Abstract
Objectives
This study aims to analyze the global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) related to caries of permanent teeth from 1990 to 2021, as part of the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD).
Study design and methods
Data on incidence, prevalence, and DALYs were extracted and analyzed for various demographic and regional categories. Age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR), age-standardized prevalence rates (ASPR), and age-standardized DALY rates (ASDAR) were calculated. Temporal trends and associations with sociodemographic index (SDI) were also examined.
Results
In 2021, there were approximately 2.37 billion cases of caries of permanent teeth, with an ASIR of 29,777.03 per 100,000 population. The prevalence was around 2.24 billion, with an ASPR of 27,543.34 per 100,000. Females exhibited a higher disease burden than males, and the burden increased with age, peaking in the 20–24 age group. Regions with lower SDI showed higher ASIRs, while the highest burden was noted in Tropical Latin America. Significant increases in disease burden were observed from 1990 to 2021, particularly in China and Colombia, while Japan showed a decrease. The Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) predictions indicate that the burden of caries of permanent teeth will continue to increase year by year.
Conclusion
The burden of caries of permanent teeth varies significantly across regions and demographics, with higher rates in lower SDI areas. The findings underscore the importance of targeted interventions and resource allocation in high-burden regions to improve dental health outcomes.
Supplementary Information
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12903-025-06086-z.
Keywords: Caries of permanent teeth, Global burden of disease, Incidence, Prevalence, DALYs, Socioeconomic factors
Introduction
Caries of permanent teeth, a highly prevalent chronic disease, poses a substantial burden on global health and well-being. Understanding its temporal trends, geographical variations, and disease burden in terms of incidence, prevalence, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) is critical for informing public health policies and interventions aimed at mitigating its impact. Previous research, such as the Global Burden of Oral Diseases studies, has underscored the significant contribution of dental caries to the overall oral health burden worldwide [1, 2]. However, a comprehensive and updated analysis encompassing recent data spanning three decades is lacking, which limits our understanding of the evolving caries landscape and hinders the development of effective strategies to address this pressing health issue.
Existing studies often lack detailed temporal trend analyses, geographical comparisons at fine resolutions, and in-depth explorations of the drivers behind observed patterns. Furthermore, oral diseases, including dental caries, have been increasingly recognized as integral to overall health and well-being, with links to various systemic conditions such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and respiratory illnesses [3, 4]. Therefore, addressing the burden of caries of permanent teeth is not merely an oral health concern but a crucial aspect of promoting overall population health.
Notably, the distribution of caries burden is heterogeneous, with notable disparities across geographical regions and socioeconomic strata. Low- and middle-income countries often bear a disproportionately higher burden due to limited access to oral healthcare services, poor oral hygiene practices, and unhealthy diets [5, 6]. This study aims to delve deeper into these issues, highlighting these disparities and their implications for global health equity.
To fill this knowledge gap, we leverage the rigorous methodology and extensive data sources of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) framework. By utilizing GBD estimates, this study seeks to: (1) quantify the incidence, prevalence, and DALYs of caries of permanent teeth globally, regionally, and nationally; (2) analyze temporal trends in these metrics over the past three decades; and (3) identify key drivers of the observed patterns and variations, specifically focusing on sex, age, socioeconomic factors, and geographic location. By addressing these specific deficiencies in the existing research, this study aims to contribute significantly to our understanding of dental caries and its impact on global health.
Building on this rationale, the present study aimed to analyze the global, regional, and national trends in the incidence, prevalence, and DALYs of caries of permanent teeth from 1990 to 2021, utilizing the comprehensive data and methodology of the GBD 2021 study. By identifying key trends and drivers, we hope to inform more targeted and effective strategies to reduce the burden of dental caries globally, thereby promoting overall population health and equity.
Methods
This retrospective study analyzed the burden of caries of permanent teeth across 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. Below, we detail the data sources, estimation frameworks, and statistical approaches used to address the study’s objectives.
Data sources and estimation methods
Data for this study were sourced from the GBD 2021 database, which integrates diverse datasets including cancer registries, population surveys, published literature, and surveillance systems. The GBD 2021 framework harmonizes these data through a multi-step process:
Data Harmonization: Definitions, classifications, and measurement units were aligned across sources to ensure consistency in health outcome reporting. Disease categories were mapped to a common taxonomy, minimizing discrepancies in case definitions.
Population Standardization: Age-standardized rates were applied to account for demographic variations, enabling equitable comparisons across populations.
Geographical and Temporal Adjustment: Data were aggregated to common geographical resolutions (e.g., national levels) and adjusted for temporal trends to reduce confounding from regional or period-specific biases.
To address missing data, the GBD 2021 employed:
Imputation Techniques: Multiple imputation and regression-based methods estimated missing values using covariate patterns and temporal trends.
Data Extrapolation: Subnational gaps were filled using hierarchical models that borrowed strength from analogous regions or higher aggregation levels.
The GBD employs a systematic and standardized approach to estimate health outcomes, including the use of DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, to ensure consistency and comparability across locations and time [7].
To address data limitations, particularly the reliance on secondary sources and the lack of granular geographic information for large countries like China, DisMod-MR 2.1 incorporates a series of methods to handle data sparsity and uncertainty. These include the use of hierarchical models, which borrow strength across related geographical units or time points, and the application of smoothing techniques to produce plausible estimates even in areas with limited data [8]. However, it is acknowledged that these methods may introduce some biases, and the resulting estimates should be interpreted with caution, particularly in regions where data scarcity is a concern.
The GBD 2021 database provided data for 204 countries and territories. For geographical analysis, the 204 countries and territories were segmented into 54 GBD regions. Moreover, these same countries were categorized by socioeconomic development status into five Sociodemographic Index (SDI) levels: low, low-middle, middle, high-middle, and high. The methodological framework of the GBD 2021 has been described in prior studies [9, 10]. All data, along with their respective 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), were derived from various sources, including cancer registries, published studies, surveillance data, census data, and other relevant sources [11]. The estimates were tailored to specific locations, sexes, and age groups. The DALYs were calculated by aggregating the Years lived with disability (YLDs) and Years of Life Lost (YLLs) for each respective cause [12].
For regions lacking longitudinal data, incidence rates were estimated via:
Cross-Sectional Studies: Prevalence data were converted to incidence estimates using disease duration and mortality rates.
Expert Elicitation: Field experts provided contextual insights for underdocumented outcomes.
Spatial–Temporal Modeling: Bayesian frameworks integrated sparse data with covariates (such as socioeconomic indicators) to generate plausible estimates.
Statistical analyses
The statistical analyses conducted in this study were comprehensive and rigorous. First, in 2021, incidence, prevalence, and DALYs of caries of permanent teeth, along with corresponding Age-Standardized Rates (ASRs), were assessed globally and by subtypes such as age, sex, SDI regions, GBD regions, and countries. Second, a thorough analysis was carried out to investigate the temporal trends of this disease burden globally and by subtype from 1990 to 2021. A linear regression model was used to calculate the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC).
In addition, the relationship between EAPCs, caries of permanent teeth-related ASRs in 1990, and Human Development Index (HDI) in 2021 was assessed. Because these three factors were not normally distributed, the Spearman correlation analysis was used to investigate their associations. Furthermore, a hierarchical cluster analysis was carried out, using the EAPC values, to analyze the changing patterns of disease burden across various GBD regions and find those with comparable tendencies. As a result, all 54 GBD locations were divided into four unique categories: substantial rise, slight increase, steady or small drop, and significant decrease.
Moreover, we used the Bayesian Age-Period-Cohort (BAPC) model, together with nested Laplace approximations, to forecast the future illness burden from 2022 to 2046. The BAPC model was chosen for our forecasting analysis due to its ability to account for complex dependencies between age, period, and cohort effects, which are often present in epidemiological data. This model allows for the simultaneous estimation of these effects, providing a more nuanced understanding of trends and patterns over time. Additionally, the Bayesian framework enables the incorporation of prior information and the quantification of uncertainty in our estimates, which is crucial for making informed decisions in public health policy and practice.
Decomposition analyses were used to look deeper into the mechanisms driving changes in the illness burden between 1990 and 2021, with an emphasis on age structure, population size, and epidemiological alterations. Finally, frontier analysis was used to determine the relationship between disease burden and socioeconomic development. By developing a nonlinear frontier, we were able to determine the lowest possible burden based on a country's or region's current development state. Non-parametric data envelope analysis was used to facilitate this research, with earlier studies providing methodological direction. The effective difference, which represents the gap between the observed DALY rate and the frontier, represents the potential health improvements that could be realized at the current level of development.
Statistical significance was determined at a P-value of less than 0.05. We used R software (version 4.0.2) to generate, collate, and analyze the database.
Results
The disease burden attributable to caries of permanent teeth in 2021
The disease burden attributable to caries of permanent teeth in 2021 is significant. Specifically, the number of incidence cases reached 2,370,414,032, with a range of 2,099,098,156 to 2,661,346,388, corresponding to an age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) of 29,777.03 per 100,000 population, ranging from 26,310.27 to 33,490.91. Similarly, the number of prevalence cases amounted to 2,242,874,758, ranging from 1,957,579,677 to 2,599,622,169, with an age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR) of 27,543.34 per 100,000 population, varying between 23,976 and 32,018.09. Additionally, the number of DALYs cases was 2,198,064, with a range of 988,183 to 4,174,725, corresponding to an age-standardized DALY rate (ASDAR) of 27.02 per 100,000 population, ranging from 12.1 to 51.36 (Tables 1, 2 and 3).
Table 1.
The number of incidence cases and the age-standardized incidence rate attributable to caries of permanent teeth in 1990 and 2021 and its trends from 1990 to 2021 globally
| Number of incidence cases (95% UI) in 1990 | The age-standardized incidence rate/100000 (95% UI) in 1990 | Number of incidence cases (95% UI) in 2021 | The age-standardized incidence rate/100000 (95% UI) in 2021 | EAPC (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Global | 1527618388 (1329926847–1740865232) | 28091.58 (24489.95–31836.26) | 2370414032 (2099098156–2661346388) | 29777.03 (26310.27–33490.91) | 0.23 (0.2–0.26) |
| Sex | |||||
| Female | 764829981 (666728069–868205308) | 28373.11 (24800.95–32071.45) | 1179064868 (1045956816–1324945906) | 29877.72 (26437.48–33602.38) | 0.23 (0.19–0.26) |
| Male | 762788407 (661968864–872513572) | 27824.43 (24222.86–31679.78) | 1191349164 (1052116661–1337867524) | 29678.33 (26169.01–33359.6) | 0.23 (0.21–0.25) |
| Age | |||||
| 5–9 years | 104867522 (52004029–181258915) | 17971.21 (8911.96–31062.45) | 111399490 (55654635–197328050) | 16214.09 (8100.48–28720.91) | −0.2 (−0.27–0.13) |
| 10–14 years | 179245435 (122599522–242863180) | 33461.13 (22886.6–45337.14) | 234985412 (160000535–319574382) | 35249.44 (24001.19–47938.37) | 0.21 (0.15–0.28) |
| 15–19 years | 208319379 (161240214–257395353) | 40105.89 (31042.15–49554.05) | 288411039 (226734324–354013171) | 46221.21 (36336.8–56734.71) | 0.47 (0.44–0.5) |
| 20–24 years | 241465792 (192472585–289875194) | 49069.65 (39113.46–58907.2) | 324412059 (263901543–379505989) | 54325.99 (44192.91–63552.01) | 0.34 (0.32–0.36) |
| 25–29 years | 197366964 (147291983–247704208) | 44590.65 (33277.33–55963.22) | 286313878 (220180486–348927834) | 48664.43 (37423.82–59306.85) | 0.34 (0.31–0.38) |
| 30–34 years | 151466906 (115747929–183546332) | 39298.93 (30031.44–47622.11) | 252878319 (196171016–301713807) | 41834.01 (32452.85–49912.94) | 0.29 (0.23–0.34) |
| 35–39 years | 120298454 (91659585–147910117) | 34151.98 (26021.58–41990.76) | 206235228 (159506736–249985406) | 36770.85 (28439.36–44571.32) | 0.27 (0.23–0.31) |
| 40–44 years | 87843014 (67027574–111870923) | 30662.7 (23396.81–39049.95) | 163056644 (125374016–206635224) | 32594.98 (25062.23–41306.33) | 0.21 (0.19–0.24) |
| 45–49 years | 63635852 (49923961–80485693) | 27406.15 (21500.83–34662.9) | 134127726 (106545483–169604200) | 28326.59 (22501.47–35818.91) | 0.13 (0.08–0.17) |
| 50–54 years | 51568264 (39195168–66791560) | 24259.26 (18438.58–31420.76) | 108417964 (83694273–138558102) | 24367.8 (18810.96–31142.04) | 0.06 (0.02–0.11) |
| 55–59 years | 39127120 (29843800–50303134) | 21126.96 (16114.37–27161.53) | 83070474 (63167534–106518454) | 20991.81 (15962.36–26917.09) | 0.05 (0.02–0.07) |
| 60–64 years | 30494416 (23411068–39005392) | 18986.71 (14576.41–24285.9) | 60798347 (47115300–77612426) | 18996.64 (14721.33–24250.26) | −0.02 (−0.05–0.01) |
| 65–69 years | 21412647 (17046384–27611119) | 17322.82 (13790.52–22337.38) | 46411498 (37007765–59582909) | 16825.38 (13416.28–21600.36) | −0.1 (−0.13–0.08) |
| 70–74 years | 13352878 (10241022–17760878) | 15772.14 (12096.48–20978.78) | 31469300 (24484669–41314580) | 15288.29 (11895.05–20071.29) | −0.11 (−0.16–0.07) |
| 75–79 years | 9414369 (7198791–12281147) | 15294.11 (11694.8–19951.34) | 18768014 (14579538–24471218) | 14230.65 (11054.79–18555.05) | −0.15 (−0.21–0.1) |
| 80–84 years | 5098490 (3893454–6552459) | 14412.32 (11005.94–18522.37) | 11623756 (8956045–14947420) | 13271.69 (10225.77–17066.57) | −0.21 (−0.26–0.16) |
| 85–89 years | 2032044 (1549558–2602858) | 13447.38 (10254.45–17224.84) | 5570056 (4326156–7075925) | 12182.5 (9461.91–15476.05) | −0.25 (−0.28–0.22) |
| 90–94 years | 508774 (364850–674121) | 11872.86 (8514.21–15731.43) | 1962618 (1413187–2596897) | 10970.86 (7899.59–14516.42) | −0.28 (−0.3–0.26) |
| 95 + years | 100067 (55211–153613) | 9828.95 (5423.04–15088.38) | 502211 (282029–766053) | 9214.37 (5174.55–14055.22) | −0.22 (−0.3–0.15) |
| SDI region | |||||
| High-middle SDI | 286672766 (249434472–328582906) | 25928.82 (22532.92–29735.87) | 354901014 (312769941–402702372) | 28068.89 (24352.04–31973.91) | 0.39 (0.3–0.48) |
| High SDI | 273099853 (244997182–301645977) | 30412.41 (27047.52–33661.65) | 311697352 (280824483–345208230) | 30049.02 (26769.17–33354.51) | 0.02 (−0.02–0.06) |
| Low-middle SDI | 351990156 (303692201–403346112) | 30900.69 (26974.62–35103.05) | 623984154 (545108731–703956895) | 31182.47 (27260.31–35209.32) | −0.03 (−0.09–0.03) |
| Low SDI | 138385602 (120948207–157279709) | 29298.84 (25980.17–32898.15) | 330220061 (288016584–375331729) | 29403.82 (25801.98–33007.58) | −0.02 (−0.05–0.01) |
| Middle SDI | 475902508 (406309069–550193824) | 26442.49 (22826.55–30343.41) | 747613546 (661350067–845051324) | 29951.73 (26314.08–33821.61) | 0.51 (0.44–0.57) |
| GBD region | |||||
| Advanced Health System | 417740839 (373267671–465144786) | 31203.62 (27640.41–34768.96) | 450128126 (405317871–501379807) | 30818.7 (27262.48–34386.85) | 0 (−0.04–0.04) |
| Africa | 175398362 (152166992–201049302) | 28851.96 (25420.83–32672.85) | 402823988 (348744272–458982458) | 28927.95 (25414.87–32549.82) | 0 (−0.01–0) |
| African Region | 137664596 (119198102–158130162) | 28286.93 (24954.71–32053.7) | 330368722 (285886535–376686843) | 28424.61 (25033.2–32133.14) | 0.01 (0–0.02) |
| America | 236221402 (204576826–266444945) | 32253.86 (28089.71–36357.09) | 332618029 (295310714–373527077) | 32007.59 (28127.22–35972.74) | 0.01 (−0.03–0.05) |
| Andean Latin America | 11422358 (9738319–13378413) | 30057.45 (25809.49–35224.58) | 20612023 (17847968–24012910) | 30428.82 (26375.99–35415.01) | 0.1 (0.08–0.12) |
| Asia | 859943533 (738216412–992929374) | 26180.71 (22784.97–29977.27) | 1377369158 (1217900124–1551064542) | 29203.89 (25718.77–32956.87) | 0.41 (0.37–0.45) |
| Australasia | 5537911 (4884894–6314576) | 26089.96 (23042.65–29717.65) | 8935335 (7731234–10359671) | 29326.35 (25154.78–33967.29) | 0.49 (0.44–0.54) |
| Basic Health System | 609756172 (522190468–704421627) | 25192.82 (21737.08–28988.38) | 908265113 (801008253–1029075774) | 28936.78 (25264.29–32868.35) | 0.6 (0.5–0.71) |
| Caribbean | 11576085 (10039559–13195466) | 32306.77 (28118.52–36763.99) | 15723375 (14098738–17416276) | 32776.95 (29399.94–36352.97) | 0.05 (0.04–0.07) |
| Central Africa | 17431785 (14282598–21040669) | 27893.94 (23379.45–33110.73) | 46342262 (38016362–55189979) | 27969.26 (23655.54–32816.36) | 0.01 (−0.01–0.03) |
| Central Asia | 21603889 (18320452–25052847) | 31431.9 (26902.51–36171.96) | 30600881 (26283869–35355328) | 31938.39 (27490.82–36708.29) | 0.05 (0.03–0.07) |
| Central Europe | 39224725 (34563010–44135808) | 30953.38 (27066.75–34794.29) | 36233922 (32321389–40767206) | 32337.43 (28381.99–36187.34) | 0.15 (0.14–0.16) |
| Central Latin America | 51245827 (43369765–59733846) | 30753.36 (26477.45–35165.96) | 80572384 (70351726–92025642) | 30652.14 (26663.65–35143.77) | −0.04 (−0.07–0.02) |
| Central Sub-Saharan Africa | 14516280 (11898078–17521056) | 27965.16 (23449.19–33017.44) | 38137314 (31332985–45565264) | 28039.29 (23456.45–32874.64) | 0 (−0.01–0.02) |
| Commonwealth High Income | 33690553 (29958376–37472519) | 29775.84 (26370.22–33188.13) | 42356311 (37767857–47237375) | 30258.25 (26671.92–33927.29) | 0.08 (0.06–0.09) |
| Commonwealth Low Income | 53093245 (44445751–62823580) | 26809.29 (22951.38–31135.01) | 110282014 (93046508–128962680) | 27607.11 (23439.78–32139.1) | 0.02 (0–0.04) |
| Commonwealth Middle Income | 359779076 (311773089–409614823) | 30929.02 (27119.15–34973.79) | 691564235 (610829712–772347901) | 31221.57 (27676.23–34873.5) | −0.06 (−0.16–0.03) |
| East Asia | 236801798 (194684621–285550049) | 17834.57 (14643.46–21452.69) | 323692711 (282149935–374427839) | 23398.84 (20107.29–27254.18) | 1.27 (1–1.55) |
| East Asia & Pacific—WB | 458631818 (393196928–534226008) | 23109.1 (19859.38–26805.34) | 627765709 (555683784–711382135) | 27153.48 (23661.55–30866.29) | 0.76 (0.6–0.91) |
