Abstract
A yeast intrachromosomal recombination system based on an inverted repeat has been designed to examine mitotic gene conversion tract length and the association of crossing over with gene conversion as a function of the conversion tract length. Short conversion tracts are found to be preferentially noncrossover while conversion tracts longer than 1.16 kb show a 50% association with crossover. Mutation in the excision repair gene RAD1 leads to a reduction in conversion tracts of at least 1.16 kb and a reduction in crossovers associated with conversion, regardless of the length of the conversion tract. Mutation in the excision repair gene RAD3, which encodes a DNA helicase, also leads to a reduction in conversion tracts of at least 1.16 kb, but has no effect on the frequency of associated crossovers. The roles of RAD1 and RAD3 in recombination are discussed.
Full Text
The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (2.5 MB).
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Aguilera A., Klein H. L. Genetic and molecular analysis of recombination events in Saccharomyces cerevisiae occurring in the presence of the hyper-recombination mutation hpr1. Genetics. 1989 Jul;122(3):503–517. doi: 10.1093/genetics/122.3.503. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Aguilera A., Klein H. L. Genetic control of intrachromosomal recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. I. Isolation and genetic characterization of hyper-recombination mutations. Genetics. 1988 Aug;119(4):779–790. doi: 10.1093/genetics/119.4.779. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ahn B. Y., Livingston D. M. Mitotic gene conversion lengths, coconversion patterns, and the incidence of reciprocal recombination in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae plasmid system. Mol Cell Biol. 1986 Nov;6(11):3685–3693. doi: 10.1128/mcb.6.11.3685. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Alberts B. M. The DNA enzymology of protein machines. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 1984;49:1–12. doi: 10.1101/sqb.1984.049.01.003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Christman M. F., Dietrich F. S., Fink G. R. Mitotic recombination in the rDNA of S. cerevisiae is suppressed by the combined action of DNA topoisomerases I and II. Cell. 1988 Nov 4;55(3):413–425. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90027-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Clewell D. B., Helinski D. R. Properties of a supercoiled deoxyribonucleic acid-protein relaxation complex and strand specificity of the relaxation event. Biochemistry. 1970 Oct 27;9(22):4428–4440. doi: 10.1021/bi00824a026. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Formosa T., Alberts B. M. DNA synthesis dependent on genetic recombination: characterization of a reaction catalyzed by purified bacteriophage T4 proteins. Cell. 1986 Dec 5;47(5):793–806. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90522-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Friedberg E. C. Deoxyribonucleic acid repair in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microbiol Rev. 1988 Mar;52(1):70–102. doi: 10.1128/mr.52.1.70-102.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Golin J. E., Esposito M. S. Evidence for joint genic control of spontaneous mutation and genetic recombination during mitosis in Saccharomyces. Mol Gen Genet. 1977 Jan 18;150(2):127–135. doi: 10.1007/BF00695392. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Holm C., Stearns T., Botstein D. DNA topoisomerase II must act at mitosis to prevent nondisjunction and chromosome breakage. Mol Cell Biol. 1989 Jan;9(1):159–168. doi: 10.1128/mcb.9.1.159. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Jackson J. A., Fink G. R. Gene conversion between duplicated genetic elements in yeast. Nature. 1981 Jul 23;292(5821):306–311. doi: 10.1038/292306a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Jackson J. A., Fink G. R. Meiotic recombination between duplicated genetic elements in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics. 1985 Feb;109(2):303–332. doi: 10.1093/genetics/109.2.303. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Klein H. L. Different types of recombination events are controlled by the RAD1 and RAD52 genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics. 1988 Oct;120(2):367–377. doi: 10.1093/genetics/120.2.367. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Klein H. L. Lack of association between intrachromosomal gene conversion and reciprocal exchange. 1984 Aug 30-Sep 5Nature. 310(5980):748–753. doi: 10.1038/310748a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kodadek T., Alberts B. M. Stimulation of protein-directed strand exchange by a DNA helicase. Nature. 1987 Mar 19;326(6110):312–314. doi: 10.1038/326312a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kunz B. A., Haynes R. H. Phenomenology and genetic control of mitotic recombination in yeast. Annu Rev Genet. 1981;15:57–89. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ge.15.120181.000421. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lichten M., Borts R. H., Haber J. E. Meiotic gene conversion and crossing over between dispersed homologous sequences occurs frequently in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics. 1987 Feb;115(2):233–246. doi: 10.1093/genetics/115.2.233. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mertz J. E., Davis R. W. Cleavage of DNA by R 1 restriction endonuclease generates cohesive ends. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1972 Nov;69(11):3370–3374. doi: 10.1073/pnas.69.11.3370. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Meselson M. S., Radding C. M. A general model for genetic recombination. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1975 Jan;72(1):358–361. doi: 10.1073/pnas.72.1.358. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Montelone B. A., Hoekstra M. F., Malone R. E. Spontaneous mitotic recombination in yeast: the hyper-recombinational rem1 mutations are alleles of the RAD3 gene. Genetics. 1988 Jun;119(2):289–301. doi: 10.1093/genetics/119.2.289. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Naumovski L., Friedberg E. C. A DNA repair gene required for the incision of damaged DNA is essential for viability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Aug;80(15):4818–4821. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.15.4818. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Orr-Weaver T. L., Szostak J. W. Fungal recombination. Microbiol Rev. 1985 Mar;49(1):33–58. doi: 10.1128/mr.49.1.33-58.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Reynolds P., Higgins D. R., Prakash L., Prakash S. The nucleotide sequence of the RAD3 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a potential adenine nucleotide binding amino acid sequence and a nonessential acidic carboxyl terminal region. Nucleic Acids Res. 1985 Apr 11;13(7):2357–2372. doi: 10.1093/nar/13.7.2357. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rothstein R., Helms C., Rosenberg N. Concerted deletions and inversions are caused by mitotic recombination between delta sequences in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol. 1987 Mar;7(3):1198–1207. doi: 10.1128/mcb.7.3.1198. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schiestl R. H., Prakash S. RAD1, an excision repair gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is also involved in recombination. Mol Cell Biol. 1988 Sep;8(9):3619–3626. doi: 10.1128/mcb.8.9.3619. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sigal N., Alberts B. Genetic recombination: the nature of a crossed strand-exchange between two homologous DNA molecules. J Mol Biol. 1972 Nov 28;71(3):789–793. doi: 10.1016/s0022-2836(72)80039-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Southern E. M. Detection of specific sequences among DNA fragments separated by gel electrophoresis. J Mol Biol. 1975 Nov 5;98(3):503–517. doi: 10.1016/s0022-2836(75)80083-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Struhl K., Davis R. W. A physical, genetic and transcriptional map of the cloned his3 gene region of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Mol Biol. 1980 Jan 25;136(3):309–332. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(80)90376-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sung P., Prakash L., Weber S., Prakash S. The RAD3 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes a DNA-dependent ATPase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Sep;84(17):6045–6049. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.17.6045. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Symington L. S., Petes T. D. Expansions and contractions of the genetic map relative to the physical map of yeast chromosome III. Mol Cell Biol. 1988 Feb;8(2):595–604. doi: 10.1128/mcb.8.2.595. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Szostak J. W., Orr-Weaver T. L., Rothstein R. J., Stahl F. W. The double-strand-break repair model for recombination. Cell. 1983 May;33(1):25–35. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90331-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Willis K. K., Klein H. L. Intrachromosomal recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: reciprocal exchange in an inverted repeat and associated gene conversion. Genetics. 1987 Dec;117(4):633–643. doi: 10.1093/genetics/117.4.633. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]