Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Genetics logoLink to Genetics
. 1987 May;116(1):99–105. doi: 10.1093/genetics/116.1.99

Complete Nucleotide Sequence of the Mouse Lactate Dehydrogenase-a Functional Gene: Comparison of the Exon-Intron Organization of Dehydrogenase Genes

Kayoko M Fukasawa 1, Steven S-L Li 1
PMCID: PMC1203126  PMID: 3036647

Abstract

The complete sequence of 12,851 nucleotides of the mouse lactate dehydrogenase-A (LDH-A) gene has been determined. It includes eight exons, seven introns, promoter and regulatory regions. The B1 repetitive elements present in intron III and VI are oriented in opposite orientation, and they share 72% sequence homology. The exon-intron organization of mouse LDH-A gene is compared with the organizations of other dehydrogenase genes, and the molecular evolution of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide binding domains is discussed.

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (1.5 MB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Akai K., Yagi K., Tiano H. F., Pan Y. C., Shimizu M., Fong K., Jungmann R. A., Li S. S. Isolation and characterization of a cDNA and a pseudogene for mouse lactate dehydrogenase-A isozyme. Int J Biochem. 1985;17(5):645–648. doi: 10.1016/0020-711x(85)90298-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Benyajati C., Place A. R., Powers D. A., Sofer W. Alcohol dehydrogenase gene of Drosophila melanogaster: relationship of intervening sequences to functional domains in the protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 May;78(5):2717–2721. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.5.2717. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Brändén C. I., Eklund H., Cambillau C., Pryor A. J. Correlation of exons with structural domains in alcohol dehydrogenase. EMBO J. 1984 Jun;3(6):1307–1310. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1984.tb01967.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Chung F. Z., Tsujibo H., Bhattacharyya U., Sharief F. S., LI S. S. Genomic organization of human lactate dehydrogenase-A gene. Biochem J. 1985 Nov 1;231(3):537–541. doi: 10.1042/bj2310537. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Comb M., Birnberg N. C., Seasholtz A., Herbert E., Goodman H. M. A cyclic AMP- and phorbol ester-inducible DNA element. 1986 Sep 25-Oct 1Nature. 323(6086):353–356. doi: 10.1038/323353a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Dennis E. S., Gerlach W. L., Pryor A. J., Bennetzen J. L., Inglis A., Llewellyn D., Sachs M. M., Ferl R. J., Peacock W. J. Molecular analysis of the alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh1) gene of maize. Nucleic Acids Res. 1984 May 11;12(9):3983–4000. doi: 10.1093/nar/12.9.3983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Duester G., Smith M., Bilanchone V., Hatfield G. W. Molecular analysis of the human class I alcohol dehydrogenase gene family and nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding the beta subunit. J Biol Chem. 1986 Feb 15;261(5):2027–2033. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Fukasawa K. M., Li W. H., Yagi K., Luo C. C., Li S. S. Molecular evolution of mammalian lactate dehydrogenase-A genes and pseudogenes: association of a mouse processed pseudogene with a B1 repetitive sequence. Mol Biol Evol. 1986 Jul;3(4):330–342. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040402. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Fukasawa K. M., Tanimura M., Sakai I., Sharief F. S., Chung F. Z., Li S. S. Molecular nature of spontaneous mutations in mouse lactate dehydrogenase-A processed pseudogenes. Genetics. 1987 Jan;115(1):177–184. doi: 10.1093/genetics/115.1.177. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Ireland R. C., Kotarski M. A., Johnston L. A., Stadler U., Birkenmeier E., Kozak L. P. Primary structure of the mouse glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene. J Biol Chem. 1986 Sep 5;261(25):11779–11785. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Kanno T., Sudo K., Kitamura M., Miwa S., Ichiyama A., Nishimura Y. Lactate dehydrogenase A-subunit and B-subunit deficiencies: comparison of the physiological roles of LDH isozymes. Isozymes Curr Top Biol Med Res. 1983;7:131–150. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Krayev A. S., Kramerov D. A., Skryabin K. G., Ryskov A. P., Bayev A. A., Georgiev G. P. The nucleotide sequence of the ubiquitous repetitive DNA sequence B1 complementary to the most abundant class of mouse fold-back RNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 1980 Mar 25;8(6):1201–1215. doi: 10.1093/nar/8.6.1201. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Li S. S., Fitch W. M., Pan Y. C., Sharief F. S. Evolutionary relationships of vertebrate lactate dehydrogenase isozymes A4 (muscle), B4 (heart), and C4 (testis). J Biol Chem. 1983 Jun 10;258(11):7029–7032. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Li S. S., Tiano H. F., Fukasawa K. M., Yagi K., Shimizu M., Sharief F. S., Nakashima Y., Pan Y. E. Protein structure and gene organization of mouse lactate dehydrogenase-A isozyme. Eur J Biochem. 1985 Jun 3;149(2):215–225. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1985.tb08914.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Markert C. L., Shaklee J. B., Whitt G. S. Evolution of a gene. Multiple genes for LDH isozymes provide a model of the evolution of gene structure, function and regulation. Science. 1975 Jul 11;189(4197):102–114. doi: 10.1126/science.1138367. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Matrisian L. M., Rautmann G., Magun B. E., Breathnach R. Epidermal growth factor or serum stimulation of rat fibroblasts induces an elevation in mRNA levels for lactate dehydrogenase and other glycolytic enzymes. Nucleic Acids Res. 1985 Feb 11;13(3):711–726. doi: 10.1093/nar/13.3.711. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Messing J., Crea R., Seeburg P. H. A system for shotgun DNA sequencing. Nucleic Acids Res. 1981 Jan 24;9(2):309–321. doi: 10.1093/nar/9.2.309. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Michelson A. M., Blake C. C., Evans S. T., Orkin S. H. Structure of the human phosphoglycerate kinase gene and the intron-mediated evolution and dispersal of the nucleotide-binding domain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Oct;82(20):6965–6969. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.20.6965. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Miles M. F., Hung P., Jungmann R. A. Cyclic AMP regulation of lactate dehydrogenase. Quantitation of lactate dehydrogenase M-subunit messenger RNA in isoproterenol-and N6,O2'-dibutyryl cyclic AMP-stimulated rat C6 glioma cells by hybridization analysis using a cloned cDNA probe. J Biol Chem. 1981 Dec 10;256(23):12545–12552. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Montminy M. R., Sevarino K. A., Wagner J. A., Mandel G., Goodman R. H. Identification of a cyclic-AMP-responsive element within the rat somatostatin gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Sep;83(18):6682–6686. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.18.6682. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Mount S. M. A catalogue of splice junction sequences. Nucleic Acids Res. 1982 Jan 22;10(2):459–472. doi: 10.1093/nar/10.2.459. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Sanger F., Nicklen S., Coulson A. R. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 Dec;74(12):5463–5467. doi: 10.1073/pnas.74.12.5463. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Short J. M., Wynshaw-Boris A., Short H. P., Hanson R. W. Characterization of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) promoter-regulatory region. II. Identification of cAMP and glucocorticoid regulatory domains. J Biol Chem. 1986 Jul 25;261(21):9721–9726. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Soares E. R. TEM-induced gene mutations at enzyme loci in the mouse. Environ Mutagen. 1979;1(1):19–25. doi: 10.1002/em.2860010108. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Stone E. M., Rothblum K. N., Alevy M. C., Kuo T. M., Schwartz R. J. Complete sequence of the chicken glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Mar;82(6):1628–1632. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.6.1628. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Weaver S., Comer M. B., Jahn C. L., Hutchison C. A., 3rd, Edgell M. H. The adult beta-globin genes of the "single" type mouse C57BL. Cell. 1981 May;24(2):403–411. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90330-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Genetics are provided here courtesy of Oxford University Press

RESOURCES