Skip to main content
PMC home page
Genetics logoLink to Genetics
. 1988 Oct;120(2):533–543. doi: 10.1093/genetics/120.2.533

Genetic Analysis of Mouse T Haplotypes Using Mutations Induced by Ethylnitrosourea Mutagenesis: The Order of T and Qk Is Inverted in T Mutants

M J Justice 1, V C Bode 1
PMCID: PMC1203530  PMID: 3197958

Abstract

The t region of mouse chromosome 17 exhibits recombination suppression with wild-type chromatin. However, the region has resisted classical genetic dissection because of a lack of defined variants. Mutations induced by N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) at the Brachyury (T), quaking (qk), and tufted (tf) loci of the mouse t(w5) haplotype have now allowed the analysis of crossovers between two complete t haplotypes. A classical breeding analysis of the complete t haplotypes, t(w5) and t(12), utilizing the newly induced markers, reveals two inversions in t chromatin: one involving T and qk, and one involving tf and the H-2 complex. Moreover, the recombination frequency between the loci of T and qk is reduced compared to the frequency reported in normal chromatin. These two inversions are a sufficient explanation for the recombination inhibition with normal chromatin exhibited by t haplotypes isolated from the wild. Furthermore, the reduced recombination frequency between T and qk may indicate that the proximal gene rearrangement is not a simple inversion.