| Eastern Africa | 48051407 (42024473–54610809) | 28800.67 (25629.94–32473.62) | 115758613 (101414911–131731262) | 29154.56 (25748.54–32803.81) | 0.02 (0.01–0.03) |
| Eastern Europe | 77185222 (67474757–87383015) | 33949.74 (29643.94–38296.11) | 68014273 (59764859–76357341) | 33777.23 (29488.46–38087.77) | −0.01 (−0.03–0.01) |
| Eastern Mediterranean Region | 115992165 (99433030–131951795) | 31710.75 (27672.35–35769.1) | 245487700 (211314405–278252336) | 31636.91 (27459.84–35784.18) | −0.01 (−0.03–0.01) |
| Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa | 51283540 (44937664–58260723) | 28227.99 (25224.66–31789.07) | 125253490 (109269034–142515019) | 28721.28 (25373.71–32337.82) | 0.03 (0.01–0.04) |
| Europe | 253158434 (225144959–283971729) | 31396.5 (27902.79–35096.34) | 254380352 (226391514–284696462) | 31571.77 (27896.28–35346.1) | 0.04 (0.02–0.06) |
| Europe & Central Asia—WB | 268196304 (238313211–300823075) | 31367.91 (27832.92–35096.32) | 277568765 (246881265–311199171) | 31549.47 (27843.49–35414.1) | 0.04 (0.02–0.06) |
| European Region | 270537794 (240340724–303469525) | 31373.07 (27835.68–35103.78) | 281541033 (250479328–315670373) | 31573.76 (27872.22–35444.18) | 0.04 (0.02–0.06) |
| High-income Asia Pacific | 57156163 (50711786–63608032) | 31494.6 (27707.48–35385.67) | 47155095 (42059380–52278109) | 28451.18 (25056.24–31636.16) | −0.33 (−0.4–0.27) |
| High-income North America | 91714847 (80175149–103093689) | 31848.63 (27596.8–35912.45) | 111272043 (97364953–125022962) | 30898.22 (26814.08–34828.49) | 0.01 (−0.09–0.12) |
| Latin America & Caribbean—WB | 145765908 (124852106–166408728) | 32626.76 (28336.93–37168.06) | 222494463 (196155670–252243747) | 32765.73 (28704.71–37094.82) | 0.02 (0.01–0.04) |
| Limited Health System | 463824506 (401494627–529620466) | 30244.72 (26588.57–34243.41) | 917638374 (808290499–1029716401) | 30592.45 (27066.35–34314.03) | −0.04 (−0.11–0.03) |
| Middle East & North Africa—WB | 81581936 (70263439–93255314) | 31961.84 (27915.51–36290.83) | 158120598 (138188127–179424038) | 32169.18 (28252.22–36378.71) | 0.03 (0.01–0.04) |
| Minimal Health System | 34729366 (28932558–41391001) | 27692.7 (23697.62–32575.34) | 92384515 (76947321–109738690) | 28190.77 (24045.48–33048.53) | 0.04 (0.03–0.06) |
| North Africa and Middle East | 106426719 (91183653–122008711) | 31592.38 (27499.44–35933.27) | 204990376 (177919912–233769636) | 31920.12 (27848.93–36314.86) | 0.05 (0.03–0.07) |
| North America | 91715993 (80176785–103095404) | 31849.63 (27598.06–35913.15) | 111275852 (97368778–125027728) | 30899.29 (26815.48–34829.5) | 0.01 (−0.09–0.12) |
| Northern Africa | 37931288 (32472950–43272489) | 31355.9 (27262.94–35405.81) | 67426315 (58666799–76111638) | 31591.01 (27582.39–35576.24) | 0.01 (0–0.02) |
| Oceania | 1837448 (1525180–2209102) | 27627.61 (23259.61–32988.56) | 3911098 (3219170–4637583) | 27635.38 (22847.53–32571.56) | 0 (−0.02–0.01) |
| Region of the Americas | 236221402 (204576826–266444945) | 32253.86 (28089.71–36357.09) | 332618029 (295310714–373527077) | 32007.59 (28127.22–35972.74) | 0.01 (−0.03–0.05) |
| South-East Asia Region | 411484558 (355813066–470154068) | 31529.69 (27651.91–35800.51) | 703183382 (621977393–787897071) | 32113.61 (28381.97–36037.29) | −0.02 (−0.12–0.08) |
| South Asia | 332888724 (286601635–381592312) | 30880.64 (26918.38–35088.5) | 617008020 (540954812–693310573) | 31398.81 (27644.28–35248.05) | −0.06 (−0.16–0.04) |
| South Asia—WB | 341666351 (294346102–391745907) | 30915.1 (26968.49–35143.21) | 634257706 (555645253–713054588) | 31436 (27669.55–35330.27) | −0.06 (−0.15–0.04) |
| Southeast Asia | 163386026 (141193084–185122003) | 34487.73 (30005.87–38966.91) | 251719025 (222051346–283438580) | 34776.97 (30584.21–39145.79) | 0.08 (0.03–0.14) |
| Southern Africa | 24832207 (21405856–28893267) | 26884.34 (23586.01–30880.32) | 52115737 (44607190–60342049) | 27926.12 (24297.97–31923.65) | 0.12 (0.11–0.14) |
| Southern Latin America | 15132665 (12739405–17624645) | 30289.97 (25546.19–35317.27) | 20726146 (18295171–23744186) | 30254.87 (26673.86–34580.95) | 0.02 (−0.04–0.09) |
| Southern Sub-Saharan Africa | 14096469 (12086725–16491157) | 26634.42 (23217.48–30801.76) | 23212833 (20181175–26689599) | 27538.17 (23935.06–31619.38) | 0.15 (0.13–0.17) |
| Sub-Saharan Africa—WB | 137875440 (119459360–158285140) | 28242.38 (24987.8–31996.82) | 336238125 (290474512–384003403) | 28365.98 (25002.06–32033.97) | 0.01 (0–0.01) |
| Tropical Latin America | 56801906 (48975225–64633480) | 36093.49 (31280.87–41000.71) | 85414444 (74738421–96551908) | 36541.09 (31903.79–41303.27) | 0.07 (0.04–0.1) |
| Western Africa | 47151675 (40992383–53649031) | 28619.93 (25218.34–32124.66) | 121181061 (105414531–137183583) | 28058.48 (24904.81–31302.35) | −0.06 (−0.08–0.04) |
| Western Europe | 115917670 (104686506–128791649) | 30341.19 (27244.68–33773.27) | 121534480 (108941434–134792631) | 30501.87 (27074.64–33938.98) | 0.05 (0.03–0.08) |
| Western Pacific Region | 349775396 (296111904–410639982) | 21204.88 (17966.46–24840.59) | 470936234 (414059305–537271117) | 25721.06 (22424.58–29449.65) | 0.91 (0.71–1.1) |
| Western Sub-Saharan Africa | 51862113 (44802418–59219498) | 28528.64 (25014.32–32116.93) | 135694764 (117385625–154500800) | 28028.66 (24756.07–31354.85) | −0.05 (−0.07–0.03) |
| World Bank High Income | 320889388 (287779622–355971985) | 30656.5 (27256.59–34083.93) | 354537560 (319589155–393203894) | 30302.51 (26888.48–33777.46) | 0.02 (−0.03–0.06) |
| World Bank Low Income | 81161239 (69927439–93838525) | 27525.63 (24190.22–31405.66) | 197230488 (169527265–227743665) | 28302.82 (24777.52–32234.86) | 0.1 (0.09–0.11) |
| World Bank Lower Middle Income | 623229358 (541403656–708991857) | 31673.47 (27740.92–35867.43) | 1131452007 (996644266–1267302754) | 31773.64 (28035.78–35667.85) | −0.04 (−0.11–0.02) |
| World Bank Upper Middle Income | 500764366 (428874454–581591136) | 23844.16 (20530.64–27574.87) | 685190267 (602262102–780597826) | 27499.85 (23847.47–31494.17) | 0.65 (0.52–0.78) |
| Country | |||||
| Afghanistan | 2790901.12 (2353268.373254192.77) | 30216.71 (25815.2635376.63) | 9552431.12 (7941740.5311278648.13) | 31130.86 (26565.0336275.6) | 0.324(0.2870.361) |
| American Samoa | 13881.25 (11517.2316401.59) | 28255.27 (23723.0333100.34) | 14385.32 (12044.9216608.82) | 28299.09 (23876.0132869.76) | 0.002 (−0.0110.016) |
| Angola | 2748941.18 (2246033.343297144.86) | 28290.39 (23682.2233169.09) | 8852796.52 (7204090.6710741356.23) | 28394.21 (23428.1533237.63) | −0.039 (−0.070-0.008) |
| Antigua and Barbuda | 20062.57 (17196.0723256.96) | 32561.84 (27865.3137472.93) | 30528.8 (26285.5135052.36) | 32990.74 (28163.9637928.91) | 0.148 (0.1270.168) |
| Arab Republic of Egypt | 17024356.11 (13984950.3320115964.17) | 31164.09 (26405.5536604.7) | 33839785.51 (28378767.2539234591.49) | 31727.7 (27034.1836366.38) | 0.081 (0.0150.148) |
| Argentine Republic | 10086260.09 (8490160.2911795986.6) | 30484.24 (25587.1635646.45) | 14083087.78 (12073673.8316539672.52) | 30429.52 (26020.3235644.62) | −0.003 (−0.0410.035) |
| Australia | 4446080.28 (3889540.25154614.38) | 25160.72 (22082.8829058.35) | 7285048.85 (6286994.868482010.14) | 28787.79 (24571.2533522.34) | 0.318 (0.2610.375) |
| Bangladesh | 27944651 (22813881.7633458890.77) | 26993.22 (22745.7431567.64) | 47816769.27 (39797072.756019996.02) | 27569.79 (22938.632113.78) | 0.294 (0.2510.337) |
| Barbados | 85446.77 (72024.3198965.83) | 32517.88 (27692.2637571.99) | 100133.86 (86220.47117014.13) | 33008.84 (28274.2338850.85) | −0.001 (−0.0210.020) |
| Belize | 59112.4 (52318.1166313.52) | 31605.43 (28037.6135024.47) | 147822.55 (129715.18169816.09) | 31819.52 (28005.4636370.44) | 0.240 (0.2220.259) |
| Benin | 1190604 (983495.71460636.11) | 27535.27 (23245.1532504.99) | 3575355.97 (2918996.094292567.38) | 27511.14 (23287.0332278.41) | 0.264 (0.2490.279) |
| Bermuda | 20235.26 (17199.4323569.74) | 32921.17 (27796.8238025.53) | 20669.23 (17608.2624228.73) | 33282.16 (28262.9638916.35) | −0.099 (−0.115-0.082) |
| Bhutan | 171480.42 (140702.89204623.16) | 26955.54 (22416.1431285.26) | 228271.07 (189834.29270532.17) | 27476.04 (22835.232611.1) | 0.343 (0.3120.374) |
| Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela | 6727851.38 (5786959.017673226.72) | 35718.64 (31005.9440506.99) | 9650213.73 (8435440.3410892298.56) | 36163.4 (31573.5840974.71) | 0.146 (0.0830.210) |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 1380645.38 (1191696.691601491.5) | 29877.84 (25946.3134506.69) | 1028370.81 (895499.871181577.93) | 31735.72 (27378.1536433.02) | 0.154 (0.1010.208) |
| Botswana | 313867.04 (252226.59389254.79) | 24454.69 (20156.1529523.34) | 623733.39 (524659.48756008.15) | 24282.53 (20505.9529450.75) | 0.335 (0.2680.402) |
| Brunei Darussalam | 87921.16 (74080.37101916.11) | 31846.23 (26789.4736826.62) | 160126.99 (134657.98184712.56) | 32250.07 (27198.3237510.49) | 0.173 (0.1380.208) |
| Burkina Faso | 2353001.33 (1919629.322848271.07) | 27688.68 (23179.8532535.74) | 5972207.66 (4873384.457261041.86) | 27771.59 (23468.6133306.19) | 0.152 (0.0550.248) |
| Burundi | 1484747.97 (1213352.691817462.49) | 28611.72 (24029.4434242.46) | 3743277.56 (3037732.84549754.58) | 28842.49 (23929.4734603.44) | 0.191 (0.1690.212) |
| Cabo Verde | 91621.56 (74965.79109487.93) | 27740.15 (23379.0432662.95) | 167381.07 (141345.61196637.51) | 27703.35 (23452.4432246.73) | 0.585 (0.5310.639) |
| Cameroon | 2668507.4 (2183227.433217356.43) | 27725.26 (23287.5732511.09) | 8780093.53 (7207889.1410367442.44) | 27846.1 (23586.3832348.99) | 0.209 (0.1940.223) |
| Canada | 7947702.06 (6632529.639224813.79) | 28011.8 (23326.9532426.58) | 9747196.16 (8158536.3911263496.62) | 27334.54 (22563.7332029.89) | −0.344 (−0.388-0.301) |
| Central African Republic | 730623.7 (603465.96875457.63) | 28156.94 (23569.9233087.06) | 1522683.98 (1243505.961820600.58) | 27728.33 (23069.6332603.99) | 0.151 (0.1350.167) |
| Chad | 1480395.79 (1196652.991784490.89) | 27520.36 (22726.6232936.76) | 4471803.84 (3669585.455395514.2) | 27733.86 (23424.6132588.94) | 0.075 (0.0370.113) |
| Commonwealth of Dominica | 23582.37 (19797.8327686.24) | 32292.7 (27430.6937886.75) | 22889.68 (19706.9226097.44) | 32670.95 (28070.8637298.86) | 0.237 (0.2130.261) |
| Commonwealth of the Bahamas | 87604.79 (74875.48103080.59) | 32695.47 (28179.7738048.64) | 132689.99 (113758.37154346.03) | 32470.58 (27807.9538019.17) | 0.143 (0.1040.182) |
| Comoros | 125159.96 (105862.51146885.78) | 26256.95 (22557.2230662.51) | 211229.07 (182099.99245226.41) | 26495.3 (22996.2430582.58) | 0.151 (0.1400.162) |
| Congo | 660670.34 (541376.27790712.34) | 28038.09 (23544.0232816.63) | 1570010.64 (1290223.281867089.56) | 28131.23 (23354.3633161.16) | 0.084 (0.0470.122) |
| Cook Islands | 5461.48 (4587.756347.62) | 27997.03 (23562.7332296.31) | 4949.37 (4147.795779.59) | 28471.56 (23614.6433374.64) | −0.157 (−0.190-0.125) |
| Czech Republic | 3204634.03 (2761041.323697390.75) | 30628.78 (26122.8935363.51) | 3276847.41 (2865933.973785509.74) | 31921.16 (27630.7536808.72) | −0.043 (−0.075-0.011) |
| Democratic People's Republic of Korea | 2871498.88 (2219972.193574084.68) | 13382.92 (10379.4416644.22) | 3899100.16 (3051242.634784341.74) | 14287.89 (10984.117839.22) | 0.098 (0.0560.139) |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo | 10000978.17 (8200510.5712091105.82) | 27857.57 (23305.433141.19) | 25204039.15 (20737772.9629993692.42) | 27934.03 (23451.8832713.34) | 0.421 (0.3060.536) |
| Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste | 239118.07 (201208.48280687.04) | 31721.78 (27127.2836891.56) | 459965.25 (397488.48525384.14) | 32664.54 (28419.5237183.76) | 0.180 (0.1530.207) |
| Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka | 5918311.57 (5024365.926801293.92) | 33164.31 (28261.3137967.08) | 7501673.33 (6414159.28677233.08) | 33232.35 (28221.3338482.93) | 0.253 (0.1870.320) |
| Djibouti | 120662.45 (103776.13141300.46) | 26541.55 (23107.7230945.8) | 357200.44 (306080.37424565.14) | 26415.32 (22721.9631213.63) | −0.084 (−0.107-0.062) |
| Dominican Republic | 2312911.26 (1941835.962672356.03) | 32152.1 (27392.4536592.96) | 3679394.38 (3169522.124277295.26) | 32709.88 (28110.1937983.93) | −0.098 (−0.132-0.064) |
| Eastern Republic of Uruguay | 936290.85 (817509.151075544.64) | 30061.52 (26087.934719.81) | 1025647.71 (884721.851178739.8) | 30476.72 (26099.3835227.12) | 0.210 (0.1750.245) |
| Equatorial Guinea | 108772.61 (89164.84130392.14) | 27891.19 (23520.4332721.74) | 458849.83 (378746.69538847.74) | 28194.14 (23710.8532668.99) | 0.027 (0.0120.041) |
| Eritrea | 918308.82 (754359.651102911.6) | 28027.38 (23618.833720.55) | 1909260.63 (1585629.942256374.33) | 28423.32 (23951.4933537.65) | 0.486 (0.4510.521) |
| Eswatini | 185880.56 (150246.41233999.96) | 24371.52 (20360.2829141.11) | 296794.67 (245478.98359820.11) | 24364.45 (20382.5229065.95) | 0.210 (0.1940.225) |
| Ethiopia | 15224397.6 (13552013.1816981688.75) | 31155.69 (27902.4634456.76) | 35843519.66 (32053289.239939266.81) | 31059.37 (28131.0234296.87) | 0.374 (0.3430.405) |
| Federal Republic of Germany | 21846204.2 (19454806.4824349307.16) | 28149.89 (25311.3731092.03) | 19436721.98 (16852454.2222345344.61) | 27588.79 (24063.5332168.3) | 0.305 (0.2830.326) |
| Federated States of Micronesia | 28885.8 (24331.1934033.42) | 27623.89 (23371.2132105.1) | 29777.39 (24497.4335444.05) | 27624.03 (22859.1132844.84) | −0.410 (−0.503-0.317) |
| Federative Republic of Brazil | 55622448.71 (47914093.7163249226.18) | 36255.16 (31387.0441183.67) | 83268309.12 (72800391.7294037784.77) | 36800.64 (32044.0741659.97) | 0.114 (0.0950.133) |
| French Republic | 19451227.8 (17166584.6121932483.9) | 33943.56 (30180.3238213.27) | 21245929.75 (18657158.2324135470.25) | 33660.89 (29093.4338621.45) | 0.074 (0.0410.107) |
| Gabon | 266294.21 (220412.53320262.81) | 27909.82 (23389.1732914.41) | 528933.62 (438119.03631437.29) | 28184.4 (23698.6433324.27) | −0.171 (−0.193-0.149) |
| Gambia | 252487.55 (206866.29305864.11) | 27268.32 (22842.6732428.14) | 668737.06 (552414.76802217.98) | 27676.83 (23135.232615.55) | 0.196 (0.1740.218) |
| Georgia | 1753187.51 (1461364.722038618.08) | 31490.85 (26227.3836594.52) | 1115648.54 (959293.251301283.51) | 32025.61 (27266.9137285.17) | 0.210 (0.1820.239) |
| Ghana | 3917104.72 (3279083.684619530.36) | 27627.91 (23569.6332101.79) | 9607738.12 (7982554.7711491632.42) | 27578.61 (23081.2232515.68) | −0.132 (−0.169-0.095) |
| Grand Duchy of Luxembourg | 115672.96 (98946.06134971.1) | 30175.19 (25591.9835125.84) | 194886.13 (167267.83228561.89) | 31012.06 (26160.1736543.24) | 0.242 (0.2180.266) |
| Greenland | 16985.97 (14486.3519612.48) | 27392.62 (23079.2231906.72) | 15115.49 (12900.8117644.72) | 26966.69 (23004.6932115.35) | −0.014 (−0.0320.004) |
| Grenada | 27495.16 (23384.732007.16) | 32338.91 (27669.9637622.89) | 35260.23 (30375.8540342.99) | 33053.76 (28289.5937844.95) | −0.264 (−0.334-0.194) |
| Guam | 40674.28 (33554.9447998.79) | 28146.24 (23465.532851.93) | 44180.57 (37162.2352740.39) | 28418.55 (23807.3734104.6) | 0.266 (0.2290.303) |
| Guinea | 1484638.4 (1228300.621767022.3) | 27649.68 (23143.2832385.83) | 3567236.83 (2912687.544325936.11) | 27654.75 (23166.9532923.18) | −0.212 (−0.228-0.196) |
| Guinea-Bissau | 255211.57 (214910.94308267.12) | 26989.75 (23012.1131786.92) | 551547 (459912.91663529.42) | 26959.49 (22745.9431598.48) | 0.206 (0.1790.232) |
| Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan | 1148770.37 (955835.971367405.56) | 30855.61 (26109.3935987.92) | 4064311.63 (3398012.434832234.66) | 31040.71 (25993.4136640.58) | 0.172 (0.1600.185) |
| Hellenic Republic | 3058998.56 (2688705.553543380.94) | 29487.78 (25872.2234016.81) | 2909713.37 (2505876.243370947.09) | 31085.17 (26279.6536426.44) | 0.264 (0.2510.276) |
| Hungary | 3288087.22 (2819994.713798093.85) | 31216.77 (26539.0835920.15) | 2994481.97 (2597892.853399228.76) | 32283.09 (27576.5136819.86) | −0.256 (−0.326-0.186) |
| Independent State of Papua New Guinea | 1144159.07 (947010.041399831.7) | 27572.63 (23074.0333242.6) | 2930414.22 (2387971.223507873.94) | 27559.04 (22619.7332759.11) | −0.012 (−0.0460.022) |
| Independent State of Samoa | 47680.49 (39722.3756944.51) | 27825.4 (23505.9933025.62) | 59403.23 (49705.1370636.01) | 27845.34 (23493.532982.09) | 0.031 (0.0020.060) |
| India | 266713865.12 (230196534.76304917223.81) | 31361.98 (27439.2335573.34) | 484909328.35 (430904507.85541892748.56) | 32009.86 (28378.8935843.75) | −0.055 (−0.066-0.043) |
| Ireland | 1118880.8 (966283.41309207.36) | 30482.86 (26259.3535772.7) | 1487803.61 (1276791.851734046.47) | 31181.63 (26470.2236483.36) | 0.146 (−0.0010.294) |
| Islamic Republic of Iran | 19352960.76 (17046984.3821678995.86) | 34459.88 (30709.0838071.63) | 30519541.68 (27273820.7533924033.99) | 34568.83 (30959.8938333.71) | −0.214 (−0.251-0.177) |
| Ivoire | 3177265.68 (2601327.523811974.17) | 27633.65 (23218.8832664.11) | 7571579.51 (6213044.748895117.55) | 27521.13 (22957.2731770.96) | 0.075 (−0.0060.155) |
| Jamaica | 768982.72 (639788.67902222.03) | 31978.14 (26998.5337255.61) | 962352.12 (829459.751119478.24) | 32712.95 (27986.4238422.99) | 0.236 (0.2150.257) |
| Japan | 38066101.68 (33777811.9742635469.41) | 29746.37 (26250.9933760.38) | 26156578.48 (23265025.9129385561.27) | 24611.78 (21570.2927745.67) | −1.269 (−1.401-1.137) |
| Kenya | 6819762.84 (5876207.637786892.82) | 30397.39 (26716.4634028.7) | 15873136.05 (13790474.217725760.14) | 29713.7 (26235.5133101.45) | 0.217 (0.1980.236) |
| Kingdom of Bahrain | 169896.06 (141009.88205442.27) | 31357.5 (26571.8736761.06) | 532755.7 (446007.15623326.14) | 31822.09 (26593.1936899.86) | 0.211 (0.1350.287) |
| Kingdom of Belgium | 2747619.57 (2345112.893190088.63) | 27651.49 (23492.5932703.79) | 3047106.07 (2503213.993508826.42) | 28396.83 (23337.9233393.95) | −0.158 (−0.253-0.063) |
| Kingdom of Cambodia | 3511163.93 (2999251.854009486.52) | 36364.14 (31815.5740885.08) | 6578429.91 (5666830.797489903.51) | 37688.44 (32668.0542766.89) | 0.538 (0.4870.589) |
| Kingdom of Denmark | 1175668.71 (1034362.441343971.73) | 23265.07 (20604.9826593.97) | 1259976.21 (1085596.481446002.11) | 24983.51 (21445.129015.02) | −0.198 (−0.234-0.161) |
| Kingdom of Norway | 1400389.01 (1232305.161571346.48) | 32821.54 (28727.4637010.74) | 1750672.17 (1558122.451963645.15) | 33319.43 (29265.2937375.24) | −0.090 (−0.117-0.062) |
| Kingdom of Spain | 12328055.89 (10914990.3313970173.98) | 31368.85 (27726.5635529.25) | 13662220.41 (11767038.8715861487.44) | 32142.49 (27146.1437244.91) | −0.300 (−0.355-0.245) |
| Kingdom of Sweden | 2155780.45 (1810616.292547482) | 26144.96 (21761.7831283.04) | 2824211.62 (2421196.443262886.64) | 29425.05 (24847.3734210.06) | 0.330 (0.2220.438) |
| Kingdom of Thailand | 19916003.34 (16829561.5622901851.75) | 32790.45 (27888.8337598.73) | 22612897.21 (19570840.2226101296.77) | 33760.98 (29048.3739156.15) | −0.158 (−0.196-0.120) |
| Kingdom of the Netherlands | 4157070.71 (3692981.324653671.14) | 27668.69 (24486.730759.4) | 3703841.36 (3196697.384226220.7) | 25301.26 (21661.4629195.9) | −0.557 (−0.692-0.422) |
| Kingdom of Tonga | 27412.79 (22766.2832762.05) | 27822 (23159.5332432.31) | 29299.08 (24596.134530.69) | 27816.31 (23428.932972.43) | −0.066 (−0.092-0.040) |
| Kyrgyz Republic | 1382109.52 (1174132.581593735.55) | 31479.27 (27048.436006.41) | 2182136.29 (1869887.992541266.64) | 31706.85 (27311.1336709.15) | 0.063 (0.0030.124) |
| Lao People's Democratic Republic | 1303807.17 (1089189.61516515.11) | 33067.25 (27951.8937939.27) | 2568697.01 (2181480.892921028.21) | 33588.75 (28606.5738143.53) | 0.441 (0.3990.482) |
| Lebanon | 913016.34 (761538.051063074.13) | 30781.42 (25985.1436011.85) | 1796409.43 (1531250.662081991.27) | 31342.16 (26850.936008.68) | 0.248 (0.2230.274) |
| Lesotho | 349820.57 (287263.04424975.75) | 24368.09 (20560.2628778.68) | 485753.91 (401021.76580015.59) | 24290.52 (20204.1728917.64) | 0.401 (0.3760.427) |
| Liberia | 623028.1 (510809.01746374.44) | 27380.5 (22700.9232264.59) | 1529982.76 (1261544.061820309.69) | 27569.91 (23104.9332200.89) | 0.367 (0.3430.390) |
| Libya | 1305307 (1088368.841521310.21) | 31086.02 (26699.4335869.88) | 2337662.79 (1963190.22725901.37) | 31649.45 (26568.9836897.99) | 0.310 (0.2490.371) |
| Madagascar | 3311551.81 (2811304.373882880.66) | 29479.37 (25014.1834419.31) | 8980779.39 (7605552.9510558753.07) | 31305.71 (26756.8236327.56) | 0.327 (0.2990.355) |
