,这一趋势在58岁后逆转[15]。此外,高血压、糖尿病、慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)患者,以及老年人等心血管病高危人群的血管老化程度较一般人群明显升高[16-19]

血管老化先于血压升高,是CVD发生、发展的生理病理基础,会加剧多种靶器官功能障碍[20]。除影响大血管外,血管老化使中心血压升高,从而损害高血流量、低小动脉阻力的器官,特别是心、肾和大脑的微循环[21]。荟萃分析[22-23]显示PWV升高是CVD和死亡的有力预测指标。主动脉僵硬度越高,发生CVD和全因死亡的风险越高[24]。因此,早期诊断血管老化对预防心血管事件发生至关重要。

2. PWV对心血管事件及死亡的预测作用

PWV作为评估动脉压力波沿血管壁传导速度的指标,是检测动脉硬化的金标准,其升高提示血管老化相关的血管功能与结构改变[25]。临床上,肱踝脉搏波传导速度(brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity,baPWV)和颈股脉搏波传导速度(carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity,cfPWV)常被用于评估血管老化状况[5, 7, 26]。这2种方法之间具有良好的相关性(r=0.73),对血管老化评估及心血管事件的预测能力具有较高的一致性[5, 27]

2.1. PWV预测高血压

PWV升高与高血压之间的关系已在多项研究中得到证实,其中多为队列研究(表1)。一项纳入1 759例血压正常成人的队列研究[20]发现:cfPWV增加与高血压发病风险增加相关,且cfPWV的变化先于血压升高。另一项纳入2 496例血压正常成人的研究[28]发现,与baPWV处于最低三分位数(≤13.50 m/s)的研究对象相比,baPWV处于最高三分位数(≥15.70 m/s)的研究对象新发高血压风险更高[风险比(hazard ratio,HR)=3.49,95%置信区间(confidence interval,CI) 2.66~4.57]。一项芬兰的研究[29]发现:在1 183名血压正常的研究对象中,cfPWV与收缩压、舒张压及高血压之间存在相关性。Baltimore衰老纵向研究[30]在中位随访时间大于4.30年的随访期内观察到cfPWV每增加1 m/s,血压正常成人高血压的发病风险就会增加10%。这些发现均表明血管老化是高血压的独立危险因素,且先于血压升高。2013年欧洲高血压指南[31]已推荐将cfPWV作为高血压患者动脉硬化的评估指标。在临床实践中,医师在监测血压的同时,也应密切关注血管老化的早期表现,以便及时采取干预措施,降低CVD的发生风险,为患者提供更为全面的健康管理。

表1.

PWV在预测不同健康状态人群心血管事件及死亡发生风险的循证依据

Table 1 Evidence-based evidence of PWV in predicting the risk of cardiovascular events and death in people with different health status

心血管事件及死亡 作者 研究人群(样本量) 主要研究结果
高血压 Kaess等[20]

血压正常的成人

(n=1 759)

高cfPWV与较高的新发高血压风险相关;cfPWV变化先于血压水平的升高
冠心病和脑卒中 Mattace-Raso等[32] 一般人群(n=2 835)

cfPWV是冠心病和脑卒中事件的独立预测因子

对CVD风险,cfPWV可提供更高的额外预测价值

Boutouyrie等[33] 高血压人群(n=1 045) 高cfPWV是高血压患者初发冠心病事件的独立预测指标
Song等[34] 高血压人群(n=3 310) baPWV升高可独立预测高血压患者初发脑卒中的风险
其他CVD Zheng等[35] 一般人群(n=40 064) 高baPWV与较高的新发HF风险相关,且独立于传统危险因素
Vasan等[24] 一般人群(n=7 283) cfPWV与新发HF的相关性不显著
Wu等[36] 2型糖尿病人群(n=9 041) 高baPWV对糖尿病人群HF具有独立预测价值
Chirinos等[37] CKD人群(n=2 602) cfPWV是CKD患者新发HF的独立预测指标
Shaikh等[40] 一般人群(n=5 797) cfPWV增加与更高的AF事件风险无关
CVD相关死亡和全因死亡 Laurent等[41] 高血压人群(n=1 980) cfPWV升高与高血压患者更高的全因死亡和CVD死亡风险独立相关
Kim等[42] 2型糖尿病人群(n=2 308) baPWV升高可为2型糖尿病患者全因死亡和CVD死亡风险提供传统危险因素之外的预测价值
Samara等[43]