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (1.1 MB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Artzt K. Gene mapping within the T/t complex of the mouse. III: t-Lethal genes are arranged in three clusters on chromosome 17. Cell. 1984 Dec;39(3 Pt 2):565–572. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90463-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Artzt K., McCormick P., Bennett D. Gene mapping within the T/t complex of the mouse. I. t-Lethal genes are nonallelic. Cell. 1982 Mar;28(3):463–470. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(82)90200-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Artzt K., Shin H. S., Bennett D. Gene mapping within the T/t complex of the mouse. II. Anomalous position of the H-2 complex in t haplotypes. Cell. 1982 Mar;28(3):471–476. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(82)90201-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Bode V. C. Ethylnitrosourea mutagenesis and the isolation of mutant alleles for specific genes located in the T region of mouse chromosome 17. Genetics. 1984 Oct;108(2):457–470. doi: 10.1093/genetics/108.2.457. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Búcan M., Herrmann B. G., Frischauf A. M., Bautch V. L., Bode V., Silver L. M., Martin G. R., Lehrach H. Deletion and duplication of DNA sequences is associated with the embryonic lethal phenotype of the t9 complementation group of the mouse t complex. Genes Dev. 1987 Jun;1(4):376–385. doi: 10.1101/gad.1.4.376. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Fortner G. W., Takemoto L. J., Shehi L., Hansen J. S. Identification of tumor-associated antigens on ultraviolet light-induced tumors using antitumor antibodies developed in ascites fluid. Cancer Res. 1982 Jun;42(6):2371–2374. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. GEYER DUSZYNSKA I. CYTOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS ON THE T-LOCUS IN MUS MUSCULUS L. Chromosoma. 1964 Sep 22;15:478–502. doi: 10.1007/BF00368143. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Herrmann B., Bućan M., Mains P. E., Frischauf A. M., Silver L. M., Lehrach H. Genetic analysis of the proximal portion of the mouse t complex: evidence for a second inversion within t haplotypes. Cell. 1986 Feb 14;44(3):469–476. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90468-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. JOHNSON D. R. Hairpin-tail: a case of post-reductional gene action in the mouse egg. Genetics. 1974 Apr;76(4):795–805. doi: 10.1093/genetics/76.4.795. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Justice M. J., Bode V. C. Induction of new mutations in a mouse t-haplotype using ethylnitrosourea mutagenesis. Genet Res. 1986 Jun;47(3):187–192. doi: 10.1017/s0016672300023119. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Justice M. J., Bode V. C. Three ENU-induced alleles of the murine quaking locus are recessive embryonic lethal mutations. Genet Res. 1988 Apr;51(2):95–102. doi: 10.1017/s0016672300024101. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Klein J., Hammerberg C. The control of differentiation by the T complex. Immunol Rev. 1977 Jan;33:70–104. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1977.tb00363.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Lyon M. F., Bechtol K. B. Derivation of mutant t-haplotypes of the mouse by presumed duplication or deletion. Genet Res. 1977 Aug;30(1):63–76. doi: 10.1017/s0016672300017468. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Lyon M. F., Evans E. P., Jarvis S. E., Sayers I. t-Haplotypes of the mouse may involve a change in intercalary DNA. Nature. 1979 May 3;279(5708):38–42. doi: 10.1038/279038a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Lyon M. F. Male sterility of the mouse t-complex is due to homozygosity of the distorter genes. Cell. 1986 Jan 31;44(2):357–363. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90770-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Lyon M. F. Transmission ratio distortion in mouse t-haplotypes is due to multiple distorter genes acting on a responder locus. Cell. 1984 Jun;37(2):621–628. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90393-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Mather K. Crossing over and Heterochromatin in the X Chromosome of Drosophila Melanogaster. Genetics. 1939 Apr;24(3):413–435. doi: 10.1093/genetics/24.3.413. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Murphy D. B., Shrefler D. C. Cross-reactivity between H-2K and H-2D products. I. Evidence for extensive and reciprocal serological cross-reactivity. J Exp Med. 1975 Feb 1;141(2):374–391. doi: 10.1084/jem.141.2.374. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Paterniti J. R., Jr, Brown W. V., Ginsberg H. N., Artzt K. Combined lipase deficiency (cld): a lethal mutation on chromosome 17 of the mouse. Science. 1983 Jul 8;221(4606):167–169. doi: 10.1126/science.6857276. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Rogers J. H., Willison K. R. A major rearrangement in the H-2 complex of mouse t haplotypes. Nature. 1983 Aug 11;304(5926):549–552. doi: 10.1038/304549a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Rouyer F., Simmler M. C., Johnsson C., Vergnaud G., Cooke H. J., Weissenbach J. A gradient of sex linkage in the pseudoautosomal region of the human sex chromosomes. Nature. 1986 Jan 23;319(6051):291–295. doi: 10.1038/319291a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Russell W. L., Kelly E. M., Hunsicker P. R., Bangham J. W., Maddux S. C., Phipps E. L. Specific-locus test shows ethylnitrosourea to be the most potent mutagen in the mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1979 Nov;76(11):5818–5819. doi: 10.1073/pnas.76.11.5818. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Sarvetnick N., Fox H. S., Mann E., Mains P. E., Elliott R. W., Silver L. M. Nonhomologous pairing in mice heterozygous for a t haplotype can produce recombinant chromosomes with duplications and deletions. Genetics. 1986 Jul;113(3):723–734. doi: 10.1093/genetics/113.3.723. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Shin H. S., Bennett D., Artzt K. Gene mapping within the T/t complex of the mouse. IV: The inverted MHC is intermingled with several t-lethal genes. Cell. 1984 Dec;39(3 Pt 2):573–578. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90464-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Shin H. S., Flaherty L., Artzt K., Bennett D., Ravetch J. Inversion in the H-2 complex of t-haplotypes in mice. Nature. 1983 Nov 24;306(5941):380–383. doi: 10.1038/306380a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Silver L. M. Genetic organization of the mouse t complex. Cell. 1981 Dec;27(2 Pt 1):239–240. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90406-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Silver L. M., Lukralle D., Garrels J. I. TOr1 is a novel, variant form of mouse chromosome 17 with a deletion in a partial t haplotype. Nature. 1983 Feb 3;301(5899):422–424. doi: 10.1038/301422a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Silver L. M. Mouse t haplotypes. Annu Rev Genet. 1985;19:179–208. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ge.19.120185.001143. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Silver L. M., Remis D. Five of the nine genetically defined regions of mouse t haplotypes are involved in transmission ratio distortion. Genet Res. 1987 Feb;49(1):51–56. doi: 10.1017/s0016672300026720. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Sturtevant A H, Beadle G W. The Relations of Inversions in the X Chromosome of Drosophila Melanogaster to Crossing over and Disjunction. Genetics. 1936 Sep;21(5):554–604. doi: 10.1093/genetics/21.5.554. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Tung A. S., Ju S. T., Sato S., Nisonoff A. Production of large amounts of antibodies in individual mice. J Immunol. 1976 Mar;116(3):676–681. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Womack J. E., Roderick T. H. T-alleles in the mouse are probably not inversions. J Hered. 1974 Sep-Oct;65(5):308–310. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a108534. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Genetics are provided here courtesy of Oxford University Press

RESOURCES