| Malawi | 2662413.9 (2190407.553223735.13) | 28771.95 (24322.6933814.52) | 5717621.41 (4650664.116956265.98) | 28782.99 (23960.334497.44) | 0.217 (0.1620.273) |
| Malaysia | 4594387.71 (3783262.325610186.23) | 25273.73 (21069.2430257.86) | 8638384.47 (7017142.5810181957.6) | 25382.12 (20531.6130047.15) | 0.130 (−0.0210.281) |
| Mali | 2128954.49 (1756953.712575139.71) | 27389.91 (23222.8432516.49) | 6201379.79 (5036257.317451890.76) | 27562.92 (22958.7832905.6) | 0.137 (0.1050.170) |
| Mauritania | 529028.42 (433794.35640298.99) | 27503.27 (22980.4932775.56) | 1197652.46 (992462.851414648.59) | 27756.38 (23419.1332489.46) | 0.115 (0.0920.138) |
| Mauritius | 385233.94 (327883.71446559.38) | 33161.31 (28585.4238094.83) | 439354.69 (379786.19501088.46) | 33697 (28770.338594.57) | −0.025 (−0.037-0.012) |
| Monaco | 8769.24 (7578.510163.5) | 30686.64 (25869.8935836.18) | 10556 (9003.6911982.22) | 31383.52 (26562.7536085.59) | −0.130 (−0.167-0.094) |
| Mongolia | 669564.87 (548231.31785597.42) | 31305.01 (26109.2936521.8) | 1057824.91 (902523.151231575.05) | 32104.62 (27665.5337063.08) | 0.017 (−0.0880.123) |
| Montenegro | 189235.88 (162906.31218197.17) | 29708.99 (25460.5734160.29) | 190697.88 (165218.26219835.88) | 31119.24 (26762.1436008.35) | 0.072 (0.0590.084) |
| Morocco | 8716241.67 (7589393.899961115.58) | 33060.97 (28510.8437626.76) | 12407219.25 (10776584.4914031553.81) | 32602.52 (28310.6736905.12) | −0.278 (−0.395-0.161) |
| Mozambique | 3153326.56 (2640089.393785016.25) | 24918.57 (21372.3429414.04) | 8678734.99 (7089820.3910506989.19) | 28609.71 (23998.9733647.09) | 0.289 (0.2060.371) |
| Namibia | 314511.25 (261630.6381157.12) | 23111.19 (19580.4927401.26) | 632392.6 (518430.34763331.83) | 24771.71 (20519.0629617.91) | 0.373 (0.2850.461) |
| Nauru | 2858.41 (2360.863386.95) | 28004.03 (23436.0333002.38) | 3196.61 (2675.833772.17) | 27866.49 (23428.3532793.45) | 0.063 (0.0420.083) |
| Nepal | 4902367.16 (4030975.885852668.16) | 26629.29 (22255.3631270.27) | 8810104.66 (7288335.1410423696.55) | 26643.43 (22092.5731209.58) | 0.429 (0.2340.625) |
| New Zealand | 1091830.31 (955407.31255061.86) | 30593.14 (26678.6135362.43) | 1650286.06 (1397743.261906860.74) | 31968.69 (26947.3337198.46) | −0.032 (−0.1150.051) |
| Niger | 1957451.61 (1598293.62349758.92) | 27272.85 (22678.3431888.83) | 6261403.89 (5057765.167627672.58) | 27316.12 (22874.2532455.9) | 0.015 (−0.0310.061) |
| Nigeria | 25679303.84 (22691862.828842851.05) | 29706.48 (26394.3733076.78) | 65985199.02 (58136117.4373870823.83) | 28644.91 (25650.8231666.74) | −0.064 (−0.110-0.018) |
| Niue | 634.14 (527.26743.79) | 27734.95 (23253.7832442.53) | 465.94 (390.17535.22) | 28206.85 (23484.4532501.16) | −0.033 (−0.056-0.010) |
| North Macedonia | 610599.73 (527270.56704757.19) | 30084.09 (26069.6534661.99) | 689104.52 (589359.43797956.41) | 31521.72 (26989.9635904.57) | 0.159 (0.1110.206) |
| Northern Mariana Islands | 14097.3 (11785.9716494.58) | 28426.98 (23714.6132743.08) | 13749.34 (11550.5616096.96) | 28228.77 (23586.1533055.92) | −0.319 (−0.383-0.255) |
| Oman | 603150.82 (495967.44712963.19) | 30733.05 (25873.2735481.45) | 1583028.21 (1333455.51891090.15) | 31271.05 (26250.236177.28) | 0.504 (0.4060.602) |
| Pakistan | 33156359.87 (28085047.5838280272.94) | 31691.42 (27235.0235889.96) | 75243546.86 (63778687.7587016245.14) | 31147 (26629.4535636.6) | 0.221 (0.1980.245) |
| Palau | 4518.59 (3793.735316.77) | 27809.41 (23531.5732679.44) | 5039.87 (4278.185964.98) | 28105.55 (23829.9133537.81) | −0.239 (−0.294-0.185) |
| Palestine | 603793.58 (497900.52714586.55) | 31170.7 (26731.9235703.14) | 1685974.11 (1418807.061955010.01) | 31609.81 (27043.6936256.99) | 0.413 (0.3770.449) |
| People's Democratic Republic of Algeria | 7777477.75 (6405395.289163313.62) | 30825.79 (25722.736062.14) | 13914734.83 (11516606.6816284615.53) | 31325.11 (26088.9636455.89) | 0.035 (−0.0620.133) |
| People's Republic of China | 230901904.01 (190042711.77278380603.17) | 17990.76 (14777.3821629.84) | 316752689.04 (276805596.9366305223.18) | 23759.62 (20403.0627675.83) | 0.802 (0.4331.173) |
| Plurinational State of Bolivia | 1854145.52 (1575044.282188171.03) | 29764.56 (25361.0735167.59) | 3640595.62 (3102812.424303462.99) | 30093.41 (25729.6435485.99) | 0.228 (0.2040.251) |
| Portuguese Republic | 3059381.61 (2564480.273585697.99) | 29552.68 (24702.4134700.24) | 3007830.08 (2497404.583477387.61) | 30587.65 (25298.135711.41) | −0.379 (−0.425-0.332) |
| Principality of Andorra | 17945.41 (15130.1220805.25) | 30496.01 (25450.4235383.71) | 25458.83 (21948.1829965.14) | 30896.3 (26348.5136424.36) | −0.387 (−0.438-0.336) |
| Puerto Rico | 1205146.57 (1024567.321391821.37) | 32611.66 (27708.3437629.17) | 1103556.7 (942536.251271475.29) | 33173.58 (28194.4638311.65) | 0.049 (0.0300.069) |
| Qatar | 149928.62 (123970.27175164.97) | 31122.66 (26255.435598.34) | 1095125.59 (909613.361284266.55) | 32265.01 (27272.4536774.77) | 0.464 (0.3780.550) |
| Republic of Albania | 1008127.85 (846091.011186275.62) | 30168.18 (25534.234964.12) | 841279 (720029.13968538.33) | 31548.76 (26745.5436166.1) | 0.224 (0.1740.274) |
| Republic of Armenia | 1083348.55 (905529.731261824.69) | 31439.57 (26497.1636405.42) | 944991.75 (816947.291107637.19) | 31738.77 (27266.5236953.28) | −0.017 (−0.0700.037) |
| Republic of Austria | 2309680.22 (1984491.282684425.11) | 29246.57 (24740.2234171.79) | 2575008.97 (2201577.752968216.95) | 30292.98 (25554.0735239.63) | −0.170 (−0.192-0.148) |
| Republic of Azerbaijan | 2336261.48 (1991397.952681465.59) | 31445.6 (26893.5635962.59) | 3478201.24 (2956852.934066262.7) | 32142.44 (27262.4337206.91) | 0.133 (0.0750.191) |
| Republic of Belarus | 3275408.58 (2779976.313773131.85) | 31380.05 (26593.3336066.36) | 2824281.02 (2393036.723267973.98) | 31503.49 (26713.7836311.45) | −0.134 (−0.208-0.061) |
| Republic of Bulgaria | 2928044.01 (2542544.063355707.23) | 33671.5 (29258.7938560.45) | 2273668.05 (1988200.332601408.3) | 33937.11 (29324.7638714.16) | 0.003 (−0.0070.013) |
| Republic of Chile | 4109395.73 (3425440.914773406.69) | 29894.63 (24964.3534634.65) | 5616266.99 (5022867.486190892.39) | 29833.67 (26155.0133092.35) | 0.071 (−0.2100.354) |
| Republic of Colombia | 9070987.22 (7358920.3211138553.81) | 26857.62 (22152.232667.66) | 14136966.09 (12011536.7916525363.57) | 27631.87 (23281.0132599.97) | −0.311 (−0.488-0.134) |
| Republic of Costa Rica | 958089.45 (803849.861126201.45) | 31151.01 (26581.1635969.12) | 1573332.58 (1335948.921849874.8) | 31975.92 (27006.0237465.32) | 0.161 (0.1170.205) |
| Republic of Croatia | 1460832.69 (1245283.351717696.5) | 29623.87 (25297.5534782.18) | 1269434.53 (1106288.721454610.61) | 30987.55 (26747.7135581.31) | 0.056 (0.0320.080) |
| Republic of Cuba | 3696107.42 (3153610.164336902.22) | 32489.58 (27709.237842.18) | 3713684.07 (3190703.594284971.47) | 32981.35 (28087.2237873.2) | −0.214 (−0.276-0.152) |
| Republic of Cyprus | 239459.94 (201844.32278844.72) | 30110.07 (25375.4835101.11) | 413323.73 (356044.52482503.29) | 30897.25 (26296.2536171.3) | −0.030 (−0.0970.036) |
| Republic of Ecuador | 3027345.14 (2536051.473508925.03) | 30149.75 (25549.6634856.56) | 5636070.92 (4850071.776501067.22) | 30459.22 (26209.8834986.07) | 0.255 (0.1890.322) |
| Republic of El Salvador | 1650242.03 (1369927.261955997.34) | 31317.54 (26348.1937215.38) | 2088731.07 (1775734.712428479.93) | 31578.38 (26852.7636664.82) | 0.240 (0.2000.281) |
| Republic of Estonia | 428004.36 (359072.52499433.52) | 27676.71 (23048.932356.65) | 329465.56 (273028.25392189.06) | 27381.02 (22539.4433017.33) | −0.294 (−0.364-0.223) |
| Republic of Fiji | 219999.23 (182663.73259751.3) | 27695.67 (23399.3432563.97) | 265503.92 (221332.11309514.46) | 28225.06 (23586.3832885.13) | −0.161 (−0.232-0.090) |
| Republic of Finland | 1083589.56 (906183.191282417.74) | 21995.52 (18381.8326570.47) | 1130872.4 (942475.291338122.63) | 22482.22 (18513.5927495.03) | −0.182 (−0.6420.280) |
| Republic of Guatemala | 2452690.43 (2012272.812900153.15) | 31209.94 (26325.7336535.05) | 5234107.42 (4475359.876203651.59) | 31651.47 (27086.9737308.21) | 0.479 (0.4540.504) |
| Republic of Guyana | 250083.79 (209677.16290310.84) | 31955.98 (27196.1736740.56) | 255275.27 (218081.66294664.37) | 32621.35 (27993.0537435.61) | 0.242 (0.2030.280) |
| Republic of Haiti | 1974720.03 (1733779.142202272.53) | 31589.43 (28260.835016.96) | 4221135.77 (3692253.254835259.94) | 31187.35 (27244.0135578.22) | 0.200 (0.1610.239) |
| Republic of Honduras | 1386494.63 (1151924.941661631.39) | 30829.29 (26164.2336355.25) | 3334744.48 (2821515.173883701.73) | 31582.85 (26893.6936917) | 0.400 (0.3800.420) |
| Republic of Iceland | 73774.07 (66108.7482007.35) | 28543.58 (25565.1231735.24) | 85180.57 (74131.7898445.6) | 26499.7 (23133.5230847) | −0.143 (−0.2970.011) |
| Republic of Indonesia | 69024636.88 (59439925.0478379172.53) | 36621.33 (31825.8441414.33) | 107767679.63 (94432770.18121309355.75) | 36825.74 (32315.2341419.18) | 0.180 (0.0600.300) |
| Republic of Iraq | 5512863.44 (4524564.056433895.56) | 30818 (26136.2935436.83) | 13602079.84 (11457848.9415845831.29) | 31601.14 (26878.3636770.81) | 0.307 (0.2980.315) |
| Republic of Italy | 17706161.96 (15305815.0220094211.98) | 30791.09 (26279.5135201.41) | 16367600.53 (14327238.6518610818.91) | 30602.88 (26501.934852.53) | −0.453 (−0.481-0.426) |
| Republic of Kazakhstan | 5213989.95 (4424475.266030655.84) | 31531.99 (2687136312.48) | 6061566.41 (5125557.796994183.69) | 32382.07 (27538.2637453.63) | −0.045 (−0.1080.017) |
| Republic of Kiribati | 20505.57 (16860.7424490.3) | 27374.94 (22532.9132442.11) | 34688.88 (28946.1540364.97) | 27723.2 (23220.7432076.91) | 0.134 (0.1060.162) |
| Republic of Korea | 17870168.38 (15420466.9320283927.31) | 36782.38 (31485.6742269.31) | 18998165.21 (16684044.6921390853.31) | 36406.89 (31923.0940694.05) | −0.413 (−0.459-0.368) |
| Republic of Latvia | 829515.61 (709894.68958407.65) | 31595.8 (26694.4136456.51) | 554201.16 (473681.75645410.41) | 31760.33 (26795.9436881.28) | −0.193 (−0.256-0.131) |
| Republic of Lithuania | 1213471.16 (1068590.961389471.69) | 32789.73 (28843.3837392.46) | 878306.44 (760351.2995501.56) | 33525.8 (28574.2338377.64) | −0.042 (−0.079-0.005) |
| Republic of Maldives | 68414.81 (56751.2279830.02) | 33130.99 (28254.1938153.86) | 195580.93 (167496.72226946.32) | 33896.63 (29174.5138648.99) | 0.704 (0.6360.773) |
| Republic of Malta | 113056.8 (96297.32131493.13) | 30381.81 (25698.5935417.73) | 126697.28 (110085.71147364.52) | 30934.31 (2613835641.65) | −0.180 (−0.234-0.126) |
| Republic of Moldova | 1406429.08 (1204241.341588824.96) | 31589.29 (27008.2535800.8) | 1112648.27 (955538.281287854.79) | 31414.11 (26436.6436314.8) | −0.055 (−0.1270.016) |
| Republic of Nicaragua | 1162699.18 (959004.81379552.91) | 30926.16 (26309.1535873.79) | 2193810.89 (1878757.662553062.85) | 31619.31 (27173.7836618.81) | 0.322 (0.2750.370) |
| Republic of Panama | 759930.99 (656481.96868095.32) | 31294.21 (27293.8835723.91) | 1428495.1 (1235389.851663567.75) | 32741.92 (28321.1838133.81) | 0.153 (0.1290.176) |
| Republic of Paraguay | 1179457.46 (979168.111371128.68) | 29656.23 (25046.2634540.13) | 2146135.32 (1827127.312552016.54) | 28899.44 (24559.6734322.04) | 0.045 (0.0050.085) |
| Republic of Peru | 6540867.69 (5575962.497706120.83) | 30094.83 (25729.5535169.74) | 11335356.14 (9744707.1513339124.97) | 30517.88 (26267.4735728.82) | 0.145 (0.1110.179) |
| Republic of Poland | 12473258.03 (11116408.3813769344.33) | 32462.59 (28887.1635860.96) | 12299827.23 (11057006.5913544723.53) | 33484.03 (29867.1136910.99) | −0.104 (−0.182-0.026) |
| Republic of Serbia | 2684620.58 (2319666.983115914.4) | 27723.99 (23884.7132306.6) | 2497131.31 (2161235.262871832.73) | 28302.71 (24378.7932441.22) | −0.321 (−0.576-0.065) |
| Republic of Singapore | 1131972.07 (980691.951291699.17) | 32658.01 (27963.4137575.25) | 1840224.62 (1541725.692143658.34) | 32333.86 (27692.6737440.22) | −0.427 (−0.528-0.326) |
| Republic of Slovenia | 689555.42 (603597.41791210.48) | 34366.61 (29989.3439377.36) | 685551.58 (596104.4783826.41) | 34224.12 (29377.5139119.92) | −0.297 (−0.335-0.258) |
| Republic of Suriname | 130628 (110086.23152059.99) | 32968.59 (27839.4438421.37) | 195494.86 (165848.15225692) | 33092.67 (27936.0838381.85) | −0.018 (−0.0490.012) |
| Republic of Tajikistan | 1623948.55 (1364186.211914453.93) | 31577.83 (27004.6436814.03) | 3222949.25 (2731911.643789664.09) | 31728.06 (27169.337076.45) | 0.190 (0.1310.249) |
| Republic of the Marshall Islands | 12555.85 (10462.314807.39) | 27344.9 (23272.9531888.72) | 16449.88 (13559.2719606.63) | 27841.88 (23002.4932855.71) | 0.101 (0.0740.129) |
| Republic of the Philippines | 21869119.27 (19432791.9724400337.27) | 34650.45 (30935.0138343.35) | 41405638.36 (37247842.1145526593.31) | 35100.14 (31652.9338527.56) | 0.187 (0.1540.220) |
| Republic of the Union of Myanmar | 13714211.27 (11678252.9115825498.51) | 33310.87 (28776.1138331.15) | 18982011.63 (16203214.1721702764.93) | 32608.33 (27817.2437380.08) | −0.033 (−0.060-0.007) |
| Republic of Trinidad and Tobago | 395948.29 (333888.38471815.15) | 32443.48 (27645.4338650.7) | 424420.84 (368660.03487499.15) | 31570.36 (27609.2336288.4) | −0.309 (−0.392-0.227) |
| Republic of Uzbekistan | 6408200.95 (5375370.47511634.52) | 31354.24 (26633.836259.71) | 10849931.57 (9231416.8912648953.49) | 31694.2 (26909.836683.25) | 0.166 (0.0790.253) |
| Republic of Vanuatu | 41506.32 (34263.5949442.96) | 27646.59 (23472.3632504.47) | 88800.99 (73269.85103913.4) | 27825.41 (23075.8632378.55) | 0.080 (0.0630.096) |
| Romania | 7025872.08 (6099490.848006292.06) | 29678.76 (25713.933793.72) | 5979317.12 (5242909.126935070.21) | 32151.46 (27999.2137419.26) | 0.134 (0.0790.190) |
| Russian Federation | 52019682 (45393179.1458730759.82) | 34232.02 (29684.4938541.98) | 47825366.96 (42266098.2653785609.39) | 33962.8 (29717.0138227.61) | −0.222 (−0.285-0.158) |
| Rwanda | 1946684.76 (1557669.522361870.36) | 28739.63 (24046.8433978.46) | 3904275.07 (3198235.624662444.65) | 28741.37 (23924.9933724.24) | 0.298 (0.2710.325) |
| Saint Kitts and Nevis | 13694.83 (11540.7216255.88) | 32640.94 (27724.9538790.97) | 20268.48 (17327.5623117.52) | 33224.26 (28239.2438060.46) | 0.224 (0.1880.260) |
| Saint Lucia | 44669.17 (37544.1851922.09) | 32474.07 (27708.9137737.03) | 60212.38 (52581.7868444.07) | 32860.22 (28480.737574.98) | 0.173 (0.1330.212) |
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 32555.48 (27937.8838006.74) | 29654.92 (25673.5334635.07) | 37428.91 (32507.142934.77) | 32049.77 (27817.7536854.39) | 0.387 (0.2960.477) |
| San Marino | 7449.41 (6403.698586.42) | 30311.63 (25668.5735126.05) | 9459.23 (8046.9910956.76) | 31081.01 (26047.5736536.12) | −0.365 (−0.401-0.328) |
| Sao Tome and Principe | 30795.07 (25216.5136926.65) | 27229.82 (22983.2231514.47) | 62569.55 (52162.6774035.07) | 27770.95 (23554.5432371.28) | 0.377 (0.3460.407) |
| Saudi Arabia | 5475920.23 (4628305.296337458.9) | 35001.73 (3031940209.59) | 14713356.34 (12474552.4916926529.87) | 35861.51 (30967.7740787.9) | 0.484 (0.4340.535) |
| Senegal | 2035156.3 (1734154.662406074.51) | 26711.79 (22975.3931080.68) | 4544657.14 (3933658.345322331.55) | 26660.95 (22964.9931266.54) | 0.168 (0.1410.195) |
| Seychelles | 25027.29 (21280.7728998.33) | 33536.72 (28864.838901.77) | 36272.36 (31437.3840903.92) | 33817.03 (29422.8838266.09) | 0.028 (−0.0340.089) |
| Sierra Leone | 1028906.35 (921936.261161823.25) | 25781.1 (23124.5428837.52) | 2596485.06 (2256907.862997750.72) | 27100.39 (23629.1230966.53) | 0.606 (0.5470.664) |
| Slovak Republic | 1653935.19 (1414261.641900027.26) | 30765.53 (26247.8335339.27) | 1680813.38 (1455510.391954794.92) | 31688.69 (27266.6636557.75) | −0.001 (−0.0550.053) |
| Socialist Republic of Viet Nam | 22580238.11 (18945522.6526075279.35) | 33289.72 (28132.6238190.38) | 34181345.29 (29040885.5139761757.05) | 33401.19 (28354.5738688.23) | 0.107 (−0.0200.235) |
| Solomon Islands | 92404.58 (77475.69109892.79) | 27471.98 (23230.1932471.03) | 191311.82 (159641.83227931.54) | 27421.74 (23044.1232699.62) | 0.085 (0.0780.092) |
| Somalia | 2122520.42 (1719222.52562702.68) | 28507.22 (23826.6433861.49) | 5852212.47 (4756692.857056014.96) | 28263.45 (2354633845.18) | 0.038 (0.0190.057) |
| South Africa | 10536888.13 (9152702.3912128284.36) | 27589.07 (24161.5231551.82) | 17443557.27 (15311180.6719774380.92) | 29034.48 (25457.7432894.36) | 0.297 (0.2320.362) |
| South Sudan | 1648795.96 (1364334.481991741.08) | 29067.24 (24499.0134374.86) | 2724455.41 (2236933.663234913.68) | 29042.18 (24351.233865.87) | 0.005 (−0.0150.025) |
| State of Israel | 1634819.11 (14070221901185.53) | 32738.56 (28185.2538062.85) | 3171581.52 (2770062.373626685.1) | 33877.63 (29544.7138748.98) | −0.020 (−0.0570.017) |
| State of Kuwait | 578056.3 (479851.15673906.11) | 31509.41 (26607.4736088.13) | 1607959.27 (1342757.461882523.68) | 31797.6 (26504.2537121.99) | 0.136 (0.1040.168) |
| Sudan | 5865801.44 (4831870.16800745.28) | 30371.67 (25605.6135384.99) | 13931925.33 (11675920.3116180918.72) | 31217.21 (26434.5935943.47) | 0.285 (0.2570.314) |
| Swiss Confederation | 2007998.04 (1702018.412340713.89) | 29534.29 (25451.8134175.39) | 2591728.93 (2250515.582923965.54) | 30926.73 (26745.2735184.92) | −0.028 (−0.0810.026) |
| Syrian Arab Republic | 3777845.42 (3113168.554443860.97) | 30581.68 (26040.735366.16) | 4439559.94 (3772417.335203006.85) | 30867.99 (26251.6336053.93) | 0.254 (0.1990.310) |
| Taiwan (Province of China) | 3028395.49 (2380864.913798365.39) | 13545.75 (10638.6216938.92) | 3040921.68 (2428448.993633126.85) | 13329.27 (10258.6316272.28) | −0.332 (−0.416-0.248) |
| Togo | 976939.6 (857099.131112905.63) | 27408.43 (24347.9530903.61) | 2380170.22 (2081368.832769313.62) | 26758.76 (23492.6130861.31) | 0.102 (0.0770.126) |
| Tokelau | 438.02 (365.02515.41) | 27578.01 (23166.3632321.56) | 390.65 (326.5453.51) | 27893.45 (23297.5632488.83) | 0.087 (0.0560.119) |
| Tunisia | 2578877.08 (2153380.083015282.41) | 30422.05 (25551.7735454.39) | 3729260.52 (3217271.24240119.15) | 31266.58 (26957.6335629.54) | 0.027 (−0.0420.096) |
| Turkey | 17998399.43 (1509357821281515.79) | 30670.22 (25956.4836152.45) | 26849705.36 (22637078.730838309.84) | 31286.85 (26240.0236020.46) | 0.125 (0.0810.170) |
| Turkmenistan | 1133277.63 (954973.341335776.3) | 31072.56 (26578.2935974.49) | 1687631.25 (1441059.141914439.37) | 32238.97 (27706.6136584.77) | 0.206 (0.1700.243) |
| Tuvalu | 2555.18 (2136.813011.8) | 27780.93 (23257.7132669.04) | 3493.16 (2917.644181.1) | 27614.75 (23053.3232795.58) | 0.168 (0.1470.190) |
| Uganda | 4549959.19 (3731489.025603133.84) | 28946.61 (24173.7933896.32) | 12075380.54 (9768794.9214800844.05) | 28906.15 (23808.6834463.86) | 0.188 (0.1370.239) |
| Ukraine | 18012711.28 (15663677.8520686385.24) | 34218.8 (29644.0739319.49) | 14490003.51 (12610643.9116420587.51) | 34097.11 (29311.0738751.83) | −0.078 (−0.150-0.007) |
| United Arab Emirates | 636124.4 (528140.69751469.52) | 31712.78 (26681.0236844.45) | 3199827.79 (2644240.043866375.61) | 31432.54 (26620.2636584.71) | 0.134 (−0.0740.343) |
| United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | 18004745.9 (16092139.1820006300.21) | 31921.11 (28444.0835529.57) | 20389092.54 (18474169.5822436033.9) | 32000.49 (28730.2235382.81) | −0.137 (−0.158-0.117) |
| United Mexican States | 27076842.15 (22825282.5331385284.53) | 31035.09 (26594.8535305.88) | 40931982.67 (35415668.0346383946.61) | 30231.54 (26119.2434396.02) | −0.023 (−0.0620.017) |
| United Republic of Tanzania | 4987540.12 (4195489.796013410.34) | 21113.39 (17963.7925266.55) | 13619612.1 (10857183.4917128633.21) | 23097.07 (18919.6728281.79) | 0.152 (−0.0160.321) |
| United States of America | 83748055.96 (73482646.8693841115.29) | 32268.24 (28022.736310.08) | 101507986.65 (89016022.09114045089.76) | 31288.5 (27299.1235234.37) | −0.147 (−0.243-0.051) |
| United States Virgin Islands | 35118.15 (30104.9340361.58) | 32901.14 (28179.6237864.49) | 28060.47 (24296.7531882.05) | 33397.41 (28520.9837981.15) | 0.029 (0.0060.051) |
| Yemen | 3388811.38 (2650506.824132489.6) | 26633.22 (21810.8932488.95) | 9396526.68 (7453457.6311445659.96) | 27264.43 (22389.9332435.34) | 0.522 (0.3150.729) |
| Zambia | 2171056.94 (1864487.982505523.46) | 26284.79 (22807.7530305.41) | 5653750.83 (4846226.976677009.55) | 26607.99 (23131.6130968.93) | 0.149 (0.1180.181) |
| Zimbabwe | 2395501.11 (1942660.772990960.13) | 24042.32 (20126.2428729.55) | 3730601.17 (3092410.934553541.82) | 23749.74 (19829.7328432.77) | 0.032 (−0.0170.080) |
Table 2.