急性缺血性卒中人群

(n=522)

cfPWV升高对急性缺血性卒中患者的死亡风险具有独立

预测作用

Townsend等[44] CKD人群(n=2 795) cfPWV是CKD患者全因死亡的独立预测指标

PWV:脉搏波传导速度;cfPWV:颈股脉搏波传导速度;baPWV:肱踝脉搏波传导速度;CKD:慢性肾脏疾病;CVD:心血管疾病;HF:心力衰竭;AF:心房颤动。

2.2. PWV预测冠心病和脑卒中

PWV升高已被证实是未来冠心病和脑卒中事件的独立预测因子(表1)。在一般人群中,相较于cfPWV处于较低水平(第1三分位数)的研究对象,cfPWV处于较高水平(第3三分位数)的研究对象发生冠心病的风险增加2.07倍[32]。在高血压患者中,cfPWV与冠状动脉事件的发生也显示出显著的独立相关性,cfPWV每增加1个标准差(3.50 m/s),冠状动脉事件的发生风险就会增加39%[33]。此外,PWV较高的个体,脑卒中的风险也相应增加[24, 34]。在中国高血压患者中,高baPWV者具有更高的新发脑卒中风险;即使在高血压得到良好控制的患者中,高baPWV对脑卒中风险的影响仍然显著且独立(HR=2.29,95% CI 1.09~4.81)[34]。因此,在不同健康状态的人群中测量PWV有助于筛选心血管事件高危人群。

2.3. PWV预测其他CVD

近年来,大量研究表明,PWV升高也会导致心力衰竭(heart failure,HF)风险增加(表1)。在一般人群中,baPWV与新发HF风险呈正相关(HR=1.10,95% CI 1.02~1.20),而cfPWV和新发HF风险无显著相关性(HR=1.21,95% CI 0.98~1.51)[24, 35]。在中国糖尿病患者中,baPWV较高组的个体发生HF的风险是baPWV正常组的2.25倍[36]。在CKD人群中,相比于cfPWV处于最低三分位数(≤7.80 m/s)的患者,cfPWV处于最高三分位数(>10.30 m/s)的患者新发HF风险更高(HR=3.01,95% CI 1.45~6.26)[37]。心房颤动(arterial fibrillation,AF)是最常见的心律失常,影响全球0.5%~1.0%的人口[38]。动脉硬化导致的血流动力学改变可能导致心脏结构和电重塑,从而诱发AF[38]。尽管如此,基于PWV评估的动脉硬化对AF发病风险的预测作用尚未得到明确证实[38-40]。Framingham心脏研究[40]发现cfPWV增加1个标准差与AF发生风险的相关性并无统计学意义(HR=1.10,95% CI 0.96~1.26)。未来的研究需要进一步探讨PWV在HF和AF预测中的作用及其在临床实践中的应用潜力。

2.4. PWV预测CVD相关死亡和全因死亡风险

由PWV评估的血管老化对心血管死亡和全因死亡风险具有重要的预测作用(表1)。在高血压、冠状动脉疾病、CKD等心血管高危人群中,PWV的风险预测价值显著高于一般人群[22]。高PWV研究对象的心血管死亡和全因死亡的风险是低PWV研究对象的2~5倍[22-23]。在高血压人群中,cfPWV与全因死亡和心血管死亡风险显著相关[41]。在糖尿病人群中,与baPWV处于最低四分位数(≤13.91 m/s)的患者相比,baPWV处于最高四分位数(≥18.30 m/s)的患者发生全因死亡风险(HR=2.55,95% CI 1.49~4.35)和心血管死亡风险(HR=5.57,95% CI 1.19~26.18)更高[42]。在急性缺血性卒中人群同样发现,相对于低cfPWV(5.00~10.00 m/s)患者,高cfPWV(>13.30 m/s)的患者发生全因死亡和心血管死亡风险更高[43]。在慢性肾功能不全患者的队列研究[44]中,与cfPWV处于最低三分位数(<7.90 m/s)的CKD患者相比,cfPWV处于最高三分位数(>10.30 m/s)的患者发生全因死亡风险高出72%。

