Abstract
The CDC25 gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an essential component of the RAS-adenylate cyclase pathway. Genetic and biochemical evidence has led to the proposal that the gene product may act upstream of RAS, possibly as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor. We report here the cloning, sequencing and characterization of four mutations in the CDC25 gene. All four are missense mutations which reside within the carboxy-terminal quarter of the single open reading frame found within the gene. Three of the four are missense mutations in the same amino acid codon. A search of protein data bases reveals that the carboxy terminus of the putative CDC25 gene product is similar to that of LTE1, a gene required for growth at low temperature and SCD25, a suppressor of cdc25. Taken together these data indicate that the carboxy terminus of CDC25 plays a critical role in the function of the CDC25 gene product and that other proteins, such as LTE1 or SCD25, may have related activities.
Full Text
The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (2.1 MB).
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Boeke J. D., LaCroute F., Fink G. R. A positive selection for mutants lacking orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase activity in yeast: 5-fluoro-orotic acid resistance. Mol Gen Genet. 1984;197(2):345–346. doi: 10.1007/BF00330984. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Boutelet F., Petitjean A., Hilger F. Yeast cdc35 mutants are defective in adenylate cyclase and are allelic with cyr1 mutants while CAS1, a new gene, is involved in the regulation of adenylate cyclase. EMBO J. 1985 Oct;4(10):2635–2641. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1985.tb03981.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Boy-Marcotte E., Damak F., Camonis J., Garreau H., Jacquet M. The C-terminal part of a gene partially homologous to CDC 25 gene suppresses the cdc25-5 mutation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Gene. 1989 Apr 15;77(1):21–30. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(89)90355-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Broek D., Samiy N., Fasano O., Fujiyama A., Tamanoi F., Northup J., Wigler M. Differential activation of yeast adenylate cyclase by wild-type and mutant RAS proteins. Cell. 1985 Jul;41(3):763–769. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(85)80057-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Broek D., Toda T., Michaeli T., Levin L., Birchmeier C., Zoller M., Powers S., Wigler M. The S. cerevisiae CDC25 gene product regulates the RAS/adenylate cyclase pathway. Cell. 1987 Mar 13;48(5):789–799. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90076-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Camonis J. H., Jacquet M. A new RAS mutation that suppresses the CDC25 gene requirement for growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol. 1988 Jul;8(7):2980–2983. doi: 10.1128/mcb.8.7.2980. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Camonis J. H., Kalékine M., Gondré B., Garreau H., Boy-Marcotte E., Jacquet M. Characterization, cloning and sequence analysis of the CDC25 gene which controls the cyclic AMP level of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. EMBO J. 1986 Feb;5(2):375–380. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04222.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Cannon J. F., Tatchell K. Characterization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes encoding subunits of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. Mol Cell Biol. 1987 Aug;7(8):2653–2663. doi: 10.1128/mcb.7.8.2653. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Daniel J., Becker J. M., Enari E., Levitzki A. The activation of adenylate cyclase by guanyl nucleotides in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is controlled by the CDC25 start gene product. Mol Cell Biol. 1987 Oct;7(10):3857–3861. doi: 10.1128/mcb.7.10.3857. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Field J., Broek D., Kataoka T., Wigler M. Guanine nucleotide activation of, and competition between, RAS proteins from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol. 1987 Jun;7(6):2128–2133. doi: 10.1128/mcb.7.6.2128. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Field J., Nikawa J., Broek D., MacDonald B., Rodgers L., Wilson I. A., Lerner R. A., Wigler M. Purification of a RAS-responsive adenylyl cyclase complex from Saccharomyces cerevisiae by use of an epitope addition method. Mol Cell Biol. 1988 May;8(5):2159–2165. doi: 10.1128/mcb.8.5.2159. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fraenkel D. G. On ras gene function in yeast. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Jul;82(14):4740–4744. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.14.4740. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gallwitz D., Donath C., Sander C. A yeast gene encoding a protein homologous to the human c-has/bas proto-oncogene product. Nature. 1983 Dec 15;306(5944):704–707. doi: 10.1038/306704a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Garnier J., Osguthorpe D. J., Robson B. Analysis of the accuracy and implications of simple methods for predicting the secondary structure of globular proteins. J Mol Biol. 1978 Mar 25;120(1):97–120. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(78)90297-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gilman A. G. A protein binding assay for adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1970 Sep;67(1):305–312. doi: 10.1073/pnas.67.1.305. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gunja-Smith Z., Patil N. B., Smith E. E. Two pools of glycogen in Saccharomyces. J Bacteriol. 1977 May;130(2):818–825. doi: 10.1128/jb.130.2.818-825.1977. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hartwell L. H., Mortimer R. K., Culotti J., Culotti M. Genetic Control of the Cell Division Cycle in Yeast: V. Genetic Analysis of cdc Mutants. Genetics. 1973 Jun;74(2):267–286. doi: 10.1093/genetics/74.2.267. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Iida H., Yahara I. Specific early-G1 blocks accompanied with stringent response in Saccharomyces cerevisiae lead to growth arrest in resting state similar to the G0 of higher eucaryotes. J Cell Biol. 1984 Apr;98(4):1185–1193. doi: 10.1083/jcb.98.4.1185. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ito H., Fukuda Y., Murata K., Kimura A. Transformation of intact yeast cells treated with alkali cations. J Bacteriol. 1983 Jan;153(1):163–168. doi: 10.1128/jb.153.1.163-168.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kataoka T., Broek D., Wigler M. DNA sequence and characterization of the S. cerevisiae gene encoding adenylate cyclase. Cell. 1985 Dec;43(2 Pt 1):493–505. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90179-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- LOWRY O. H., ROSEBROUGH N. J., FARR A. L., RANDALL R. J. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem. 1951 Nov;193(1):265–275. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Legrain M., De Wilde M., Hilger F. Isolation, physical characterization and expression analysis of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae positive regulatory gene PHO4. Nucleic Acids Res. 1986 Apr 11;14(7):3059–3073. doi: 10.1093/nar/14.7.3059. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Madaule P., Axel R., Myers A. M. Characterization of two members of the rho gene family from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Feb;84(3):779–783. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.3.779. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Marshall M. S., Gibbs J. B., Scolnick E. M., Sigal I. S. Regulatory function of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae RAS C-terminus. Mol Cell Biol. 1987 Jul;7(7):2309–2315. doi: 10.1128/mcb.7.7.2309. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Martegani E., Baroni M., Wanoni M. Interaction of cAMP with the CDC25-mediated step in the cell cycle of budding yeast. Exp Cell Res. 1986 Feb;162(2):544–548. doi: 10.1016/0014-4827(86)90358-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Martegani Enzo, Baroni Maurizio D., Frascotti Gianni, Alberghina Lilia. Molecular cloning and transcriptional analysis of the start gene CDC25 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. EMBO J. 1986 Sep;5(9):2363–2369. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04505.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Matsumoto K., Uno I., Ishikawa T. Initiation of meiosis in yeast mutants defective in adenylate cyclase and cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. Cell. 1983 Feb;32(2):417–423. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90461-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Matsumoto K., Uno I., Ishikawa T. Regulation of repressible acid phosphatase by cyclic AMP in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics. 1984 Sep;108(1):53–66. doi: 10.1093/genetics/108.1.53. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Matsumoto K., Uno I., Oshima Y., Ishikawa T. Isolation and characterization of yeast mutants deficient in adenylate cyclase and cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Apr;79(7):2355–2359. doi: 10.1073/pnas.79.7.2355. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Munder T., Mink M., Küntzel H. Domains of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae CDC25 gene controlling mitosis and meiosis. Mol Gen Genet. 1988 Oct;214(2):271–277. doi: 10.1007/BF00337721. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Orr-Weaver T. L., Szostak J. W., Rothstein R. J. Genetic applications of yeast transformation with linear and gapped plasmids. Methods Enzymol. 1983;101:228–245. doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(83)01017-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Parent S. A., Fenimore C. M., Bostian K. A. Vector systems for the expression, analysis and cloning of DNA sequences in S. cerevisiae. Yeast. 1985 Dec;1(2):83–138. doi: 10.1002/yea.320010202. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Powers S., O'Neill K., Wigler M. Dominant yeast and mammalian RAS mutants that interfere with the CDC25-dependent activation of wild-type RAS in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol. 1989 Feb;9(2):390–395. doi: 10.1128/mcb.9.2.390. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Robinson L. C., Gibbs J. B., Marshall M. S., Sigal I. S., Tatchell K. CDC25: a component of the RAS-adenylate cyclase pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Science. 1987 Mar 6;235(4793):1218–1221. doi: 10.1126/science.3547648. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rose M. D., Novick P., Thomas J. H., Botstein D., Fink G. R. A Saccharomyces cerevisiae genomic plasmid bank based on a centromere-containing shuttle vector. Gene. 1987;60(2-3):237–243. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(87)90232-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Salminen A., Novick P. J. A ras-like protein is required for a post-Golgi event in yeast secretion. Cell. 1987 May 22;49(4):527–538. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90455-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sanger F., Coulson A. R. The use of thin acrylamide gels for DNA sequencing. FEBS Lett. 1978 Mar 1;87(1):107–110. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(78)80145-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sanger F., Nicklen S., Coulson A. R. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 Dec;74(12):5463–5467. doi: 10.1073/pnas.74.12.5463. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tatchell K., Robinson L. C., Breitenbach M. RAS2 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is required for gluconeogenic growth and proper response to nutrient limitation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Jun;82(11):3785–3789. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.11.3785. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Toda T., Uno I., Ishikawa T., Powers S., Kataoka T., Broek D., Cameron S., Broach J., Matsumoto K., Wigler M. In yeast, RAS proteins are controlling elements of adenylate cyclase. Cell. 1985 Jan;40(1):27–36. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90305-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tripp M. L., Piñon R. Control of the cAMP pathway by the cell cycle start function, CDC25, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Gen Microbiol. 1986 May;132(5):1143–1151. doi: 10.1099/00221287-132-5-1143. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wickner R. B., Koh T. J., Crowley J. C., O'Neil J., Kaback D. B. Molecular cloning of chromosome I DNA from Saccharomyces cerevisiae: isolation of the MAK16 gene and analysis of an adjacent gene essential for growth at low temperatures. Yeast. 1987 Mar;3(1):51–57. doi: 10.1002/yea.320030108. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wilbur W. J., Lipman D. J. Rapid similarity searches of nucleic acid and protein data banks. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Feb;80(3):726–730. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.3.726. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Winston F., Chumley F., Fink G. R. Eviction and transplacement of mutant genes in yeast. Methods Enzymol. 1983;101:211–228. doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(83)01016-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- van der Plaat J. B. Cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate stimulates trehalose degradation in baker's yeast. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1974 Feb 4;56(3):580–587. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(74)90643-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]