The number of prevalence cases and the age-standardized prevalence rate attributable to caries of permanent teeth in 1990 and 2021 and its trends from 1990 to 2021 globally
| Number of prevalence cases (95% UI) in 1990 | The age-standardized prevalence rate/100000 (95% UI) in 1990 | Number of prevalence cases (95% UI) in 2021 | The age-standardized prevalence rate/100000 (95% UI) in 2021 | EAPC (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Global | 1466379652 (1255303081–1731120376) | 28331.49 (24315.34–33176.93) | 2242874758 (1957579677–2599622169) | 27543.34 (23976–32018.09) | −0.03 (−0.09–0.02) |
| Sex | |||||
| Female | 739208373 (635939946–870333401) | 28608.32 (24676.38–33424.08) | 1131593062 (987306930–1307857024) | 27791.06 (24168.74–32248.26) | −0.04 (−0.09–0.02) |
| Male | 727171279 (618718834–861119940) | 28074.42 (24020.35–32950.07) | 1111281696 (969787614–1294372241) | 27300.85 (23802.34–31795.78) | −0.03 (−0.09–0.02) |
| Age | |||||
| 5–9 years | 55416038 (28021830–93384444) | 9496.68 (4802.12–16003.35) | 55379924 (27717494–92230407) | 8060.5 (4034.26–13424.05) | −0.31 (−0.41–0.21) |
| 10–14 years | 140958095 (89958536–202288610) | 26313.73 (16793.25–37762.77) | 159921741 (104132819–227775562) | 23989.37 (15620.64–34167.91) | −0.17 (−0.25–0.1) |
| 15–19 years | 159711515 (107820398–224195102) | 30747.84 (20757.71–43162.3) | 191675831 (133141672–261959958) | 30718.27 (21337.49–41982.12) | 0.06 (−0.01–0.13) |
| 20–24 years | 193867942 (139170619–253450448) | 39397.01 (28281.66–51505.12) | 227158647 (171124875–291991568) | 38039.95 (28656.54–48896.86) | −0.1 (−0.14–0.06) |
| 25–29 years | 168638646 (117310984–243886546) | 38100.13 (26503.79–55100.7) | 222643418 (163275553–312496950) | 37842.44 (27751.75–53114.74) | 0.03 (−0.03–0.09) |
| 30–34 years | 136863076 (99229572–193310540) | 35509.88 (25745.66–50155.49) | 212736036 (157293774–292579430) | 35193.22 (26021.33–48401.82) | 0.08 (0.01–0.15) |
| 35–39 years | 125051896 (81023358–171405486) | 35501.45 (23002.02–48660.94) | 203269766 (138829361–272800884) | 36242.12 (24752.67–48639.22) | 0.1 (0.06–0.14) |
| 40–44 years | 102668400 (67696732–139434387) | 35837.69 (23630.39–48671.32) | 182511550 (124569447–245436967) | 36484.01 (24901.4–49062.78) | 0.05 (0–0.1) |
| 45–49 years | 82854572 (57720108–110221346) | 35683.11 (24858.41–47469.2) | 166093147 (117776761–218822172) | 35077.41 (24873.41–46213.31) | −0.03 (−0.1–0.04) |
| 50–54 years | 75486159 (48573311–101360977) | 35510.96 (22850.34–47683.25) | 150592841 (101561982–201238711) | 33846.95 (22826.87–45230.01) | −0.08 (−0.14–0.02) |
| 55–59 years | 64686143 (44785636–86993622) | 34927.73 (24182.31–46972.81) | 131690603 (93240164–175095035) | 33278.06 (23561.68–44246.31) | −0.09 (−0.13–0.05) |
| 60–64 years | 55693880 (41859014–73643584) | 34676.64 (26062.64–45852.65) | 107647898 (81097596–141060948) | 33634.94 (25339.21–44074.96) | −0.12 (−0.16–0.07) |
| 65–69 years | 42235053 (31580269–52514909) | 34168.14 (25548.42–42484.54) | 89463085 (67985743–110428254) | 32432.71 (24646.61–40033.13) | −0.13 (−0.19–0.07) |
| 70–74 years | 28042675 (19438484–35155855) | 33123.43 (22960.33–41525.37) | 65332724 (47108018–81027531) | 31739.69 (22885.83–39364.48) | −0.09 (−0.14–0.03) |
| 75–79 years | 19114009 (14447893–24105659) | 31051.66 (23471.32–39160.84) | 38820745 (30584007–48419386) | 29435.43 (23190.01–36713.5) | −0.09 (−0.14–0.03) |
| 80–84 years | 10185393 (7226910–13528889) | 28791.88 (20428.89–38243.21) | 23307466 (16985304–30296495) | 26611.84 (19393.37–34591.73) | −0.15 (−0.2–0.1) |
| 85–89 years | 3851605 (2582027–5308873) | 25488.63 (17086.99–35132.34) | 10523631 (7255281–14034347) | 23016.66 (15868.32–30695.1) | −0.26 (−0.3–0.22) |
| 90–94 years | 902099 (533970–1334568) | 21051.57 (12460.82–31143.74) | 3372581 (2115080–4791980) | 18852.43 (11823.11–26786.74) | −0.34 (−0.4–0.28) |
| 95 + years | 152456 (85501–238909) | 14974.78 (8398.16–23466.51) | 733124 (439842–1108716) | 13451.05 (8070.03–20342.27) | −0.27 (−0.39–0.15) |
| SDI region | |||||
| High-middle SDI | 310012322 (261811414–366835272) | 28281.67 (24070.1–33146.27) | 379284830 (328955920–436467219) | 26691.98 (23040.41–31381.8) | −0.2 (−0.21–0.18) |
| High SDI | 237447100 (207466051–273319204) | 25313.92 (22122.01–29368.4) | 278799405 (248570842–314093138) | 23472.19 (20786.3–26991.46) | −0.22 (−0.27–0.17) |
| Low-middle SDI | 321852938 (272830206–382011614) | 31661.78 (27493.71–36853.24) | 566930051 (488469072–668027835) | 29891.17 (25921.28–34837.22) | −0.06 (−0.17–0.06) |
| Low SDI | 136548862 (117999590–157470597) | 33092.46 (29245.6–37734.65) | 310714532 (267852988–360694838) | 31719.14 (27960.28–36261.48) | −0.1 (−0.16–0.04) |
| Middle SDI | 458696797 (384654425–549466408) | 27336.24 (23133–32332.31) | 704937398 (607791505–824675289) | 27257.52 (23565–31966.2) | 0.06 (−0.01–0.13) |
| GBD region | |||||
| Advanced Health System | 404607923 (353344981–465780912) | 29023.38 (25368.27–33549.78) | 450153393 (399506202–508283296) | 26974.56 (23784.11–30944.28) | −0.23 (−0.25–0.2) |
| Africa | 165668688 (141358584–193880123) | 30838.27 (26727.14–35688.91) | 362229796 (308949982–425098891) | 29042.81 (25212.74–33603.47) | −0.2 (−0.22–0.19) |
| African Region | 128730956 (109801308–150025438) | 30135.59 (26124.61–34637.86) | 293881006 (250731936–344987376) | 28669.68 (24920.45–33124.78) | −0.18 (−0.19–0.16) |
| America | 197589762 (168834757–233618101) | 27779.64 (23839.07–32646.74) | 303443907 (264694605–348233396) | 27878.84 (24286.85–32259.84) | 0.07 (0.05–0.08) |
| Andean Latin America | 15119429 (12855413–17574944) | 43349.54 (37668.29–49452.77) | 28568864 (24766242–32587080) | 42661.55 (37126.88–48436.02) | −0.13 (−0.16–0.1) |
| Asia | 803597282 (675398143–964893376) | 26031.66 (22095.47–30843.75) | 1267510559 (1095430104–1489872130) | 26093.39 (22560.27–30756.11) | 0.09 (0–0.19) |
| Australasia | 6477118 (5717186–7408125) | 29940.94 (26492.07–34316.49) | 8820199 (7359582–10407446) | 25919.86 (21527.97–31390.2) | −0.16 (−0.38–0.06) |
| Basic Health System | 591513973 (491611309–711549438) | 25834.81 (21714.66–30740.94) | 856411433 (736410947–1005012163) | 25818.45 (22195.54–30512.93) | −0.02 (−0.05–0.02) |
| Caribbean | 12792002 (11071594–14738717) | 37368.53 (32435.18–42702.97) | 17228511 (15485915–19169056) | 34955.75 (31393.59–39072.76) | −0.16 (−0.19–0.13) |
| Central Africa | 17556528 (14466778–21111561) | 32385.96 (27194.18–38198.78) | 47303640 (38442176–57193750) | 32921 (27152.85–38931.03) | 0.02 (−0.02–0.06) |
| Central Asia | 23824101 (20056646–27778380) | 36806.86 (31322.32–42521.73) | 34920647 (29814943–40866997) | 36158.48 (30985.72–42091.57) | −0.09 (−0.12–0.05) |
| Central Europe | 50944530 (44755445–57424167) | 39100.51 (34287.27–44110.93) | 44314432 (38624122–49622538) | 35601.05 (31052.06–40315.69) | −0.25 (−0.29–0.21) |
| Central Latin America | 44896537 (37651773–53315893) | 30308.39 (25882.66–35428.98) | 76711304 (65441629–90046727) | 29071.05 (24810.54–34084.22) | 0.08 (0–0.17) |
| Central Sub-Saharan Africa | 14150377 (11707079–17138145) | 31647.57 (26593.44–37448.66) | 37667625 (30735781–45913529) | 32084.16 (26431.21–38158.94) | 0.01 (−0.04–0.05) |
| Commonwealth High Income | 34730355 (30772648–39599763) | 28781.6 (25375.24–33110.8) | 42287598 (37404050–47821657) | 25900.16 (22693.41–29919.01) | −0.27 (−0.36–0.19) |
| Commonwealth Low Income | 56027959 (46381406–67434405) | 32670 (27820.52–38259.82) | 112099598 (94369940–133829476) | 30917.09 (26148.19–36488.18) | −0.22 (−0.25–0.2) |
| Commonwealth Middle Income | 325466984 (279017759–382929490) | 31516.35 (27551.07–36451.61) | 614787840 (535419460–716985402) | 29537.13 (25873.12–34175.15) | 0.02 (−0.16–0.21) |
| East Asia | 252554877 (198509122–315053570) | 19592.17 (15554.4–24115.63) | 303804945 (257882732–364722705) | 19407.08 (16361.51–23723.11) | −0.05 (−0.08–0.01) |
| East Asia & Pacific—WB | 424621162 (346937614–515954480) | 22047.51 (18338.18–26623.23) | 552809117 (471216557–654986662) | 21994.08 (18719.16–26396.13) | −0.03 (−0.07–0.01) |
| Eastern Africa | 47977490 (41649016–55012773) | 33325.21 (29356.96–37630.33) | 109691600 (95124747–126892560) | 31767.23 (27939.66–36132.44) | −0.23 (−0.26–0.2) |
| Eastern Europe | 74128899 (63053026–86128432) | 31120.81 (26487.25–36349.45) | 69442629 (59343333–79717456) | 30409.55 (26109.31–35460.72) | −0.09 (−0.12–0.06) |
| Eastern Mediterranean Region | 104803782 (88906685–123587380) | 31977.4 (27579.08–37214.18) | 226523986 (192862706–268615266) | 31056.84 (26860.97–36230.62) | −0.11 (−0.12–0.09) |
| Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa | 53047531 (46226799–60417960) | 34007.05 (30162.54–38151.75) | 119153742 (102701543–137891892) | 31658.72 (27830.96–36022.36) | −0.25 (−0.27–0.23) |
| Europe | 296266968 (261012522–336488401) | 34785.08 (30518.52–39693.76) | 306094853 (272316471–341647095) | 32455.27 (28679.51–37043.14) | −0.22 (−0.23–0.21) |
| Europe & Central Asia—WB | 312440452 (275418551–355615853) | 34884.66 (30577.04–39858.36) | 332133940 (294949658–371114419) | 32800.49 (28920.18–37508.71) | −0.19 (−0.2–0.19) |
| European Region | 315502664 (278162026–359080458) | 34944.58 (30618.87–39928.57) | 337077234 (299492610–376696923) | 32870.14 (28987.7–37574.65) | −0.19 (−0.2–0.18) |
| High-income Asia Pacific | 30828511 (26231030–36628219) | 16799.84 (14260.9–19941.81) | 25622355 (22442103–29246795) | 14590.94 (12662.87–17035.46) | −0.41 (−0.48–0.34) |
| High-income North America | 60110740 (50211957–72376313) | 20321.2 (16925.02–24447.62) | 76334637 (65609274–87749990) | 19279.64 (16329.48–22885.58) | −0.06 (−0.15–0.03) |
| Latin America & Caribbean—WB | 138822203 (118561077–162384573) | 33924 (29435.42–39162.93) | 228388465 (199799420–261604229) | 32945.69 (28802.12–37747.23) | −0.04 (−0.06–0.01) |
| Limited Health System | 429009714 (364531626–505382486) | 31642.43 (27619.65–36589.36) | 836042203 (727030966–975954838) | 30003.74 (26205.04–34676.92) | −0.01 (−0.15–0.14) |
| Middle East & North Africa—WB | 78251396 (66525104–91773941) | 34328.16 (29869.69–39523.13) | 157740959 (135426950–184557845) | 32869.22 (28639.06–38019.24) | −0.15 (−0.17–0.13) |
| Minimal Health System | 39426410 (33188372–46210232) | 35779.63 (30712.82–41267.3) | 98059186 (81460543–116203876) | 34741.78 (29637.32–40507.06) | −0.1 (−0.11–0.08) |
| North Africa and Middle East | 107433971 (91433928–125961996) | 35477.31 (30514.88–40783.05) | 211987205 (182573238–248322004) | 33924.85 (29422.72–39163) | −0.18 (−0.22–0.14) |
| North America | 60120719 (50221598–72386632) | 20324.7 (16928.09–24451.62) | 76345757 (65619994–87762209) | 19282.21 (16331.55–22888.47) | −0.06 (−0.15–0.03) |
| Northern Africa | 36263392 (30625722–43081197) | 33034.03 (28293.3–38667.95) | 62679948 (53510600–74110736) | 30247.58 (26035.17–35379.12) | −0.27 (−0.32–0.23) |
| Oceania | 2393696 (2024953–2819214) | 40302.13 (34541.53–46891.24) | 5210674 (4426925–6204793) | 39790.6 (33924.14–46817.45) | −0.03 (−0.05–0.01) |
| Region of the Americas | 197589762 (168834757–233618101) | 27779.64 (23839.07–32646.74) | 303443907 (264694605–348233396) | 27878.84 (24286.85–32259.84) | 0.07 (0.05–0.08) |
| South-East Asia Region | 379281702 (322039232–447906409) | 32505.23 (28291.43–37651.5) | 656690887 (568776195–765137758) | 30699.64 (26711.91–35550.97) | 0.01 (−0.18–0.19) |
| South Asia | 310442858 (264458609–366002107) | 32579.46 (28395.36–37753.52) | 574075748 (497715820–671059371) | 30710.95 (26737.41–35651.64) | 0.05 (−0.15–0.24) |
| South Asia—WB | 319556990 (272150428–376842892) | 32647.91 (28474.79–37825.55) | 591882420 (513492638–692002568) | 30834.61 (26878.83–35796.73) | 0.04 (−0.15–0.24) |
| Southeast Asia | 138113503 (115912644–163825104) | 31837.48 (27196.44–37118.2) | 216616958 (184944503–253360017) | 29770.01 (25477.06–34652.21) | −0.31 (−0.42–0.21) |
| Southern Africa | 25512200 (21723525–29832160) | 31460.83 (27120.43–36223.13) | 49170273 (41405969–58058377) | 29023.55 (24873.41–33857.23) | −0.12 (−0.17–0.08) |
| Southern Latin America | 20229204 (17600581–23335394) | 41401.82 (36063.88–47631.91) | 30610301 (27568459–33619972) | 41968.62 (37634.39–46385.41) | 0.04 (−0.04–0.12) |
| Southern Sub-Saharan Africa | 12381387 (10323122–14858195) | 26565.18 (22329.16–31459.36) | 20271625 (17089338–24542143) | 25097.02 (21334.22–29965.67) | −0.06 (−0.1–0.03) |
| Sub-Saharan Africa—WB | 129837959 (110580836–151245727) | 30310.97 (26280.48–34919.79) | 300406127 (256140792–352088234) | 28850.76 (25047.38–33308.83) | −0.17 (−0.19–0.16) |
| Tropical Latin America | 46241724 (39027956–54788001) | 31755.44 (27076.58–37097.08) | 75877389 (65469946–87924720) | 31305.59 (26932.19–36281.54) | −0.08 (−0.12–0.03) |
| Western Africa | 38359079 (32664068–45282958) | 26039.79 (22348.99–30460.25) | 93384336 (80351676–109427859) | 24544.54 (21282.78–28363.23) | −0.22 (−0.23–0.2) |
| Western Europe | 147020642 (131014898–165909044) | 34683.64 (30754.37–39461.56) | 157664938 (141786027–175170206) | 31592.48 (28227.43–35779.98) | −0.29 (−0.35–0.24) |
| Western Pacific Region | 334336277 (270028233–408105311) | 20730.65 (16940.46–25177.56) | 418399970 (357762610–497292046) | 20704.97 (17583.17–24999.72) | −0.03 (−0.06–0) |
| Western Sub-Saharan Africa | 43248016 (36587101–51152340) | 26638.41 (22793.55–31148.44) | 107970027 (92376764–127107051) | 25347.7 (21995.91–29425.88) | −0.19 (−0.2–0.18) |
| World Bank High Income | 304829637 (267874801–349934208) | 27805.61 (24431.37–32194.15) | 346069178 (308734862–388902139) | 25607.78 (22710.94–29368.79) | −0.24 (−0.29–0.2) |
| World Bank Low Income | 86221913 (73968234–99678691) | 33209.26 (28930.63–38044.79) | 197621702 (169063074–230050949) | 32322.46 (28052.73–37091.16) | −0.08 (−0.08–0.07) |
| World Bank Lower Middle Income | 561262913 (477700893–664189104) | 31757.46 (27583.85–36770.72) | 1020909829 (883714754–1191980280) | 30029.47 (26136.6–34682.23) | −0.08 (−0.2–0.05) |
| World Bank Upper Middle Income | 512235189 (423297000–615561123) | 25314.6 (21187.14–30227.6) | 676057402 (579586103–792838237) | 25005.34 (21357.4–29692.81) | −0.03 (−0.05–0) |
| Country | |||||
| Afghanistan | 3386219.98 (2828103.663960871.9) | 39326.45 (33897.1145311.93) | 10369914.3 (8691178.5912275814.95) | 39316.36 (34146.3345080.81) | −0.040 (−0.0910.011) |
| American Samoa | 16582.2 (13626.6519852.58) | 37352.29 (30942.3144087.63) | 19310.33 (16168.3822745.04) | 37996.76 (31911.4844492.06) | 0.388 (0.3520.424) |
| Angola | 2606839.98 (2139972.573203684.83) | 31067.53 (26163.9837056.27) | 7986372.11 (6320808.849815398.79) | 29948.14 (24026.7736139.01) | −0.262 (−0.302-0.222) |
| Antigua and Barbuda | 21639.97 (18435.8525197.7) | 36270.33 (31008.8741946.69) | 34191.24 (29372.7939690.75) | 34820.8 (29758.9240454.01) | 0.242 (0.2280.256) |
| Arab Republic of Egypt | 16244706.95 (13258350.6519822667.44) | 32423.84 (26833.7238929.01) | 31015607.63 (25405005.5438035079) | 30753.4 (25620.0737026.87) | −0.148 (−0.215-0.082) |
| Argentine Republic | 13425984.93 (11511339.1515510125.9) | 41132.79 (35400.9247499.49) | 20237458.9 (17514650.6122998002.2) | 41729.71 (35948.8147651.76) | 0.347 (0.3230.370) |
| Australia | 5633045.16 (4989428.536411667.66) | 31277.64 (27782.3835580.12) | 7494548.21 (6229075.938873101.35) | 26407.12 (21843.2531996.39) | −0.176 (−0.4700.119) |
| Bangladesh | 28869577.31 (23476343.9535826780.71) | 32243.75 (26477.4938855.32) | 51687448.67 (43013506.7862365339.82) | 30972.14 (25880.4537235.72) | 0.540 (0.5260.555) |
| Barbados | 94919.17 (81268.43110656.14) | 36127.01 (3072041984.73) | 117672.46 (102060.51133165.13) | 35806.79 (30961.7841017.79) | 0.118 (0.0940.143) |
| Belize | 61339.95 (52313.3871470.48) | 38156.72 (32757.6543758.77) | 137308.77 (115474.49160860.19) | 31241.15 (26383.8236460.94) | 0.088 (−0.0100.185) |
| Benin | 1249373.82 (1011341.531520852.89) | 33077.83 (27521.9139186.34) | 3652170.25 (2929564.094437289.72) | 32222.68 (26462.1538277.1) | 0.098 (0.0700.125) |
| Bermuda | 22579.65 (19000.3426194.97) | 34810.15 (29263.0639968.69) | 23183.1 (19768.9826840.1) | 33294.85 (28382.3538740.69) | −0.159 (−0.176-0.142) |
| Bhutan | 170784.36 (138363.97208825.3) | 31583.23 (26183.2237791.89) | 231823.14 (185366.92282321.05) | 29379 (23718.7935192.63) | 0.417 (0.4000.435) |
| Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela | 6600932.11 (5609343.137676402.06) | 38963.42 (33898.444307.27) | 10875687.11 (9340578.9912302470.13) | 38881.19 (33495.2744206.22) | 0.430 (0.4020.458) |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 2122982.01 (1825747.582409406.92) | 45111.46 (38838.6751117.75) | 1383461.84 (1188623.31565645.82) | 38620.96 (33298.5644245.48) | −0.402 (−0.421-0.383) |
| Botswana | 308062.55 (246411.55380581.47) | 27564.49 (22289.4333180.63) | 636390.74 (509374.58769839.91) | 25922.29 (20946.2230879.1) | 0.433 (0.4020.464) |
| Brunei Darussalam | 43615.72 (3591253355.76) | 16275.32 (13568.9419506.86) | 82289.21 (66191.8101518.84) | 16520.26 (13486.0220024.69) | 0.284 (0.2610.306) |
| Burkina Faso | 2428345.64 (1982137.852927932.64) | 32346.16 (27085.2538267.61) | 5909581.7 (4776132.57206475.57) | 31315.96 (25958.8437183.51) | −0.207 (−0.300-0.113) |
| Burundi | 1677639.43 (1372657.32012099.57) | 37118.56 (31448.8443367.69) | 4249004.46 (3468863.715107441.07) | 37711.16 (31437.9543909.96) | 0.165 (0.1350.195) |
| Cabo Verde | 96729.66 (80131.3115859.5) | 32732.69 (27377.2938856.8) | 178620.51 (146568.41216920.41) | 30460.93 (25308.3136553) | 0.546 (0.5190.573) |
| Cameroon | 2702336.76 (2158983.083323552.82) | 31764.22 (25652.2238037.42) | 8855152.05 (6961375.7310682360.73) | 31890.91 (25853.737607.86) | 0.115 (0.0690.161) |
| Canada | 5778177.02 (4573791.947193766.43) | 19588.81 (15631.524218.45) | 7667165.06 (6343672.529161869.36) | 18819.02 (15577.3722936.73) | −0.109 (−0.134-0.084) |
| Central African Republic | 740440.46 (608398.71889675.14) | 32841.12 (27291.8338703.28) | 1583917.03 (1308950.321916890.98) | 33191.02 (28191.8439250.16) | 0.196 (0.1790.213) |
| Chad | 1600648.8 (1320318.361929853.7) | 33607.91 (28270.4239591.21) | 4452794 (3608227.775417322.42) | 32487.2 (26942.7938229.96) | −0.262 (−0.295-0.229) |
| Commonwealth of Dominica | 25637.18 (21894.229564.03) | 37436.81 (32053.1242864.6) | 26095.19 (22122.7729788.29) | 35974.1 (30605.8441169.57) | 0.339 (0.3160.361) |
| Commonwealth of the Bahamas | 99076.02 (84751.57115229.52) | 38843.13 (33646.9744393.91) | 160517.26 (137858.74182388.34) | 37926.24 (32575.0543103.15) | 0.048 (−0.0260.121) |
| Comoros | 127657.28 (111592.17146748.54) | 32720.27 (28810.6337144.47) | 215978.76 (183385.18257797.97) | 29147.38 (24818.5734529.1) | 0.340 (0.2760.404) |
| Congo | 620029.78 (491807.5755296.99) | 30562.51 (24638.1236466.51) | 1533744.91 (1220297.441876748.78) | 30180.41 (24424.635981.78) | 0.182 (0.1360.228) |
| Cook Islands | 6911.45 (5797.68270.95) | 37944.64 (32325.5744902.99) | 6890.52 (5860.558056.51) | 36688.94 (30796.2543222.71) | 0.210 (0.1930.228) |
| Czech Republic | 4265253.28 (3606712.54884745.34) | 39271.61 (33343.9145452.2) | 4222924.38 (3580117.364797782.4) | 37490.68 (32084.3543251.99) | −0.205 (−0.272-0.138) |
| Democratic People's Republic of Korea | 2658293.82 (2044915.633514183.94) | 12621.53 (9862.2216488.28) | 3937900.91 (3081990.825001842.43) | 13769.05 (10691.1117708.05) | 0.112 (0.0410.184) |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo | 9833120.55 (8124122.3911876020.29) | 31886.19 (26683.6837673.38) | 25691316.75 (21117321.1631254458.91) | 33031.73 (27228.5439036.15) | 0.739 (0.6300.848) |
| Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste | 266267.67 (223390.81311294.91) | 39739.37 (34255.0745634.94) | 480957.64 (404566.72562681.18) | 37281.08 (31757.5243133.59) | 0.262 (0.2190.305) |
| Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka | 5666932.43 (4734122.086802278.64) | 33772.28 (28401.9739601.5) | 7262153.29 (6114808.448549570.06) | 30817.4 (25771.136557.61) | 0.228 (0.1170.340) |
| Djibouti | 119495.95 (104179.72138822.52) | 32233.08 (28307.8136637.3) | 354770.08 (295154427223.67) | 28031.58 (23745.8133367.5) | −0.101 (−0.135-0.067) |
| Dominican Republic | 2484411.19 (2104272.632904026.56) | 37640.98 (32253.6143262.96) | 3997043.61 (3482238.854640176.93) | 35365.64 (30765.540789.81) | 0.076 (0.0160.136) |
| Eastern Republic of Uruguay | 1336171.82 (1174978.071518991.91) | 41424.02 (36296.247280.14) | 1511757.38 (1342747.371717169.38) | 40711.53 (35714.3546536.93) | 0.183 (0.1590.207) |
| Equatorial Guinea | 108705.44 (89637.18130039.3) | 31991.3 (26648.5137575.06) | 385777.23 (309550.96475912.87) | 27748.07 (22708.733321.47) | 0.150 (0.1340.165) |
| Eritrea | 1154313.06 (983954.111367810.87) | 41047.54 (36136.4947189.12) | 2517723.89 (2126340.342979959.78) | 41494.85 (35788.3247683.06) | −0.235 (−0.392-0.077) |
| Eswatini | 182940.9 (144323.94226074.52) | 27957.42 (22764.533627.2) | 297198.33 (240127.48364392.2) | 26918.35 (22136.1332510.06) | 0.417 (0.3770.458) |
| Ethiopia | 12359263.62 (10926036.2514068323.73) | 30348.39 (27129.6834199.96) | 27344701.77 (23981618.5931489877) | 28174.73 (24905.5132125.63) | 0.441 (0.4290.453) |
| Federal Republic of Germany | 29917235.65 (25829889.0534854379.9) | 32912.81 (28352.1438381.56) | 26111218.34 (21767391.4530519240.02) | 28270.29 (24108.0933301.22) | 0.072 (0.0610.082) |
| Federated States of Micronesia | 37503.77 (31757.0244461.01) | 40843.43 (35474.4647322.13) | 41454.56 (35688.848968.98) | 40132.67 (34835.4347078.21) | −0.607 (−0.664-0.551) |
| Federative Republic of Brazil | 44800723.82 (37727485.5553171396) | 31552.07 (26864.1136926.15) | 72853873.4 (62665716.0984492498.21) | 30940.85 (26571.0535900.69) | 0.384 (0.3680.399) |
| French Republic | 26608082.47 (24188833.3429442917.26) | 42606.59 (38868.2547126.04) | 29886842.27 (26444980.0133384097.96) | 39059.83 (33723.7344577.86) | 0.264 (0.2130.315) |
| Gabon | 241240.68 (195003.84297142.37) | 28290.41 (22903.6434197.33) | 486497.19 (397404.34593530.86) | 28314.39 (23653.8234066.75) | −0.035 (−0.062-0.008) |
| Gambia | 259482.87 (205006.92318147.34) | 32262.88 (26128.9438503.96) | 683960.8 (554142.02823950.37) | 32348.48 (2632238249.44) | 0.241 (0.2150.266) |
| Georgia | 2072322.4 (1759563.992410893.03) | 36208.54 (30605.5742347.13) | 1384534.9 (1173468.411587062.15) | 36155.7 (30402.8442138.42) | 0.145 (0.1090.182) |
| Ghana | 3554177.71 (2859985.044398435.82) | 28131.49 (22959.4734123.49) | 8572845.4 (6872457.1510464275.39) | 26905.24 (22058.3432426.84) | −0.017 (−0.1140.081) |
| Grand Duchy of Luxembourg | 151323.08 (129366.86173139.48) | 35046.08 (29681.0340638.96) | 248675.99 (211532.75285096.38) | 33273.07 (28133.6738678.75) | 0.076 (0.0250.128) |
| Greenland | 11221.69 (8995.1314098.38) | 18830.39 (15379.5323112.02) | 10865.3 (8752.8213043.73) | 18125.08 (14618.7221972.12) | −0.071 (−0.115-0.027) |
| Grenada | 29645.45 (25447.3334197.77) | 37840.66 (32487.8243273.47) | 39557.03 (34289.245403.61) | 35811.33 (31015.1441182.79) | −0.060 (−0.095-0.025) |
| Guam | 48814.69 (40433.0458651.97) | 35868.69 (30142.5942457.53) | 58732.49 (48202.1868721.71) | 35551 (29011.8441788.11) | 0.392 (0.3430.442) |
| Guinea | 1600176.89 (1308615.031929249.75) | 32707.3 (27236.4338905.54) | 3676878.38 (3018413.134486229.02) | 32540.05 (27182.2338776.58) | 0.116 (0.0980.134) |
| Guinea-Bissau | 335993.57 (286462.89402003.38) | 40579.82 (35137.1946900.98) | 697536.14 (589029.74826106.62) | 39349.69 (34156.9345730.24) | 0.021 (−0.0050.047) |
| Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan | 1223300.36 (1013417.291462510.6) | 37599.61 (32122.343925.27) | 4515034.11 (3793226.725359143.81) | 36380.86 (30706.3242528.71) | 0.089 (0.0610.118) |
| Hellenic Republic | 4881208.26 (4425735.015400391.69) | 43280.26 (39179.0247841.58) | 4547904.1 (3962818.455121709.83) | 37619.27 (32253.643327.99) | 0.274 (0.2260.322) |
| Hungary | 4112494.49 (3506667.524740633.85) | 37470.63 (31591.3343299.53) | 3569974.34 (3000598.974125068.75) | 34910.22 (29659.6841093.14) | −0.133 (−0.202-0.064) |
| Independent State of Papua New Guinea | 1501700.44 (1268059.891778725.52) | 40655.59 (34964.8147464.21) | 3887172.78 (3288325.524658225.66) | 39925.45 (34099.6947082.73) | −0.232 (−0.265-0.198) |
| Independent State of Samoa | 61122.28 (51214.0972153.48) | 40214.6 (34295.8247007.49) | 78833.96 (67933.9492462.55) | 39651.5 (34213.3146073.58) | 0.101 (0.0760.126) |
| India | 252092740.7 (216680467.29295774383.1) | 33443.05 (29295.3638509.09) | 457442136.97 (400192193.1529122514.21) | 31414.86 (27600.636238.98) | 0.045 (0.0340.056) |
| Ireland | 1379325.7 (1181568.41607522.31) | 37517.01 (32040.643638) | 1885154.4 (1598315.072182485.02) | 34152.95 (28680.8939859.54) | 0.585 (0.3430.828) |
| Islamic Republic of Iran | 15701574.1 (13550378.0618146124.31) | 32059.87 (28112.7336505.73) | 28067972.48 (24281032.4532187568.32) | 31184.5 (27490.5935341.85) | −0.076 (−0.113-0.039) |
| Ivoire | 3179483.42 (2547948.753934150.73) | 31777.57 (26196.2838107.38) | 7619289.16 (6093190.389269910.06) | 31096.54 (25622.0636752.21) | 0.512 (0.2830.741) |
| Jamaica | 834151.95 (715711.9966781.41) | 37432.11 (32253.3842952.36) | 1101422.43 (946276.531262459.31) | 36344.06 (31249.3341647.75) | 0.378 (0.3660.391) |
| Japan | 19599797.2 (16638127.0523335189.4) | 15088.81 (12752.7217872.64) | 13027573.81 (11394520.9614802488.82) | 11763.65 (10209.3713635.36) | −1.358 (−1.539-1.177) |
| Kenya | 5105739.84 (4348573.026013889.79) | 27073.76 (23436.7631121.97) | 11992831.14 (10321755.3814051272.16) | 25546.42 (22322.3129262.63) | 0.279 (0.2500.309) |
| Kingdom of Bahrain | 174399.16 (142337.86211420.68) | 35267.62 (29888.7941345.49) | 574424.89 (475774.43682234.03) | 34221.43 (28787.640281.77) | 0.312 (0.2780.346) |
| Kingdom of Belgium | 3094500.18 (2561872.923690728.54) | 27827.3 (22824.8733715.14) | 3467386.95 (2867974.124080781.53) | 26678.42 (21774.532456.76) | −0.124 (−0.177-0.072) |
| Kingdom of Cambodia | 3399725.64 (2853951.513998209.24) | 39329.24 (34010.4445078.76) | 6207864.42 (5217005.097277496.26) | 36943.78 (31237.0242446.64) | 0.441 (0.3500.533) |
| Kingdom of Denmark | 1153778.37 (911075.321416328.33) | 19901.65 (15721.6124475.84) | 1353441.22 (1088632.261607299.75) | 21993.88 (18074.5726277.64) | −0.137 (−0.215-0.059) |
| Kingdom of Norway | 1421480.4 (1237020.341614607.27) | 30245.91 (25901.2434857.38) | 1806219.64 (1568779.782029873.73) | 29152.31 (25053.4533707.75) | 0.503 (0.3080.698) |
| Kingdom of Spain | 16788311.77 (14705348.9819136534.13) | 39770.37 (34583.8645360) | 19355675.9 (16751823.621727790.65) | 35675.2 (30731.1140904.96) | −0.151 (−0.290-0.012) |
| Kingdom of Sweden | 2638885.33 (2173829.743202245.27) | 28388.74 (23445.3634786.94) | 3600711.54 (3039589.984197322.77) | 30714.64 (25671.9736407.77) | 0.444 (0.3060.583) |
| Kingdom of Thailand | 18721483.33 (15446916.5622591493.04) | 32805.67 (27452.0838680.68) | 23081133.41 (19118337.427176226.86) | 30733.79 (25497.4236682.94) | 0.125 (0.1040.146) |
| Kingdom of the Netherlands | 4898221.59 (4324715.365558472.81) | 30052.52 (26415.2134108.94) | 4097254.31 (3380827.784863030.38) | 22548.32 (18625.3627171.23) | −0.615 (−0.815-0.414) |
| Kingdom of Tonga | 35563.1 (29777.2542463.8) | 40227.16 (34395.4647264.3) | 38968.97 (33441.8245765.54) | 39288.14 (33967.7645821.09) | 0.054 (0.0330.074) |
| Kyrgyz Republic | 1529423.15 (1278071.161792490.67) | 37365.89 (31315.4143460.62) | 2505551.45 (2129167.732926578.08) | 37618.83 (32095.343647.27) | 0.185 (0.0840.285) |
| Lao People's Democratic Republic | 1191035.14 (982085.221426238.96) | 33067.75 (27924.6938726.92) | 2170654.46 (1741308.082656741.24) | 29964.77 (24368.6335767.79) | 0.201 (0.1480.255) |
| Lebanon | 1045648.47 (873475.411231209.38) | 37000.87 (31192.2543241.47) | 2094604.69 (1760566.442453669.47) | 35897.3 (30221.3642020.18) | 0.209 (0.1940.224) |
| Lesotho | 387093.73 (314229.4473055.43) | 29988.14 (24734.6235912.37) | 521021.96 (421831.02644102.11) | 28559.32 (23148.4334803.06) | 0.264 (0.2310.298) |
| Liberia | 667254.07 (543554.56800315.29) | 32992.99 (27229.5638790.62) | 1642185.45 (1323924.041965636.68) | 33362.96 (27871.439323.51) | 0.189 (0.1350.243) |
| Libya | 1296912.94 (1051740.971544295.7) | 34688.35 (28872.2640812.29) | 2719929.74 (2252723.923194260.34) | 36795.29 (30873.6542936.79) | 0.717 (0.6760.758) |
| Madagascar | 5274085.68 (4572043.25975613.01) | 50434.79 (44563.8756444.1) | 11549218.24 (9927442.4913357905.2) | 45951.54 (40298.8651554.54) | −0.317 (−0.466-0.167) |
| Malawi | 3014988.17 (2540016.793583479.04) | 37531.84 (32441.3943449.14) | 6319517.79 (5257633.927596949.07) | 36863.08 (31776.2642937.33) | 0.086 (0.0340.138) |
| Malaysia | 4453688.52 (3547057.525518681.19) | 26752.28 (21579.7932497) | 8208726.05 (6641796.4810200156.73) | 24435.27 (19914.8930195.87) | 0.092 (0.0390.146) |
| Mali | 2340288.21 (1913099.542803160.97) | 33686.95 (28094.1239858.59) | 6292583.43 (5169055.267697430.29) | 32446.19 (27005.8138621.83) | −0.191 (−0.219-0.163) |
| Mauritania | 552159.11 (449298.21665502.23) | 32228.43 (26587.4438098.04) | 1211049.23 (977134.961471226.03) | 31511.95 (26075.0837607.9) | −0.043 (−0.0860.001) |
| Mauritius | 354553.92 (293423.44424268.72) | 32283.48 (27074.4438159.91) | 426765.75 (357248.65499286.79) | 30193.28 (25004.9635938.66) | 0.158 (0.1450.172) |
| Monaco | 12088.62 (10169.3713953.44) | 33001.79 (27722.6938829.35) | 14173.42 (12001.8816531.02) | 31265.84 (26374.3336894.72) | −0.216 (−0.256-0.176) |
| Mongolia | 719157.15 (605901.71845841.06) | 37681.2 (32223.4643600.85) | 1175207.04 (978614.391383130.85) | 35985.02 (30267.2441991.11) | 0.181 (0.0410.322) |
| Montenegro | 282605.99 (242772.63323657.18) | 43866.17 (37693.8550224.49) | 263821.8 (227936.58299737.21) | 39720.3 (34254.0245563.97) | −0.154 (−0.185-0.122) |
| Morocco | 7044689.68 (6219161.368179211.27) | 29533.83 (26325.2633708.6) | 7410678.33 (6133000.968889966.92) | 19482.87 (16184.7323308.4) | −1.000 (−1.323-0.676) |
| Mozambique | 5236610.96 (4519240.535918225.64) | 47024.33 (41605.0552026.77) | 9738967.41 (8006972.811682555.78) | 37448.06 (31895.7943763.47) | −0.486 (−0.613-0.359) |
| Namibia | 367006.34 (297673.54440688.99) | 30729.75 (2517636567.38) | 713596.25 (581050.99871085.85) | 30384.81 (25259.8336494.37) | 0.453 (0.3360.572) |
| Nauru | 3433.15 (2841.664153.93) | 37422.93 (31508.6844322.94) | 4000.13 (3307.774768.23) | 38090.6 (31823.9344824.63) | 0.198 (0.1070.290) |
| Nepal | 5075932.07 (4160816.996281345.15) | 31057.05 (25628.5937814.74) | 8823516.05 (7246888.9610770591.1) | 28571.68 (23537.9834568.29) | 0.222 (0.1200.325) |
| New Zealand | 844073.12 (703737.571018285.18) | 23299.18 (19367.6728127.32) | 1325651.1 (1095055.21565699.5) | 23480.5 (19329.9928253.23) | 0.161 (−0.0080.330) |
| Niger | 2219761.05 (1848980.072633504.34) | 35761.42 (30399.7541843.52) | 6833830.54 (5629709.88196053.9) | 35394.97 (30111.1341035.08) | −0.431 (−0.566-0.295) |
| Nigeria | 16306467.56 (13983934.5519230278.64) | 20804.31 (17737.7224287.73) | 39644079.14 (34308645.6946397455.61) | 19271.23 (16702.0922428.2) | −0.276 (−0.327-0.224) |
| Niue | 858.73 (723.941009.7) | 39026.96 (32885.7346068.99) | 668.28 (574.25777.66) | 38182 (32959.3644670.57) | 0.154 (0.1120.195) |
| North Macedonia | 898771.12 (764223.941024289.55) | 43821.89 (37270.4549930.99) | 951327.11 (824885.931085149.34) | 39380.79 (33867.7445331.8) | −0.008 (−0.0460.031) |
| Northern Mariana Islands | 16763.61 (13491.1520487.76) | 36092.86 (30281.2242835.63) | 18743.41 (15724.7522125.34) | 36578.43 (30648.9143271.08) | 0.213 (0.1530.274) |
| Oman | 663877.81 (550363.88792818.07) | 37896.12 (32119.6943989.12) | 1792700.42 (1486415.22136989.48) | 36782.64 (31296.4742694.81) | 0.268 (0.2060.331) |
| Pakistan | 24233823.43 (19941558.1329635624.6) | 25696.95 (21403.8130907.16) | 55890823.61 (46619094.8568403069.49) | 25988.02 (21892.4231138.37) | 0.271 (0.1900.352) |
| Palau | 5867.69 (4904.616975.3) | 38321.55 (32357.7844925.45) | 7499.6 (6180.298730.18) | 37883.17 (31071.4344402.47) | 0.208 (0.1750.242) |
| Palestine | 570077.42 (463629.81687563.48) | 33433.25 (27734.7439433.87) | 1555550.1 (1275001.661904829.04) | 31976.16 (26772.9238317.68) | 0.401 (0.3250.477) |
| People's Democratic Republic of Algeria | 8215595.44 (6834202.639929343.15) | 36507.03 (30861.9142649.59) | 15808777.49 (13427728.4718851833.02) | 36017.33 (30782.2142684.35) | 0.225 (0.1300.321) |
| People's Republic of China | 247030844.32 (194257990.56307748803.28) | 19827.23 (15730.4624395.1) | 296616329.59 (252252744.17355044543.51) | 19634.62 (16565.823954.9) | 0.027 (−0.0650.119) |
| Plurinational State of Bolivia | 2504919.59 (2120721.312918113.12) | 44129.34 (38151.4650048.47) | 5062261.32 (4386041.55833768.44) | 43096.73 (37458.5949194.56) | 0.309 (0.2930.325) |