3. PWV检测在评估血管老化药物治疗效果中的应用

血管老化的发生机制主要与内皮功能障碍和炎症反应紧密相关。血管老化广泛存在于高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症及炎症性肠病(inflammatory bowel disease,IBD)和类风湿性关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis,RA)等慢性疾病中[11, 45]。抗炎、降压、降脂、降糖等药物治疗,特别是降压治疗,显示出改善或延缓相关人群血管老化的益处。PWV检测作为血管老化的无创、便捷检测手段,有望成为评估上述药物干预措施在改善或延缓血管老化方面效果的重要辅助方法。通过监测治疗前后PWV的变化,可以更有效地评估药物对于血管老化的潜在益处,从而最大限度地为改善血管老化的药物治疗选择提供指导依据。

3.1. PWV评估抗炎药物对血管老化的治疗效果

炎症可通过改变血管壁特性和增加动脉硬度来加速血管老化[11]。抗炎治疗对PWV的改善作用已在大量研究中得到验证。对IBD患者进行的一项为期4年的纵向多中心前瞻性研究[46]显示:长期使用抗肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)治疗显著降低了主动脉PWV。一项系统综述[47]纳入60项研究进行分析,在测量PWV的22项研究中,有9项研究显示抗TNF-α治疗对PWV有显著改善效果,而其他研究则未观察到显著效果或甚至部分研究表示有负面影响。在抗TNF-α治疗对PWV有显著改善效果的研究中,PWV的降幅在0.46至2.60 m/s之间。PWV评估抗炎药物对血管老化的治疗效果结果的差异有可能是由发表偏倚、样本量差异(样本例数8~50)和随访时间长短差异(4周~3.4年)引起。值得注意的是,一项荟萃分析[48]根据TNF抑制剂治疗时间对患者进行分组(0~2、3~4、5~12及>12个月),观察RA患者PWV的改善效果,结果显示总体PWV有所改善[平均差(mean difference,MD)=-0.51 m/s,95% CI -0.96~-0.06)],其中2~4个月组PWV改善显著(MD=-0.77 m/s,95% CI -1.35~-0.18)。这提示,应建立标准化的PWV监测时间,以准确评估抗炎治疗对血管老化的长期效益。

3.2. PWV评估降压药物对血管老化的治疗效果

针对动脉弹性改善的药物干预策略主要集中在抗高血压药物上。血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors,ACEI)、血管紧张素受体拮抗剂(angiotensin receptor blockers,ARB)、钙通道阻滞剂(calcium channel blockers,CCB)已被证实在降压的同时还具有降低PWV及改善血管老化的作用[13, 49]。荟萃[49-50]分析显示:与安慰剂相比,β受体阻滞剂、ACEI、ARB以及ACEI/ARB/CCB联合用药均能有效降低PWV,其中ACEI/ARB/CCB联合用药对PWV的改善效果更为显著(ACEI/CCB:MD=-2.52 m/s,95% CI -4.75~-0.30;ARB/CCB:MD=-2.57 m/s,95% CI -4.96~-0.18)。ACEI和ARB在降低ba-PWV和cf-PWV方面具有与其他抗高血压药物相似的效果[51-52]。盐皮质激素受体(mineralocorticoid receptor,MR)激活可促进血管老化[53]。MR拮抗剂可改善PWV(MD=-0.75 m/s,95% CI -1.12~-0.39),且这一效果独立于治疗相关的血压降低[54]。因此,在选择抗高血压药物时,应综合考量治疗前、后PWV的改善情况,以全面评估药物对血管弹性和老化的潜在影响,从而改善患者血管老化。

3.3. PWV评估降脂药物对血管老化的治疗效果

他汀类药物在改善血管老化方面显示出显著的潜力(表2)。他汀类药物如辛伐他汀和长期(6~12个月)的阿托伐他汀治疗能够显著改善PWV,这在老年高血压患者以及糖尿病和血脂异常患者中尤为明显[12, 55-57]。然而,短期的阿托伐他汀治疗在改善动脉硬度方面的效果尚不明确[12, 58]。Castejon等[58]发现:为期8周的阿托伐他汀治疗仅降低了基线有病理性动脉硬化的系统性红斑狼疮患者的PWV[从(8.43± 1.45) m/s降至(7.42±1.06) m/s,P=0.002]。瑞舒伐他汀治疗(1~18个月)已被证实能够改善血脂异常、动脉高血压以及炎症性关节疾病患者的PWV[59-61]。然而,在系统性硬化病患者中,连续6个月每天20 mg的瑞舒伐他汀治疗并未显著改善PWV[从(8.70±2.60) m/s降至(8.10±1.90) m/s,P>0.05][62]。此外,普伐他汀和氟伐他汀也显示出对PWV的改善作用[63-64]。因此,将PWV监测纳入降脂治疗决策,有助于识别更可能通过他汀类药物干预改善血管老化进程的获益人群。

表2.