| Portuguese Republic | 3454607.34 (2882853.354077239.6) | 31047.2 (25616.6636990) | 3714960.76 (3110872.934358168.31) | 29546.82 (24739.0135045.19) | −0.031 (−0.0750.013) |
| Principality of Andorra | 21245.05 (17943.9924805.35) | 34706.32 (29352.140572.67) | 34958.88 (29218.1540132.41) | 33502.38 (28146.7138966.23) | 0.068 (0.0300.106) |
| Puerto Rico | 1292773.59 (1114093.951491689.46) | 35273.44 (30382.8440658.23) | 1236171.13 (1069138.021405951.61) | 34287.29 (29391.5539735.52) | 0.145 (0.1360.153) |
| Qatar | 150434.86 (120650.09184154.57) | 33329.11 (28139.0139682.58) | 1106161.97 (890241.61370201.74) | 32817.68 (27459.1539201.29) | 0.314 (0.2730.356) |
| Republic of Albania | 1342776.71 (1147150.531541453.76) | 41713.1 (35806.1347540.28) | 1118736.04 (955628.181279072.14) | 38834.79 (33232.1544724.81) | 0.106 (0.0720.139) |
| Republic of Armenia | 1258102.41 (1075524.951466823.27) | 37213.59 (31942.443136.61) | 1170526.45 (994774.51347257.05) | 36157.29 (30853.8342060.87) | 0.143 (0.0540.231) |
| Republic of Austria | 2676225.86 (2292757.243112105.01) | 30801.75 (26115.1636087.44) | 3068331.72 (2610325.233554185.72) | 29456.78 (25210.6934889.41) | −0.001 (−0.0460.044) |
| Republic of Azerbaijan | 2555421.17 (2114690.643020212.63) | 36213.94 (30261.8542267.74) | 4020457.54 (3396880.24679183.97) | 35523.67 (30041.2341354.73) | 0.243 (0.1420.344) |
| Republic of Belarus | 3479793.22 (2882645.984087455.24) | 31850.52 (26556.2637699.74) | 3169279.31 (2642714.623684309.52) | 31334.27 (26238.2737015.17) | −0.001 (−0.0800.078) |
| Republic of Bulgaria | 3937914.73 (3423204.154444849.73) | 42760.19 (36818.448662.19) | 2939438.9 (2518029.973312554.29) | 39865.19 (34538.2745444.11) | −0.185 (−0.243-0.127) |
| Republic of Chile | 5466086.21 (4834287.646331354.61) | 42079.77 (37284.4848140.57) | 8859394.89 (8604440.079139428.09) | 42647.53 (40975.4544539.69) | 0.279 (−0.0370.596) |
| Republic of Colombia | 10133688.42 (8371113.4412044980.11) | 33263.84 (27619.7738892.55) | 16721462.38 (13743057.5920015015.38) | 31798.07 (26033.0738040.02) | 1.315 (0.9191.713) |
| Republic of Costa Rica | 1015280.45 (844070.261199747.35) | 36419.88 (30898.3242087.27) | 1785896.15 (1522876.922061582.79) | 34874.96 (29643.6840522.82) | 0.395 (0.3620.428) |
| Republic of Croatia | 2309665.57 (1997788.732605655.06) | 44982.65 (38467.9950731.49) | 1843251.45 (1573123.512082423.98) | 40554.61 (34538.9846279.72) | −0.184 (−0.227-0.140) |
| Republic of Cuba | 4230665.18 (3652562.684869300.37) | 37122.36 (32193.1542330.93) | 4444656.65 (3825200.715063540.37) | 35857.49 (30879.9441454.52) | 0.150 (0.0320.268) |
| Republic of Cyprus | 294270.21 (251542.77342512.83) | 36333.04 (30990.3442372.92) | 543887.67 (461565.89624142.85) | 34653.01 (29342.8640426.28) | 0.225 (0.2090.241) |
| Republic of Ecuador | 3958688.12 (3341755.924666969.85) | 42963.18 (36750.849132.98) | 7821355.85 (6728413.859023886.25) | 42848.49 (36956.8149183.63) | −0.065 (−0.1890.060) |
| Republic of El Salvador | 1755462 (1489568.542054338.15) | 37630.21 (32408.3943101.9) | 2326544.76 (1972681.642710321.13) | 35944.49 (30252.4241605.09) | 0.339 (0.3020.375) |
| Republic of Estonia | 359791.09 (289570.88435558.08) | 22177.89 (17803.4527091.1) | 277939.73 (218308.5337440.1) | 20798.57 (16449.1525974.74) | −0.320 (−0.386-0.253) |
| Republic of Fiji | 284128.77 (237390.88337031.32) | 39442.93 (33451.0146353.49) | 359016.15 (304455.27423853.6) | 38709.25 (32978.6645414.72) | 0.055 (−0.0560.166) |
| Republic of Finland | 1339007.45 (1106860.871602192.13) | 24190.07 (20002.4529300.21) | 1434408.31 (1187528.081686137.4) | 22807.45 (18770.4227575.01) | −0.083 (−0.2840.119) |
| Republic of Guatemala | 2504759.47 (2085248.742951376.12) | 37228.8 (31846.2842959.76) | 5537787.5 (4621022.346509759.74) | 36054.19 (30191.7541771.9) | 0.543 (0.5050.581) |
| Republic of Guyana | 277315.77 (236634.48322222.04) | 38488.51 (33067.5243928.37) | 281530.3 (240560.61326965.72) | 36233.22 (31095.741846.63) | 0.177 (0.1500.203) |
| Republic of Haiti | 2204450.43 (1884719.242556119.08) | 39614.09 (34641.6945305.81) | 4300779.18 (3645151.895020530.12) | 34351.49 (29490.4539499.13) | 0.068 (0.0020.133) |
| Republic of Honduras | 1448843.66 (1214806.031700885.06) | 37672.86 (32303.7843218.5) | 3585246.68 (2999901.424220465.26) | 36841.78 (31258.3842573.04) | 0.447 (0.4390.454) |
| Republic of Iceland | 108258.32 (98520.11118417.5) | 41419.44 (37656.1945281.13) | 128153.29 (110092.61146957.49) | 34244.77 (29169.4239979.91) | −0.526 (−0.577-0.476) |
| Republic of Indonesia | 55327423.04 (46525198.2465226282.47) | 32234.37 (27516.6737429.65) | 89851881.34 (76783390.74104871373.57) | 30814.66 (26496.7735610.29) | 0.111 (−0.0960.319) |
| Republic of Iraq | 5835612.61 (4852518.677004895.92) | 36902.47 (31257.3142960.21) | 14449254.61 (12025144.3817117142.19) | 35913.33 (30303.0442010.31) | 0.205 (0.1710.240) |
| Republic of Italy | 19636610.41 (16537615.0622991120.73) | 30642.57 (25439.236615.39) | 20343859.07 (17207344.7323311901.32) | 28731.37 (24370.6534131.42) | −0.099 (−0.124-0.075) |
| Republic of Kazakhstan | 5774148.35 (4818496.046762384.45) | 35922.07 (30175.9141787.48) | 6695959.57 (5659190.157800943.81) | 34966.77 (29729.2440883.74) | 0.051 (−0.0500.153) |
| Republic of Kiribati | 27650.45 (23714.8532771.34) | 40941.21 (35207.7448092.79) | 48087.79 (41031.0256637) | 41191.64 (35686.3348058.75) | 0.245 (0.2220.269) |
| Republic of Korea | 10587237.46 (8850382.1112712157.84) | 22326.53 (18725.6326479.28) | 11534001.16 (9789818.9713412164.89) | 20631.46 (17625.3424172.05) | −0.283 (−0.301-0.265) |
| Republic of Latvia | 885860.47 (742472.011031861.23) | 31686.8 (26370.3637308.96) | 610260.52 (508976707833.2) | 30775.71 (25758.4436611.9) | −0.103 (−0.165-0.041) |
| Republic of Lithuania | 1446817.32 (1265750.61640220.86) | 37858.21 (33048.9542849.4) | 1028637.33 (875867.681176420.04) | 34671.35 (29665.3540306.46) | −0.223 (−0.307-0.138) |
| Republic of Maldives | 60979.51 (50376.9573499.25) | 33045.75 (27719.4638671.32) | 174603.74 (140668.83212289.67) | 30880.07 (25443.8236491.04) | 0.677 (0.6210.732) |
| Republic of Malta | 146842.13 (124111168714.93) | 37117.79 (31493.0142733.83) | 179507.08 (154164.46204826.22) | 34519.75 (29000.0840111.88) | 0.162 (0.1300.195) |
| Republic of Moldova | 1507163.33 (1258719.031767791.7) | 33383.82 (27879.5539132.76) | 1331747.83 (1102818.351558580.76) | 33134.94 (27442.1739403.69) | 0.287 (0.1950.378) |
| Republic of Nicaragua | 1197365.84 (994784.331410453.71) | 37668.93 (32039.3843213.41) | 2435539.71 (2058384.942827745.53) | 36755.61 (31509.7642142.95) | 0.534 (0.5010.568) |
| Republic of Panama | 1021838.82 (889359.821167245.83) | 45240.74 (39871.5950681.9) | 1829550.37 (1582107.062064313.87) | 41767.23 (36079.0647134.02) | −0.050 (−0.091-0.008) |
| Republic of Paraguay | 1441000.49 (1218735.381689908.67) | 39881.91 (34394.8245799.88) | 3023516.09 (2587503.23458389.42) | 41395.43 (35667.3947174.64) | 0.630 (0.5880.672) |
| Republic of Peru | 8655821.3 (7380147.7810058232.75) | 43307.07 (37764.349366.66) | 15685246.62 (13545247.218036371.62) | 42434.49 (36825.5648595.21) | 0.259 (0.2290.290) |
| Republic of Poland | 12350296.47 (10756819.3514074981.59) | 31242.84 (27240.0735568.67) | 12347960.89 (10902713.5113769235.17) | 29723.56 (26118.8933866.68) | 0.016 (−0.0580.090) |
| Republic of Serbia | 4315950.68 (3645516.674940583.92) | 42988.45 (36210.6649412.46) | 3631507.95 (3122073.124176008.57) | 37484.85 (31754.1743407.59) | 0.284 (−0.1250.695) |
| Republic of Singapore | 597860.92 (493161.37730126.27) | 17355.66 (14473.3320916.3) | 978491.2 (786994.441177574.45) | 16443.73 (13339.2719902.17) | −0.394 (−0.470-0.317) |
| Republic of Slovenia | 784185.48 (679530.38888840.63) | 37405.62 (32532.9242263.53) | 769531.82 (646416.76877512.04) | 35079.43 (29611.2840774.11) | −0.198 (−0.261-0.136) |
| Republic of Suriname | 106658.12 (88697.54128744.52) | 28246.23 (23367.8333816.49) | 163350.77 (133317.46193505.46) | 27155.74 (22299.9132465.41) | 0.009 (−0.0290.047) |
| Republic of Tajikistan | 1731252.37 (1456048.722028662.53) | 37589.38 (31715.1943360.78) | 3650545.08 (3135420.424253678.74) | 37958.06 (33082.8543699.66) | 0.392 (0.2990.485) |
| Republic of the Marshall Islands | 15770.22 (13105.8918879.43) | 40375.99 (34238.6147627.95) | 22510.1 (19167.1326774.57) | 40132.44 (34305.3647294.29) | 0.437 (0.4090.464) |
| Republic of the Philippines | 18206235.49 (15482060.6621337146.19) | 32748.72 (28604.5937591.96) | 35639298.18 (31347767.2540659804) | 31952.1 (28304.0436132.1) | 0.167 (0.0090.326) |
| Republic of the Union of Myanmar | 10371288.19 (8458878.8112749054.99) | 27008.57 (22323.8532581.45) | 13717331.44 (11013599.5916709143.69) | 23852.58 (19262.7628920.77) | −0.265 (−0.315-0.215) |
| Republic of Trinidad and Tobago | 423818.51 (358810.5496925.82) | 36329.19 (30822.6842212.55) | 407691.45 (344694.65482001.72) | 27646.31 (2337232809.12) | −0.673 (−0.733-0.612) |
| Republic of Uzbekistan | 6990696.02 (5887813.438219994.78) | 37712.31 (32033.0143358.58) | 12505160.92 (10566697.7314719558.1) | 36469.26 (31046.1642716.96) | 0.357 (0.2440.471) |
| Republic of Vanuatu | 53643.57 (44849.0363102.82) | 40665.4 (34723.7947405.49) | 119090.06 (101426.4140463.85) | 40667.94 (34925.2347443.09) | 0.219 (0.2030.236) |
| Romania | 11220979.8 (9744485.5212604461.57) | 46315.8 (40312.2252113.64) | 8437494.65 (7277719.659463447.93) | 41316.4 (35536.3546916.14) | −0.328 (−0.362-0.293) |
| Russian Federation | 50881084.46 (43367381.8558944716.74) | 32074.45 (27379.5737380.77) | 49374922.77 (42642704.956430473.91) | 30939.62 (26710.5535758.14) | −0.007 (−0.0740.061) |
| Rwanda | 2193062.35 (1802080.82619915.61) | 37380.46 (31865.5543560.95) | 4362260.36 (3600658.775262021.86) | 35668.16 (30003.9741639.66) | 0.252 (0.2290.274) |
| Saint Kitts and Nevis | 14344.78 (12281.5616644.62) | 36610.59 (31352.2742237.35) | 22777.63 (19327.8326341.98) | 34676.18 (29260.8339946.32) | 0.418 (0.4010.436) |
| Saint Lucia | 46975.97 (40021.6654697.3) | 37388.93 (31882.6843028.98) | 70653.75 (61044.4980976.02) | 35756.78 (30918.0941130.43) | 0.529 (0.5040.554) |
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 50639.06 (44212.6257716.5) | 47461.79 (41736.1553353.17) | 49916.14 (43796.3456127.14) | 41019.54 (3576346162.92) | −0.223 (−0.375-0.071) |
| San Marino | 9377.86 (8061.9910769.77) | 34986.03 (29514.7240637.76) | 13264.97 (1146515235.3) | 34061.24 (28982.4939689.81) | 0.012 (−0.0400.064) |
| Sao Tome and Principe | 32365.61 (26357.9139261.9) | 32328.62 (26641.1238957.48) | 65436.2 (53041.4978979.53) | 31861.01 (26132.3537860.97) | 0.272 (0.2280.315) |
| Saudi Arabia | 5627156.44 (4668180.576646948.52) | 40301.19 (34347.7346343.29) | 15928216.65 (13402966.2118668143.07) | 39279.33 (33844.2844915) | 0.305 (0.2280.381) |
| Senegal | 1765694.94 (1513638.132038012.24) | 28467.32 (24722.3532571) | 3560999.76 (2945415.484283126.52) | 24454.05 (20518.3929020.89) | 0.054 (−0.0110.118) |
| Seychelles | 22368.25 (18634.1726776.98) | 31613 (26366.0737482.11) | 33515.25 (27932.5339861.17) | 29946.26 (25137.2135576.08) | 0.115 (0.0650.165) |
| Sierra Leone | 1378533.93 (1248532.031524492) | 37690.6 (34240.5441758.42) | 2420148.26 (2067727.622860879.2) | 30328.14 (25983.9135209.33) | −0.610 (−0.817-0.403) |
| Slovak Republic | 2185955.36 (1865028.22506485.75) | 39997.57 (34138.4446084.07) | 2189989.31 (1874933.182519982.85) | 37336.63 (31912.143283.13) | −0.126 (−0.201-0.050) |
| Socialist Republic of Viet Nam | 19871728.04 (16430134.0523881755.86) | 31842.5 (26534.537499.82) | 29059937.68 (23188093.2334807069.18) | 27864.27 (22549.2933331.27) | −0.319 (−0.565-0.073) |
| Solomon Islands | 120453.71 (101655.99142795.4) | 41258.79 (35267.7647897.76) | 260301.93 (221072.89308386.64) | 40936.04 (35152.1447921.3) | 0.225 (0.2040.247) |
| Somalia | 2530038.58 (2089411.242992588.63) | 39636.11 (34069.0445910.08) | 6991308.43 (5834918.648309094.69) | 39988.6 (34477.9646218.26) | −0.022 (−0.0530.010) |
| South Africa | 9106780.62 (7625359.6210880663.01) | 26895.79 (22761.2531662.12) | 14781698.34 (12548857.7917723960.49) | 25047.02 (21447.4829675.65) | 0.264 (0.1950.334) |
| South Sudan | 1714905.16 (1402940.752072468.36) | 34631.35 (28911.1340865.2) | 2981511.09 (2458916.953591164.48) | 36212.09 (30658.0942372.04) | 0.087 (0.0280.147) |
| State of Israel | 2027819.88 (1765012.882306433.73) | 41847.85 (36461.4147546.66) | 3823324.82 (3317070.844354863.41) | 38993.23 (33912.7244631.79) | −0.039 (−0.069-0.009) |
| State of Kuwait | 578835.35 (474392.07701974.37) | 34400.7 (28973.6540523.41) | 1738319.11 (1387565.182105395.61) | 33614.18 (27747.7639856.11) | 0.272 (0.2370.308) |
| Sudan | 6792560.53 (5647283.377989631.41) | 39420.46 (33022.0845687.22) | 15342590.11 (12915097.318297899.34) | 38272.86 (32833.5344500.75) | 0.044 (−0.0070.096) |
| Swiss Confederation | 3524799.14 (3203625.123869039.17) | 45805.73 (41131.3150762.03) | 4627113.06 (4217345.125036982.12) | 44429.86 (39765.3350005.32) | 0.051 (0.0250.076) |
| Syrian Arab Republic | 4148101.81 (34702164910992.39) | 38423.53 (33034.2244409.37) | 5477835.75 (4587046.456394293.24) | 37573.79 (31920.3543442.56) | 0.534 (0.4660.601) |
| Taiwan (Province of China) | 2865738.63 (2191120.743784546.28) | 13232.68 (10277.1117228.65) | 3250714.7 (2541245.134113545.68) | 12679.47 (9754.9116611.84) | 0.028 (−0.0240.081) |
| Togo | 977315.48 (795619.161176453.23) | 33323.99 (27761.4238954.44) | 1999626.87 (1699366.182411359.54) | 25785.4 (21488.7830619.14) | 0.012 (−0.1360.160) |
| Tokelau | 597.11 (509.37704.23) | 40216.86 (34789.3847147.52) | 545.32 (466.67632.82) | 38978.21 (33397.8945564.28) | 0.201 (0.1640.238) |
| Tunisia | 2909327.69 (2437150.533425526.27) | 37288.86 (31686.843226.16) | 4513906.04 (3805192.395235647.07) | 36187.06 (30406.2942228.32) | 0.277 (0.2030.352) |
| Turkey | 21239180.95 (17899212.5424881102.13) | 39039.94 (33445.9345077.74) | 32693622.45 (27668936.3837835038.22) | 36687.5 (31102.4742631.25) | 0.074 (−0.0740.223) |
| Turkmenistan | 1193577.59 (1011090.961423805.6) | 36150.75 (30810.242019) | 1812704.39 (1519848.932134953.03) | 35046.46 (29548.4541116.73) | 0.262 (0.1810.344) |
| Tuvalu | 3625.54 (3068.664235.45) | 41371.4 (35286.1748072.19) | 4903.1 (4162.975760) | 39881.97 (33985.9946661.73) | 0.180 (0.1630.197) |
| Uganda | 3511768.43 (2797997.494384841.46) | 25312.14 (20542.2431021.47) | 8816416.88 (7082126.3211104277.51) | 24008.29 (19210.4829470.77) | 0.029 (−0.0290.087) |
| Ukraine | 15568388.82 (12779161.7518219383.4) | 27867.93 (22940.7332820.36) | 13649841.92 (11317446.5616053697.22) | 28270.7 (23847.1533748.53) | 0.149 (0.0680.229) |
| United Arab Emirates | 610660.97 (494843.9755853.14) | 32990.76 (27770.2439142.71) | 3729701.47 (2845809.64556536.41) | 33294.66 (27549.2139528.38) | 0.613 (0.5630.663) |
| United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | 20716303.75 (18582080.4923172860.1) | 32774.38 (29232.5337067.88) | 23239693.21 (20997723.6225744201.97) | 30296.17 (27062.5734150.95) | −0.166 (−0.248-0.085) |
| United Mexican States | 19218366.44 (15990112.3723341197.7) | 24755.35 (20606.6129677.84) | 31613589.82 (26433121.6737573527.79) | 23261.87 (19496.6727577.49) | 0.190 (0.1380.242) |
| United Republic of Tanzania | 6717677.51 (5598169.787984487.28) | 32344.8 (27034.3538053.2) | 16762007.85 (13514473.7420481623.83) | 32322.78 (26384.8938333.56) | −0.493 (−0.793-0.192) |
| United States of America | 54319962.3 (45472132.0365322973.35) | 20396.57 (17026.6924562.88) | 68655409.32 (59125324.9978946284.96) | 19321.53 (16431.6522797.83) | −0.025 (−0.1120.063) |
| United States Virgin Islands | 37807.04 (31957.1443601.86) | 35625.3 (30394.4640784.56) | 30960.77 (26526.9735545.69) | 33765.11 (28771.539260.81) | 0.065 (0.0230.106) |
| Yemen | 3916326.46 (3224379.14749606.98) | 35770.5 (30311.2142395.82) | 10884681.54 (9058476.8512906420.36) | 35591.65 (30068.0641974.16) | 0.375 (0.2320.518) |
| Zambia | 2272373.17 (2040610.932528257.21) | 33565.39 (30281.5237408.93) | 4853790.09 (4057080.865888997.53) | 27032.79 (22700.2832374.68) | −0.250 (−0.367-0.133) |
| Zimbabwe | 2029503.16 (1622715.912518744.48) | 23262.35 (18773.127997.01) | 3321719.63 (2619813.544272098.05) | 23506.58 (18778.7729375.73) | 0.242 (0.2130.270) |
Table 3.
The number of DALYs cases and the age-standardized DALYs rate attributable to caries of permanent teeth in 1990 and 2021 and its trends from 1990 to 2021 globally
| Number of DALYs cases (95% UI) in 1990 | The age-standardized DALYs rate/100000 (95% UI) in 1990 | Number of DALYs cases (95% UI) in 2021 | The age-standardized DALYs rate/100000 (95% UI) in 2021 | EAPC (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Global | 1443191 (622669–2764557) | 27.78 (12.3–53) | 2198064 (988183–4174725) | 27.02 (12.1–51.36) | −0.03 (−0.08–0.02) |
| Sex | |||||
| Female | 724436 (313504–1383004) | 27.95 (12.38–53.24) | 1102864 (497296–2084214) | 27.14 (12.15–51.39) | −0.03 (−0.09–0.02) |
| Male | 718755 (309244–1381436) | 27.62 (12.23–52.78) | 1095201 (490402–2090511) | 26.91 (12.02–51.33) | −0.03 (−0.08–0.02) |
| Age | |||||
| 5–9 years | 55853 (18303–131336) | 9.57 (3.14–22.51) | 55891 (18251–132352) | 8.13 (2.66–19.26) | −0.31 (−0.41–0.21) |
| 10–14 years | 141166 (55276–301104) | 26.35 (10.32–56.21) | 160234 (61633–333641) | 24.04 (9.25–50.05) | −0.17 (−0.24–0.09) |
| 15–19 years | 159969 (60144–335800) | 30.8 (11.58–64.65) | 192017 (72853–399324) | 30.77 (11.68–64) | 0.06 (−0.01–0.13) |
| 20–24 years | 193927 (73710–373123) | 39.41 (14.98–75.82) | 227353 (86741–444138) | 38.07 (14.53–74.38) | −0.09 (−0.13–0.05) |
| 25–29 years | 166731 (67415–321046) | 37.67 (15.23–72.53) | 220414 (91562–418358) | 37.46 (15.56–71.11) | 0.04 (−0.02–0.1) |
| 30–34 years | 134997 (56018–261664) | 35.03 (14.53–67.89) | 210136 (87753–410865) | 34.76 (14.52–67.97) | 0.08 (0.01–0.15) |
| 35–39 years | 123454 (50523–246483) | 35.05 (14.34–69.98) | 200824 (81549–401372) | 35.81 (14.54–71.56) | 0.11 (0.06–0.15) |
| 40–44 years | 100636 (39181–196930) | 35.13 (13.68–68.74) | 179011 (71794–354066) | 35.78 (14.35–70.78) | 0.06 (0.01–0.11) |
| 45–49 years | 81014 (33387–166801) | 34.89 (14.38–71.84) | 162496 (67739–333485) | 34.32 (14.31–70.43) | −0.03 (−0.1–0.04) |
| 50–54 years | 73394 (30171–154280) | 34.53 (14.19–72.58) | 146472 (60534–303201) | 32.92 (13.61–68.15) | −0.08 (−0.14–0.02) |
| 55–59 years | 62372 (26836–133418) | 33.68 (14.49–72.04) | 127002 (54586–272450) | 32.09 (13.79–68.85) | −0.08 (−0.13–0.04) |
| 60–64 years | 53060 (22141–107473) | 33.04 (13.79–66.92) | 102545 (43772–208753) | 32.04 (13.68–65.23) | −0.11 (−0.16–0.07) |
| 65–69 years | 39781 (17896–76295) | 32.18 (14.48–61.72) | 84201 (37878–164251) | 30.53 (13.73–59.55) | −0.13 (−0.19–0.06) |
| 70–74 years | 26027 (11669–48523) | 30.74 (13.78–57.31) | 60571 (26840–112519) | 29.43 (13.04–54.66) | −0.09 (−0.15–0.03) |
| 75–79 years | 17405 (7805–32482) | 28.28 (12.68–52.77) | 35293 (16013–65348) | 26.76 (12.14–49.55) | −0.09 (−0.14–0.03) |
| 80–84 years | 9102 (4015–17000) | 25.73 (11.35–48.06) | 20816 (9228–39364) | 23.77 (10.54–44.94) | −0.15 (−0.21–0.1) |
| 85–89 years | 3393 (1465–6730) | 22.45 (9.69–44.54) | 9255 (4094–17727) | 20.24 (8.95–38.77) | −0.26 (−0.3–0.22) |
| 90–94 years | 780 (317–1597) | 18.2 (7.4–37.26) | 2914 (1222–5926) | 16.29 (6.83–33.12) | −0.34 (−0.39–0.28) |
| 95 + years | 128 (53–278) | 12.62 (5.23–27.33) | 619 (260–1321) | 11.35 (4.76–24.23) | −0.27 (−0.39–0.15) |
| SDI region | |||||
| High-middle SDI | 305219 (132610–581718) | 27.81 (12.15–53.29) | 371029 (167790–710273) | 26.27 (11.65–49.92) | −0.19 (−0.2–0.18) |
| High SDI | 232729 (104423–442471) | 24.88 (11.09–47.23) | 271471 (124443–518668) | 23.06 (10.27–43.91) | −0.22 (−0.27–0.17) |
| Low-middle SDI | 316030 (136928–605953) | 30.84 (13.76–58.82) | 555887 (246486–1059748) | 29.18 (13.04–55.36) | −0.05 (−0.17–0.07) |
| Low SDI | 133975 (58363–251648) | 32.19 (14.47–59.74) | 305981 (133494–574357) | 30.97 (14.01–57.73) | −0.08 (−0.14–0.02) |
| Middle SDI | 453446 (193127–862544) | 26.86 (11.73–51.62) | 691532 (311277–1329673) | 26.77 (11.97–51.3) | 0.06 (−0.01–0.13) |
| GBD region | |||||
| Advanced Health System | 396361 (178393–750833) | 28.51 (12.75–54.05) | 438115 (199848–831430) | 26.48 (11.85–50.34) | −0.22 (−0.25–0.2) |
| Africa | 163137 (69389–309794) | 30.14 (13.4–57.13) | 357256 (154570–681420) | 28.44 (12.78–53.93) | −0.19 (−0.21–0.18) |
| African Region | 126636 (54036–241131) | 29.43 (13.14–55.43) | 289860 (125401–551103) | 28.06 (12.64–52.96) | −0.16 (−0.18–0.15) |
| America | 194309 (84850–369941) | 27.26 (12.01–51.99) | 296068 (133759–564408) | 27.3 (12.15–52.05) | 0.06 (0.05–0.08) |
| Andean Latin America | 14953 (6650–27599) | 42.59 (19–78.75) | 28104 (12465–53214) | 41.91 (18.6–79.06) | −0.13 (−0.16–0.1) |
| Asia | 792751 (338172–1514882) | 25.54 (11.16–49.02) | 1243504 (557126–2364591) | 25.63 (11.42–48.75) | 0.1 (0.01–0.19) |
| Australasia | 6322 (2784–12126) | 29.26 (12.91–56.26) | 8576 (3829–16539) | 25.38 (11.24–48.41) | −0.15 (−0.37–0.07) |
| Basic Health System | 585513 (251664–1116812) | 25.44 (11.08–48.9) | 841309 (378170–1629683) | 25.43 (11.3–48.79) | −0.01 (−0.05–0.02) |
| Caribbean | 12605 (5546–24147) | 36.7 (16.25–70.09) | 16883 (7615–32039) | 34.3 (15.46–64.98) | −0.16 (−0.19–0.13) |
| Central Africa | 17209 (7266–33426) | 31.48 (13.82–59.92) | 46627 (19909–88722) | 32.17 (14.02–60.57) | 0.04 (0–0.08) |
| Central Asia | 23535 (10362–44426) | 36.22 (16.11–68.83) | 34400 (15253–65176) | 35.58 (15.67–67.47) | −0.08 (−0.12–0.05) |
| Central Europe | 50008 (22444–94367) | 38.47 (17.19–72.29) | 43207 (19820–82398) | 35.05 (15.67–66.02) | −0.24 (−0.28–0.2) |
| Central Latin America | 44329 (19189–83175) | 29.71 (13.19–55.95) | 75234 (33613–143277) | 28.5 (12.73–54.11) | 0.08 (0–0.17) |
| Central Sub-Saharan Africa | 13849 (5837–26849) | 30.71 (13.48–58.54) | 37074 (15716–70220) | 31.31 (13.62–58.83) | 0.03 (−0.01–0.07) |
| Commonwealth High Income | 33926 (15467–65086) | 28.21 (12.79–54.19) | 41138 (18770–78858) | 25.4 (11.5–48.69) | −0.27 (−0.35–0.18) |
| Commonwealth Low Income | 55109 (23503–104992) | 31.86 (13.95–59.74) | 110329 (47879–209204) | 30.24 (13.31–56.86) | −0.21 (−0.23–0.19) |
| Commonwealth Middle Income | 318854 (139314–605645) | 30.62 (13.66–57.71) | 601566 (267151–1136076) | 28.76 (12.89–54.1) | 0.03 (−0.16–0.22) |
| East Asia | 250909 (105316–475098) | 19.39 (8.36–36.81) | 298908 (135110–582540) | 19.21 (8.53–36.69) | −0.04 (−0.08–0) |
| East Asia & Pacific—WB | 421091 (180130–798786) | 21.78 (9.45–41.64) | 544173 (243459–1064732) | 21.75 (9.6–41.9) | −0.03 (−0.07–0.01) |
| Eastern Africa | 47239 (20457–90034) | 32.53 (14.64–61.6) | 108333 (47174–205733) | 31.12 (14.06–58.68) | −0.21 (−0.24–0.18) |
| Eastern Europe | 72439 (32572–140967) | 30.51 (13.65–58.91) | 67486 (30226–131279) | 29.82 (13.21–57.55) | −0.08 (−0.11–0.06) |
| Eastern Mediterranean Region | 103454 (44472–198402) | 31.32 (13.89–60.01) | 222833 (96751–427831) | 30.37 (13.52–57.93) | −0.11 (−0.12–0.1) |
| Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa | 52181 (22646–98681) | 33.17 (14.94–62.36) | 117643 (51384–222922) | 30.99 (14.01–58.31) | −0.23 (−0.25–0.21) |
| Europe | 289789 (131002–549213) | 34.14 (15.29–64.63) | 297722 (135421–564142) | 31.86 (14.33–60.52) | −0.22 (−0.23–0.21) |
| Europe & Central Asia—WB | 305769 (137851–578990) | 34.24 (15.32–64.84) | 323401 (147097–612453) | 32.2 (14.43–61.18) | −0.19 (−0.2–0.18) |
| European Region | 308782 (139155–584622) | 34.3 (15.34–64.95) | 328233 (149325–621584) | 32.27 (14.46–61.32) | −0.19 (−0.2–0.18) |
| High-income Asia Pacific | 30523 (13438–60140) | 16.65 (7.35–32.57) | 25188 (11385–49313) | 14.49 (6.49–28.15) | −0.4 (−0.48–0.33) |
| High-income North America | 58934 (26265–114662) | 19.98 (8.83–38.85) | 73976 (33596–143321) | 18.85 (8.43–36.61) | −0.07 (−0.16–0.02) |
| Latin America & Caribbean—WB | 136697 (59481–261068) | 33.21 (14.64–63.13) | 223336 (99615–427004) | 32.24 (14.32–61.57) | −0.04 (−0.06–0.01) |
| Limited Health System | 420831 (182503–799656) | 30.78 (13.77–58.05) | 819805 (363621–1551755) | 29.26 (13.12–55.12) | 0 (−0.14–0.15) |
| Middle East & North Africa—WB | 77329 (33124–148106) | 33.66 (14.93–64.57) | 155060 (68135–298839) | 32.2 (14.31–62.11) | −0.15 (−0.17–0.13) |
| Minimal Health System | 38694 (16413–73869) | 34.84 (15.28–65.85) | 96671 (40862–183230) | 33.93 (14.81–63.44) | −0.08 (−0.1–0.07) |
| North Africa and Middle East | 106153 (45221–203126) | 34.79 (15.3–66.65) | 208354 (90480–398422) | 33.22 (14.66–63.7) | −0.18 (−0.22–0.14) |
| North America | 58943 (26270–114681) | 19.98 (8.83–38.86) | 73986 (33601–143340) | 18.85 (8.43–36.61) | −0.07 (−0.16–0.02) |
| Northern Africa | 35854 (15180–68683) | 32.44 (14.32–62.57) | 61733 (27109–118829) | 29.69 (13.16–57.39) | −0.28 (−0.32–0.23) |
| Oceania | 2368 (1008–4504) | 39.55 (17.07–73.66) | 5151 (2201–9563) | 39.08 (17.08–72.46) | −0.02 (−0.04–0) |
| Region of the Americas | 194309 (84850–369941) | 27.26 (12.01–51.99) | 296068 (133759–564408) | 27.3 (12.15–52.05) | 0.06 (0.05–0.08) |
| South-East Asia Region | 372199 (161669–710367) | 31.63 (14.08–59.85) | 642534 (286068–1221133) | 29.96 (13.36–56.7) | 0.02 (−0.17–0.2) |
| South Asia | 303996 (132371–576696) | 31.63 (14.08–59.52) | 561162 (249820–1057274) | 29.9 (13.39–56.12) | 0.06 (−0.14–0.26) |
| South Asia—WB | 312965 (136187–594064) | 31.7 (14.12–59.68) | 578636 (257732–1090734) | 30.02 (13.45–56.38) | 0.06 (−0.14–0.25) |
| Southeast Asia | 136642 (59512–264319) | 31.28 (13.74–60.31) | 213451 (93488–420515) | 29.3 (12.82–57.09) | −0.3 (−0.41–0.2) |
| Southern Africa | 25089 (10735–47614) | 30.72 (13.6–58.19) | 48278 (20831–91915) | 28.3 (12.63–53.71) | −0.12 (−0.17–0.07) |
| Southern Latin America | 19860 (8709–37591) | 40.61 (17.85–77.16) | 29887 (13562–56603) | 41.1 (18.54–78.13) | 0.04 (−0.04–0.12) |
| Southern Sub-Saharan Africa | 12189 (5267–23278) | 25.98 (11.52–49.6) | 19806 (8734–37942) | 24.43 (10.9–46.77) | −0.08 (−0.12–0.04) |
| Sub-Saharan Africa—WB | 127709 (54541–243096) | 29.59 (13.22–55.8) | 296370 (128045–563993) | 28.24 (12.72–53.24) | −0.16 (−0.17–0.15) |
| Tropical Latin America | 45401 (19695–88291) | 30.97 (13.64–60.24) | 73823 (32873–144478) | 30.51 (13.45–59.27) | −0.07 (−0.12–0.03) |
| Western Africa | 37746 (16285–71914) | 25.46 (11.39–48.03) | 92286 (40056–177088) | 24.08 (10.8–45.47) | −0.2 (−0.21–0.19) |
| Western Europe | 143434 (65036–272520) | 34.01 (15.35–64.83) | 153042 (70258–290905) | 30.99 (14.07–59.26) | −0.29 (−0.34–0.24) |
| Western Pacific Region | 331751 (141651–626456) | 20.5 (8.89–38.9) | 411822 (185734–798782) | 20.49 (9.05–39.13) | −0.02 (−0.06–0.01) |
| Western Sub-Saharan Africa | 42562 (18262–81406) | 26.04 (11.66–49.01) | 106709 (46121–204748) | 24.87 (11.18–46.77) | −0.17 (−0.19–0.16) |
| World Bank High Income | 291256 (130812–551055) | 27.32 (12.24–51.66) | 330466 (150965–628057) | 25.15 (11.25–47.74) | −0.24 (−0.29–0.2) |
| World Bank Low Income | 90915 (38947–173155) | 32.42 (14.34–60.84) | 206653 (88666–389952) | 31.63 (14.09–59.51) | −0.07 (−0.07–0.06) |
| World Bank Lower Middle Income | 533102 (231228–1019662) | 30.97 (13.86–58.83) | 969257 (430806–1845846) | 29.34 (13.12–55.61) | −0.07 (−0.19–0.05) |
| World Bank Upper Middle Income | 523819 (226148–993944) | 24.92 (10.83–47.6) | 686813 (309611–1324772) | 24.62 (10.87–47.05) | −0.02 (−0.05–0) |
| Country | |||||
| Afghanistan | 3313.24 (1377.16371.9) | 38.21 (16.572.75) | 10199.54 (4381.9219231.29) | 38.1 (16.7271.02) | −0.014 (−0.0640.035) |
| American Samoa | 16.45 (6.9331.28) | 36.77 (16.1569.18) | 18.93 (8.2235.85) | 37.23 (16.3369.91) | 0.355 (0.3210.388) |
| Angola | 2564.6 (1061.785005.57) | 30.31 (13.0858.01) | 7869.8 (3215.215434.98) | 29.24 (12.655.17) | −0.251 (−0.290-0.212) |
| Antigua and Barbuda | 21.32 (9.3640.14) | 35.67 (15.7267.49) | 33.49 (14.6764.67) | 34.18 (14.9565.8) | 0.224 (0.2100.237) |
| Arab Republic of Egypt | 16049.94 (6882.8131220.26) | 31.82 (13.9961.63) | 30625.6 (13266.2758508.82) | 30.2 (13.2157.13) | −0.152 (−0.220-0.085) |
| Argentine Republic | 13179.41 (5774.1324840.04) | 40.36 (17.7176.36) | 19777.4 (8792.637144.42) | 40.88 (18.1276.52) | 0.338 (0.3140.362) |
| Australia | 5499.14 (2428.9710562.47) | 30.58 (13.558.84) | 7285.09 (3245.5613957.02) | 25.86 (11.3949.35) | −0.188 (−0.4830.107) |
| Bangladesh | 28428.34 (12015.1955560.55) | 31.47 (13.7259.44) | 50691.82 (22009.9296656.45) | 30.29 (13.2657.52) | 0.527 (0.5090.545) |
| Barbados | 93.51 (41.27178.55) | 35.61 (15.6868.19) | 114.85 (51.86219.6) | 35.19 (15.6367.16) | 0.092 (0.0680.115) |
| Belize | 60.76 (26.24115.56) | 37.58 (16.5771.61) | 135.71 (61.84266.06) | 30.77 (14.0460.42) | 0.079 (−0.0160.174) |
| Benin | 1228.53 (510.262361.7) | 32.27 (13.7960.91) | 3608.39 (1532.937045.78) | 31.57 (13.8460) | 0.112 (0.0850.139) |
| Bermuda | 22.26 (9.6242.71) | 34.34 (14.8765.43) | 22.62 (10.1442.71) | 32.81 (14.3162.57) | −0.194 (−0.211-0.177) |
| Bhutan | 168.77 (70.55329.74) | 30.89 (13.2658.4) | 227.92 (99.9440.33) | 28.79 (12.6855.27) | 0.403 (0.3840.423) |
| Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela | 6510.89 (2890.2512525.54) | 38.17 (17.2672.96) | 10629.76 (4746.3820353.95) | 38.07 (16.9473.26) | 0.404 (0.3760.432) |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 2094.09 (940.053947.89) | 44.46 (19.9283.77) | 1347.26 (602.12529.44) | 38 (16.7370.69) | −0.434 (−0.452-0.416) |
| Botswana | 304.34 (130.79586.4) | 27.04 (11.7750.96) | 623.95 (267.271182.47) | 25.3 (11.0647.77) | 0.414 (0.3850.443) |
| Brunei Darussalam | 43.38 (18.7783.87) | 16.1 (7.0231.36) | 81.6 (35.62154.76) | 16.35 (7.1831.02) | 0.273 (0.2480.298) |
| Burkina Faso | 2389.57 (1027.144669.87) | 31.61 (13.7760.97) | 5848.24 (2483.1811273.82) | 30.77 (13.5557.99) | −0.185 (−0.278-0.092) |
| Burundi | 1654.94 (698.823169.99) | 36.33 (15.8268.42) | 4198.99 (1799.917920.23) | 36.95 (16.2369.36) | 0.177 (0.1490.204) |
| Cabo Verde | 95.54 (40.7183.56) | 32.18 (14.0461.13) | 176.13 (76.45339.91) | 29.96 (13.1457.37) | 0.543 (0.5140.571) |
| Cameroon | 2660.79 (1130.855168.73) | 31.04 (13.5159.5) | 8757.12 (3679.2116802.79) | 31.28 (13.5458.56) | 0.132 (0.0860.177) |
| Canada | 5677.35 (2502.8210994.11) | 19.28 (8.4737.02) | 7478.66 (3295.714569.35) | 18.51 (8.1235.72) | −0.135 (−0.159-0.111) |
| Central African Republic | 724.15 (305.261398.84) | 31.83 (13.8460.29) | 1554.43 (658.472949.63) | 32.27 (14.0460.84) | 0.215 (0.1990.230) |
| Chad | 1576.83 (669.762965.48) | 32.87 (14.4162.28) | 4401.35 (1899.48603.01) | 31.81 (14.2761.16) | −0.249 (−0.283-0.216) |
| Commonwealth of Dominica | 25.3 (11.148.05) | 36.84 (16.4269.77) | 25.57 (11.350.02) | 35.33 (15.569.17) | 0.318 (0.2950.341) |
| Commonwealth of the Bahamas | 97.95 (42.77186.1) | 38.22 (16.7772.23) | 157.45 (71.73297.28) | 37.22 (16.9269.96) | 0.021 (−0.0550.097) |
| Comoros | 126.24 (58.04234.99) | 32.13 (1560.77) | 213.95 (95.25432.05) | 28.78 (12.9457.5) | 0.345 (0.2820.408) |
| Congo | 609.61 (260.061178.71) | 29.81 (13.1157.04) | 1508.7 (634.942841.97) | 29.49 (12.9454.95) | 0.182 (0.1370.226) |
| Cook Islands | 6.84 (2.8512.85) | 37.35 (16.0669.25) | 6.73 (2.9613.1) | 36.06 (15.7569.84) | 0.167 (0.1490.185) |
| Czech Republic | 4180.15 (1855.077854.68) | 38.63 (17.0572.21) | 4106.23 (1874.657789.87) | 36.87 (16.3369.93) | −0.228 (−0.297-0.160) |
| Democratic People’s Republic of Korea | 2640.14 (1076.175077.22) | 12.51 (5.1524.36) | 3890.78 (1697.997525.22) | 13.63 (5.8726.86) | 0.128 (0.0560.199) |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo | 9608.07 (4052.1318633.84) | 30.88 (13.5558.81) | 25282.39 (10902.7248000) | 32.23 (14.261.12) | 0.731 (0.6190.843) |
| Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste | 263.26 (113.21499.91) | 38.93 (17.2373.9) | 475.64 (202.86905.11) | 36.61 (15.969.31) | 0.289 (0.2490.329) |
| Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka | 5595.37 (2389.4710653.71) | 33.17 (14.3763.07) | 7102.41 (3122.9313738.71) | 30.22 (13.3458.11) | 0.237 (0.1250.349) |
| Djibouti | 118.7 (53.11227.12) | 31.77 (14.3459.77) | 351.84 (159.5679.91) | 27.68 (12.6254.36) | −0.129 (−0.164-0.093) |
| Dominican Republic | 2457.88 (1071.264676.57) | 37.03 (16.2569.34) | 3928.51 (1720.737555.95) | 34.72 (15.1866.59) | 0.073 (0.0130.134) |
| Eastern Republic of Uruguay | 1308.74 (580.362444.7) | 40.68 (17.9676.36) | 1472.31 (670.742723.87) | 39.9 (17.8973.87) | 0.164 (0.1390.189) |
| Equatorial Guinea | 106.05 (45.47198.76) | 30.97 (13.6858.41) | 380.54 (162.57741.47) | 27.09 (11.8851.44) | 0.132 (0.1170.147) |
| Eritrea | 1134.64 (487.552168.06) | 39.96 (17.6474.76) | 2485.27 (1063.344698.93) | 40.59 (17.7675.78) | −0.195 (−0.345-0.044) |
| Eswatini | 181.07 (77350.25) | 27.44 (11.8752.86) | 291.35 (127.92570.16) | 26.19 (11.4949.82) | 0.436 (0.3970.476) |
| Ethiopia | 12163.38 (5536.6623426.11) | 29.6 (13.6356.87) | 27002.33 (12255.0252168.2) | 27.59 (12.5353.09) | 0.410 (0.3990.421) |
| Federal Republic of Germany | 29129.08 (12692.7956374.46) | 32.23 (13.9462.07) | 25405.38 (11432.9549370.04) | 27.82 (12.5953.92) | 0.090 (0.0800.099) |
| Federated States of Micronesia | 37.17 (15.8870.33) | 40.15 (17.774.73) | 40.86 (17.577.41) | 39.37 (17.2174.79) | −0.625 (−0.678-0.573) |
| Federative Republic of Brazil | 43976.98 (19083.9285659.62) | 30.76 (13.5559.92) | 70853.11 (31633.8138987.16) | 30.15 (13.3158.68) | 0.371 (0.3550.387) |
| French Republic | 25946.52 (11935.8448894.31) | 41.75 (1979.35) | 28891.45 (13319.1154683.03) | 38.18 (17.0373.09) | 0.238 (0.1870.290) |
| Gabon | 236.6 (101.42447.47) | 27.6 (12.1452.04) | 478.45 (205901.94) | 27.68 (12.1352.15) | −0.058 (−0.085-0.030) |
| Gambia | 256.65 (109.04496.78) | 31.66 (13.8759.94) | 674.84 (283.111296.94) | 31.65 (13.8759.92) | 0.247 (0.2220.273) |
| Georgia | 2037.67 (914.973847.39) | 35.66 (15.9467.06) | 1351.43 (608.832632.2) | 35.57 (15.6367.58) | 0.141 (0.1050.177) |
| Ghana | 3501.54 (1484.776746.73) | 27.52 (11.9252.74) | 8451.96 (3606.3916651.56) | 26.38 (11.5851.31) | −0.041 (−0.1420.059) |