他汀类药物治疗对PWV影响的循证依据

Table 2 Evidence-based rationale of the effect of statin therapy on PWV

他汀类药物 高血压人群 糖尿病人群 血脂异常人群 慢性炎症人群
辛伐他汀 降低[12] 降低[12] 降低(RA)[12]
阿托伐他汀 降低[55] 降低[56] 降低[57] 降低(SLE)[58]
瑞舒伐他汀 降低[60] 降低[59]

降低(IJD)[61]

没有差异(SSc)[62]

普伐他汀 没有差异[12] 降低[63]
氟伐他汀 降低[12] 降低[12] 降低[64]

PWV:脉搏波传导速度;RA:类风湿性关节炎;SLE:系统性红斑狼疮;IJD:炎症性关节病;SSc:系统性硬化病。

3.4. PWV评估降糖药物对血管老化的治疗效果

先前的网状荟萃分析[14]已经证实包括胰高血糖素样肽-1受体激动剂(glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists,GLP-1 RA)和二甲双胍在内的降糖药具有改善PWV的潜力。在这些药物中,GLP-1 RA对PWV的改善效果最为显著,并且是唯一一类能显著改善糖代谢异常患者PWV的降糖药[14]。新型降糖药二肽基肽酶-4抑制剂(dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors,DPP-4i)和钠-葡萄糖协同转运蛋白-2抑制剂(sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors,SGLT-2i)对PWV的改善作用尚不明确[14, 65-67]。部分研究[14, 65]显示DPP-4i和SGLT-2i能显著降低PWV,也有研究[66-67]未观察到显著效果,可能是因为这些药物在保护血管功能方面的作用有限。这表明并非所有降糖药物在改善血管老化方面都同样有效。因此,对治疗前后的PWV进行监测,有助于识别具有血管保护作用的降糖药物,从而为糖尿病患者的个性化治疗方案提供更为精准的决策依据。

4. 结 语

血管老化是CVD发生和发展的关键风险因素。PWV作为一种早期识别血管老化的非侵入性评估工具,对预测不同人群,尤其是高血压、糖尿病、慢性炎症性疾病患者等特殊人群未来的CVD发病和死亡风险具有重要意义。此外,大量研究表明抗炎、降压、降脂和降糖药能够有效减缓合并高血压、糖尿病、慢性炎症性疾病等疾病患者的血管老化进程。观察治疗前、后PWV的变化有助于临床医师了解患者的血管健康状况,评估相关治疗药物对血管老化的改善效果。然而,在临床实践中,PWV尚未得到足够的重视和广泛应用。在医疗体系特别是基层医疗机构普及PWV的知识和应用,有助于血管老化的早期筛查和干预,从而延缓人群血管老化的进展,降低CVD和死亡的风险。

基金资助

国家科技重大专项(2023ZD0503900,2023ZD0503901);国家自然科学基金(82170437,81974054);中南大学创新驱动计划(2023CXQD007);中南大学湘雅三医院“汇智育才计划”(BJ202002)。This work was supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project (2023ZD0503900, 2023ZD0503901), the National Natural Science Foundation (82170437, 81974054), the Central South University Innovation-Driven Research Program (2023CXQD007), and the Wisdom Accumulation and Talent Cultivation Project of the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University (BJ202002), China

利益冲突声明

作者声称无任何利益冲突。

作者贡献

吴静静 论文撰写与修改;黎菲、王婕 论文修改;蔡菁菁、袁洪、陆瑶 论文指导与修改。所有作者阅读并同意最终的文本。

Footnotes

http://dx.chinadoi.cn/10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2024.240210

原文网址

http://xbyxb.csu.edu.cn/xbwk/fileup/PDF/2024121991.pdf

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