| Grand Duchy of Luxembourg | 147.49 (65.64281.73) | 34.31 (15.0465.04) | 242.65 (108.94461.22) | 32.66 (14.661.77) | 0.084 (0.0330.136) |
| Greenland | 11.03 (4.7521.21) | 18.44 (8.0935.9) | 10.65 (4.6620.78) | 17.8 (7.7334.19) | −0.068 (−0.112-0.024) |
| Grenada | 29.2 (12.9555.2) | 37.18 (16.3971.49) | 38.76 (17.0474.67) | 35.13 (15.3267.41) | −0.069 (−0.104-0.034) |
| Guam | 48.51 (20.7691.83) | 35.46 (15.4567.64) | 57.73 (24.89105.38) | 35.07 (15.0664.36) | 0.373 (0.3200.426) |
| Guinea | 1574.45 (663.483039.86) | 32.02 (13.9560.71) | 3630.57 (1517.056917.43) | 31.89 (13.7959.69) | 0.084 (0.0680.100) |
| Guinea-Bissau | 331.04 (141.53629.2) | 39.63 (17.2275.14) | 688.92 (291.691326.22) | 38.5 (17.0274.89) | 0.036 (0.0100.061) |
| Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan | 1214.05 (503.222373.55) | 36.92 (16.0769.87) | 4453.07 (1929.658414.09) | 35.66 (15.7267.81) | 0.102 (0.0720.132) |
| Hellenic Republic | 4771.67 (2202.869130.42) | 42.51 (19.5381.83) | 4406.29 (1960.728257.85) | 36.89 (16.3970.78) | 0.255 (0.2080.302) |
| Hungary | 4024.1 (1757.587807.2) | 36.84 (16.0670.73) | 3481.57 (1564.316646.32) | 34.41 (15.3566.05) | −0.161 (−0.231-0.091) |
| Independent State of Papua New Guinea | 1483.74 (632.182822.66) | 39.84 (17.1173.83) | 3845.39 (1641.557139.97) | 39.2 (17.1772.47) | −0.240 (−0.275-0.206) |
| Independent State of Samoa | 60.56 (25.54115.57) | 39.55 (17.2173.17) | 77.86 (33.23147.79) | 38.97 (16.974.54) | 0.106 (0.0790.132) |
| India | 246550.85 (108263.21467242.06) | 32.42 (14.4660.92) | 446628.52 (199199.01841621.74) | 30.56 (13.6957.41) | 0.033 (0.0230.044) |
| Ireland | 1351.13 (593.142589.51) | 36.79 (16.171.09) | 1835.57 (820.533412.58) | 33.44 (14.8962.46) | 0.583 (0.3380.827) |
| Islamic Republic of Iran | 15501.48 (6839.1629842.94) | 31.37 (14.1159.97) | 27477.3 (12393.853128.67) | 30.5 (13.758.85) | −0.092 (−0.130-0.055) |
| Ivoire | 3122.73 (1332.656080.62) | 30.9 (13.4158.83) | 7523.32 (3135.4714359.37) | 30.47 (13.2957.2) | 0.483 (0.2480.718) |
| Jamaica | 824.18 (362.221543.92) | 36.86 (16.0368.89) | 1082.31 (475.892039.03) | 35.73 (15.867.51) | 0.361 (0.3490.373) |
| Japan | 19394.84 (8634.1737401.24) | 14.97 (6.6928.78) | 12817.24 (5755.4625239.56) | 11.7 (5.2622.92) | −1.376 (−1.554-1.198) |
| Kenya | 5049.55 (2202.599703.95) | 26.51 (11.8750.65) | 11844.2 (5243.122828.93) | 25.03 (11.2647.77) | 0.284 (0.2550.313) |
| Kingdom of Bahrain | 172.92 (72.94338.41) | 34.68 (15.1367.88) | 565.43 (241.771086.35) | 33.52 (14.4964.65) | 0.297 (0.2610.332) |
| Kingdom of Belgium | 3018.53 (1347.165701.2) | 27.29 (12.0651.69) | 3364.93 (1492.736357.34) | 26.16 (11.5749.08) | −0.136 (−0.189-0.083) |
| Kingdom of Cambodia | 3357.4 (1431.246389.4) | 38.49 (16.7272.16) | 6122.5 (2717.4111807.61) | 36.27 (16.1869.94) | 0.441 (0.3480.535) |
| Kingdom of Denmark | 1123.62 (503.952157.6) | 19.48 (8.7237.88) | 1323.8 (596.52664.41) | 21.68 (9.8143.75) | −0.128 (−0.211-0.046) |
| Kingdom of Norway | 1383.14 (626.292637.12) | 29.62 (13.2556.82) | 1758.98 (802.243387.94) | 28.62 (12.9155.37) | 0.506 (0.3120.702) |
| Kingdom of Spain | 16429.19 (7268.1830985.41) | 39.07 (17.0874.09) | 18798.07 (8508.0135749.59) | 35.01 (15.5867.84) | −0.174 (−0.311-0.038) |
| Kingdom of Sweden | 2580.13 (11254807.33) | 27.95 (12.0552.38) | 3502.8 (1566.616545.12) | 30.18 (13.2357.35) | 0.431 (0.2930.569) |
| Kingdom of Thailand | 18516.95 (7979.1334994.13) | 32.26 (13.9660.55) | 22570.37 (9932.745220.95) | 30.27 (13.1759.77) | 0.093 (0.0710.116) |
| Kingdom of the Netherlands | 4821.6 (2188.19302.12) | 29.66 (13.4556.83) | 4014.82 (1852.617924.88) | 22.29 (10.1844.28) | −0.633 (−0.829-0.436) |
| Kingdom of Tonga | 35.27 (15.2168.12) | 39.63 (17.5374.45) | 38.5 (16.4873.89) | 38.68 (16.9373.83) | 0.040 (0.0190.061) |
| Kyrgyz Republic | 1510.71 (662.682864.57) | 36.76 (16.2770.78) | 2477.96 (1071.064643.37) | 37.09 (16.1369.44) | 0.189 (0.0860.292) |
| Lao People's Democratic Republic | 1178.28 (504.332258.83) | 32.48 (14.2962.14) | 2151.25 (911.764133.72) | 29.55 (12.7156.71) | 0.210 (0.1550.264) |
| Lebanon | 1028.27 (4451983.19) | 36.23 (15.8468.87) | 2043.29 (908.623838.44) | 35.07 (15.4765.94) | 0.188 (0.1730.203) |
| Lesotho | 381.38 (163.61732.24) | 29.38 (12.9355.53) | 509.68 (214.25978.42) | 27.73 (12.0152.99) | 0.242 (0.2070.277) |
| Liberia | 650.67 (266.951233.68) | 31.95 (13.5259.08) | 1608.69 (689.793089.72) | 32.4 (14.1661.3) | 0.214 (0.1610.267) |
| Libya | 1285.33 (545.12499.52) | 34.1 (14.8166.26) | 2666.89 (1177.615041.52) | 35.96 (15.9167.16) | 0.685 (0.6460.724) |
| Madagascar | 5203.23 (22589803.84) | 49.34 (21.6692.77) | 11409.27 (5015.8121364.85) | 45 (19.9383.93) | −0.302 (−0.451-0.152) |
| Malawi | 2962.56 (1258.245571.61) | 36.56 (16.0869.13) | 6246.34 (2669.7811969.58) | 36.09 (15.8767.89) | 0.118 (0.0690.167) |
| Malaysia | 4412.44 (1855.428388.57) | 26.34 (11.3750.91) | 8107.25 (3502.3915675.34) | 24.09 (10.4746.39) | 0.078 (0.0240.132) |
| Mali | 2300.33 (974.964354.6) | 32.88 (14.4160.87) | 6211.25 (2604.1811898.51) | 31.75 (13.8459.69) | −0.172 (−0.199-0.145) |
| Mauritania | 545.18 (233.681032.57) | 31.61 (13.7859.34) | 1198.11 (511.592320.92) | 30.98 (13.559.69) | −0.037 (−0.0800.007) |
| Mauritius | 350.1 (150.51670.95) | 31.72 (13.761.49) | 415.83 (185.15788.37) | 29.58 (12.8855.6) | 0.121 (0.1080.134) |
| Monaco | 11.76 (5.2121.99) | 32.44 (14.1460.3) | 13.72 (6.1226.11) | 30.66 (13.4458.87) | −0.225 (−0.266-0.184) |
| Mongolia | 712.18 (309.11366.37) | 37.07 (16.3671.55) | 1158.52 (504.662276.45) | 35.38 (15.6369.2) | 0.167 (0.0240.310) |
| Montenegro | 279.05 (125.91532.41) | 43.32 (19.5582.4) | 258.14 (112.7481.12) | 39.13 (16.9472.93) | −0.178 (−0.210-0.147) |
| Morocco | 6966.37 (3139.0613548.67) | 29.04 (13.156.04) | 7287.55 (3256.3314142.81) | 19.15 (8.5437.4) | −1.013 (−1.332-0.693) |
| Mozambique | 5130.82 (2217.399613.93) | 45.74 (20.2985.52) | 9563.2 (4096.4218149.25) | 36.38 (15.7466.24) | −0.469 (−0.596-0.342) |
| Namibia | 362 (158684.99) | 30.11 (13.0656.46) | 701.71 (301.891341.63) | 29.71 (12.9356.72) | 0.449 (0.3290.569) |
| Nauru | 3.4 (1.456.5) | 36.83 (16.0969.15) | 3.96 (1.77.42) | 37.41 (16.2768.96) | 0.190 (0.1000.280) |
| Nepal | 4972.18 (2081.379409.49) | 30.16 (13.1256.8) | 8636.4 (3762.8316181.06) | 27.83 (12.2352.11) | 0.221 (0.1160.326) |
| New Zealand | 823.13 (361.641586.69) | 22.75 (9.9943.8) | 1290.95 (572.652519.58) | 23.01 (10.1244.53) | 0.154 (−0.0130.320) |
| Niger | 2189.95 (919.874161.52) | 34.99 (15.2565.53) | 6765.09 (2847.6412957.93) | 34.72 (15.3864.81) | −0.417 (−0.553-0.281) |
| Nigeria | 16043.35 (6974.231228.86) | 20.35 (9.0839.63) | 39209.24 (17226.5177223.71) | 18.93 (8.4836.94) | −0.253 (−0.302-0.203) |
| Niue | 0.85 (0.371.59) | 38.48 (16.7772.57) | 0.65 (0.291.22) | 37.49 (16.5869.61) | 0.128 (0.0880.169) |
| North Macedonia | 886.71 (391.211674.51) | 43.21 (19.1481.58) | 930.43 (416.551741.68) | 38.77 (17.1173.05) | −0.028 (−0.0680.011) |
| Northern Mariana Islands | 16.65 (732.21) | 35.61 (15.3367.61) | 18.44 (7.8335.17) | 36.01 (15.4168.27) | 0.185 (0.1250.245) |
| Oman | 657.4 (283.231244.5) | 37.17 (16.5170.2) | 1771.74 (795.323362.78) | 36.11 (16.3968.52) | 0.258 (0.1920.323) |
| Pakistan | 23876.24 (10306.7646196.06) | 25.13 (11.1347.81) | 54976.99 (23948.1104252.85) | 25.35 (11.1747.86) | 0.270 (0.1890.352) |
| Palau | 5.81 (2.5110.84) | 37.73 (16.4170.7) | 7.34 (3.2414.04) | 37.21 (16.3270.23) | 0.171 (0.1340.208) |
| Palestine | 564.79 (242.521105.93) | 32.82 (14.3964.12) | 1536.27 (655.233011.52) | 31.32 (13.9561.03) | 0.395 (0.3190.471) |
| People's Democratic Republic of Algeria | 8131.93 (3383.0915625.39) | 35.86 (15.6168.8) | 15541.43 (6719.3530022.65) | 35.34 (15.3468.33) | 0.200 (0.1020.298) |
| People's Republic of China | 245424.83 (103102.3464520.75) | 19.62 (8.4637.24) | 291828.69 (131906.61568107.54) | 19.43 (8.6437.07) | 0.000 (−0.0940.095) |
| Plurinational State of Bolivia | 2474.39 (1084.964653.68) | 43.27 (19.1981.15) | 4981.07 (2197.039418.43) | 42.27 (18.6479.79) | 0.297 (0.2820.313) |
| Portuguese Republic | 3367.11 (1518.166408.59) | 30.36 (13.5557) | 3600.42 (1610.347009.92) | 28.95 (12.6154.97) | −0.051 (−0.096-0.005) |
| Principality of Andorra | 20.84 (9.1939.86) | 34.05 (15.0765.4) | 34 (15.1565.3) | 32.82 (14.6462.18) | 0.047 (0.0110.084) |
| Puerto Rico | 1271.98 (561.762406.32) | 34.69 (15.3565.59) | 1201.75 (540.522264.11) | 33.69 (14.7764.31) | 0.108 (0.1000.116) |
| Qatar | 149.13 (64.2288.33) | 32.77 (14.562.78) | 1092.6 (467.82140.77) | 32.17 (13.8562.7) | 0.312 (0.2670.357) |
| Republic of Albania | 1327.02 (584.242490.72) | 41.04 (18.276.78) | 1096.26 (487.822074.38) | 38.29 (16.7671.52) | 0.081 (0.0460.116) |
| Republic of Armenia | 1241.77 (538.242356.58) | 36.64 (15.8770.26) | 1146.37 (512.752186.29) | 35.59 (15.5367.5) | 0.123 (0.0320.214) |
| Republic of Austria | 2612.94 (1168.174926.13) | 30.22 (13.2756.31) | 2987.85 (1334.625811.59) | 28.94 (12.8155.91) | −0.010 (−0.0540.034) |
| Republic of Azerbaijan | 2531.76 (1106.624897.73) | 35.74 (15.8469.34) | 3960.39 (1769.937661.72) | 35 (15.5967.74) | 0.234 (0.1320.336) |
| Republic of Belarus | 3411.42 (1488.076641.27) | 31.31 (13.5860.26) | 3089.43 (1346.645789.01) | 30.8 (13.458.09) | −0.012 (−0.0920.068) |
| Republic of Bulgaria | 3854.28 (1708.987226.6) | 42.07 (18.4878.44) | 2857.17 (12945430.72) | 39.21 (17.474.1) | −0.204 (−0.261-0.146) |
| Republic of Chile | 5370.71 (2337.4310245.37) | 41.2 (18.0178.44) | 8636.02 (4065.3416511.61) | 41.74 (19.6779.63) | 0.252 (−0.0670.572) |
| Republic of Colombia | 10012.04 (4328.6218570.93) | 32.66 (14.2860.55) | 16431.36 (7277.1730999.78) | 31.28 (13.8258.85) | 1.298 (0.9011.696) |
| Republic of Costa Rica | 1004.15 (439.151855.14) | 35.81 (15.9367.34) | 1749.78 (763.763278.1) | 34.22 (14.9763.95) | 0.364 (0.3300.398) |
| Republic of Croatia | 2268.22 (1007.14336.04) | 44.33 (19.6683.45) | 1794.04 (813.073467.63) | 39.94 (17.7875.4) | −0.205 (−0.249-0.160) |
| Republic of Cuba | 4166.72 (1824.188064.71) | 36.51 (15.9670.2) | 4340.4 (1926.768326.08) | 35.26 (15.3368.02) | 0.128 (0.0080.247) |
| Republic of Cyprus | 288.52 (128.81543.04) | 35.64 (15.9867.35) | 530.72 (240.431025.11) | 33.99 (15.2265.95) | 0.213 (0.1970.229) |
| Republic of Ecuador | 3917.42 (1712.587304.82) | 42.23 (18.5178.44) | 7687.76 (3414.2914498.34) | 42.06 (18.7779.37) | −0.089 (−0.2150.037) |
| Republic of El Salvador | 1726.77 (736.083250.63) | 36.8 (16.2169.15) | 2280.65 (1007.154354.96) | 35.2 (15.5267.14) | 0.327 (0.2920.363) |
| Republic of Estonia | 353.03 (154.38686.92) | 21.84 (9.4842.38) | 271.99 (119.67534.78) | 20.55 (8.9239.81) | −0.323 (−0.390-0.255) |
| Republic of Fiji | 281.59 (118.64534.53) | 38.79 (16.8172.65) | 353.21 (154.74647.42) | 37.98 (16.769.66) | 0.033 (−0.0790.146) |
| Republic of Finland | 1306.44 (571.792414.55) | 23.71 (10.444.27) | 1390.03 (615.852654.85) | 22.37 (9.6743.24) | −0.103 (−0.3080.103) |
| Republic of Guatemala | 2463.56 (1076.454680.75) | 36.3 (16.0867.53) | 5436.95 (2327.1510313.97) | 35.21 (15.4466.53) | 0.538 (0.5010.574) |
| Republic of Guyana | 273.02 (119.97520.68) | 37.61 (16.8471.63) | 275.24 (119.08528.9) | 35.35 (15.3167.22) | 0.157 (0.1300.183) |
| Republic of Haiti | 2162.79 (980.294187.83) | 38.63 (17.8374.91) | 4226.11 (1954.988315.76) | 33.58 (15.5266.27) | 0.074 (0.0110.138) |
| Republic of Honduras | 1432.51 (631.532698.68) | 36.95 (16.4669.19) | 3534.59 (1547.776675.01) | 36.1 (15.8768.44) | 0.438 (0.4300.445) |
| Republic of Iceland | 106.45 (47.77201.95) | 40.77 (18.1976.98) | 125.69 (57.28246.51) | 33.77 (15.3765.81) | −0.540 (−0.592-0.488) |
| Republic of Indonesia | 54753.88 (23832.25106496.4) | 31.66 (14.0561.24) | 88589.14 (38541.35174436.19) | 30.3 (13.2859.19) | 0.106 (−0.1000.313) |
| Republic of Iraq | 5757.1 (2460.7110966.76) | 36.07 (16.1368.21) | 14190.94 (6038.1427148.45) | 35.01 (15.4365.49) | 0.193 (0.1570.229) |
| Republic of Italy | 19132.93 (8509.8636194.92) | 30.03 (13.0756.74) | 19701.25 (8889.0637014.69) | 28.18 (12.5153.58) | −0.112 (−0.136-0.088) |
| Republic of Kazakhstan | 5689.97 (2495.9110777.05) | 35.3 (15.5167.06) | 6578.88 (2873.1512691.89) | 34.36 (15.0366.87) | 0.052 (−0.0500.155) |
| Republic of Kiribati | 27.31 (11.7350.91) | 40.1 (17.4575.43) | 47.46 (20.589.55) | 40.4 (17.7575.74) | 0.248 (0.2220.273) |
| Republic of Korea | 10491.37 (4527.8420634.42) | 22.03 (9.5943.49) | 11321.99 (4939.7622028.49) | 20.41 (8.9339.05) | −0.313 (−0.332-0.295) |
| Republic of Latvia | 865.84 (379.611674.41) | 31.11 (13.6359.58) | 593.34 (265.491173.66) | 30.28 (13.1958.87) | −0.111 (−0.175-0.047) |
| Republic of Lithuania | 1418.28 (628.522770.48) | 37.22 (16.3672.16) | 999.18 (454.371912.24) | 34.08 (15.1165.42) | −0.250 (−0.336-0.164) |
| Republic of Maldives | 60.45 (25.66116.67) | 32.5 (14.1463.36) | 172.8 (74.86329.18) | 30.46 (13.3359.1) | 0.674 (0.6180.730) |
| Republic of Malta | 144.02 (63.17279.2) | 36.46 (15.9270.79) | 174.3 (80.54327.38) | 33.88 (15.2563.26) | 0.132 (0.0990.166) |
| Republic of Moldova | 1480.27 (660.722838.82) | 32.8 (14.5162.96) | 1302.21 (563.182510.39) | 32.64 (13.9962.11) | 0.275 (0.1810.370) |
| Republic of Nicaragua | 1182.87 (507.352215.22) | 36.9 (16.2369.64) | 2394.92 (1067.974571.14) | 36 (16.1668.31) | 0.519 (0.4850.554) |
| Republic of Panama | 1009.36 (439.871932.73) | 44.45 (19.5884.74) | 1795.02 (805.493424.79) | 40.99 (18.3978.07) | −0.075 (−0.117-0.032) |
| Republic of Paraguay | 1423.58 (613.882663.57) | 39.15 (17.273.42) | 2970.32 (1277.185609.15) | 40.56 (17.4976.82) | 0.620 (0.5760.664) |
| Republic of Peru | 8560.92 (3791.1715763.23) | 42.57 (19.0378.63) | 15434.88 (6882.4829279.52) | 41.72 (18.6978.82) | 0.244 (0.2130.276) |
| Republic of Poland | 12103.34 (5482.4123362.76) | 30.68 (13.8459.33) | 12042.02 (5496.0423437.4) | 29.26 (13.2456.49) | 0.004 (−0.0720.081) |
| Republic of Serbia | 4250.48 (1882.058091.87) | 42.44 (18.7580.17) | 3546.47 (1605.816827.62) | 36.93 (16.5769.89) | 0.264 (−0.1450.675) |
| Republic of Singapore | 593.64 (257.091143.28) | 17.19 (7.4833.07) | 967.29 (421.681880.09) | 16.33 (7.0732.04) | −0.405 (−0.485-0.324) |
| Republic of Slovenia | 768.76 (343.451490.76) | 36.77 (16.5471.35) | 749.98 (331.661460.98) | 34.58 (14.967.41) | −0.215 (−0.276-0.154) |
| Republic of Suriname | 105.27 (45.35200.6) | 27.77 (12.1153.68) | 160.15 (69.65312.16) | 26.65 (11.6551.2) | −0.014 (−0.0530.026) |
| Republic of Tajikistan | 1716.53 (758.033251.95) | 37.05 (16.4870.23) | 3613.94 (1559.956804.27) | 37.41 (16.3270.36) | 0.390 (0.2960.485) |
| Republic of the Marshall Islands | 15.66 (6.5629.63) | 39.69 (17.0675.24) | 22.19 (9.4142.01) | 39.32 (16.8373.73) | 0.412 (0.3840.441) |
| Republic of the Philippines | 17984.92 (7944.7734736.96) | 32.07 (14.3661.43) | 35137.91 (15703.4267016.23) | 31.36 (14.0959.83) | 0.161 (−0.0010.324) |
| Republic of the Union of Myanmar | 10248.7 (4391.2619787.11) | 26.53 (11.4152) | 13548.27 (5823.426663.42) | 23.51 (10.1746.22) | −0.263 (−0.312-0.213) |
| Republic of Trinidad and Tobago | 417.8 (182.69796.93) | 35.68 (15.8267.99) | 399.06 (180.94796.64) | 27.18 (12.1853.66) | −0.696 (−0.755-0.636) |
| Republic of Uzbekistan | 6911.89 (3044.6813050) | 37.09 (16.3570.24) | 12323.97 (5414.4723700.54) | 35.87 (15.8268.25) | 0.353 (0.2360.469) |
| Republic of Vanuatu | 53.16 (22.63101.98) | 39.97 (17.5774.68) | 117.79 (50.15222.6) | 39.98 (17.4374.87) | 0.214 (0.1960.232) |
| Romania | 11025.78 (4844.9520867.33) | 45.61 (20.185.94) | 8228.22 (3785.1515402.9) | 40.69 (18.2675.23) | −0.349 (−0.384-0.315) |
| Russian Federation | 49705.37 (22453.7596772.43) | 31.43 (13.9960.72) | 47967.62 (21733.0793381.35) | 30.32 (13.5858.61) | −0.019 (−0.0870.048) |
| Rwanda | 2164.8 (925.574111.87) | 36.58 (15.8769.06) | 4309.91 (1827.098197.6) | 34.99 (15.1266.37) | 0.264 (0.2420.286) |
| Saint Kitts and Nevis | 14.1 (6.2326.44) | 35.91 (15.8468.98) | 22.3 (9.8543.09) | 34.04 (14.9264.28) | 0.405 (0.3850.425) |
| Saint Lucia | 46.33 (20.2488.45) | 36.68 (16.2170.07) | 69.02 (30.93135.05) | 35.07 (15.4767.68) | 0.499 (0.4720.527) |
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 50.15 (21.4992.7) | 46.74 (20.2686.42) | 48.76 (22.1292.44) | 40.18 (18.0476.12) | −0.265 (−0.418-0.111) |
| San Marino | 9.17 (4.117.88) | 34.34 (15.0967.39) | 12.86 (5.8724.75) | 33.38 (14.9264.52) | −0.010 (−0.0630.042) |
| Sao Tome and Principe | 32.03 (13.4661.58) | 31.79 (14.0561.24) | 64.75 (26.77123.97) | 31.33 (13.5159.47) | 0.273 (0.2290.317) |
| Saudi Arabia | 5572.17 (2377.6110827.76) | 39.46 (17.3275.26) | 15667.26 (6798.2930186.85) | 38.37 (16.873.05) | 0.280 (0.2020.358) |
| Senegal | 1739.82 (765.923288.72) | 27.88 (12.3653.21) | 3519.19 (1596.936743.66) | 24.04 (10.9846.65) | 0.067 (0.0040.131) |
| Seychelles | 22.13 (9.542.45) | 31.17 (13.4360.21) | 32.89 (14.4463.52) | 29.43 (12.8956.26) | 0.100 (0.0480.152) |
| Sierra Leone | 1357.99 (614.142581.38) | 36.93 (16.7370.41) | 2392.11 (1065.734654.1) | 29.78 (13.6857.52) | −0.599 (−0.809-0.387) |
| Slovak Republic | 2146.68 (953.094042.75) | 39.34 (17.4374.05) | 2140.28 (961.954044.45) | 36.8 (16.2969.88) | −0.141 (−0.218-0.064) |
| Socialist Republic of Viet Nam | 19700.39 (8471.4937676.11) | 31.4 (13.7160.66) | 28727.19 (12610.1455564.78) | 27.54 (12.0853.42) | −0.325 (−0.569-0.081) |
| Solomon Islands | 119.63 (49.72231.69) | 40.61 (17.5677.38) | 257.55 (108.77488.13) | 40.22 (17.4374.92) | 0.218 (0.1960.240) |
| Somalia | 2492.48 (1061.714747.18) | 38.68 (17.273.51) | 6906.05 (2914.9313197.71) | 39.06 (16.7374.13) | −0.010 (−0.0420.022) |
| South Africa | 8955.57 (3873.1116996.24) | 26.29 (11.7150.38) | 14402.47 (6435.0327542.64) | 24.35 (10.9246.56) | 0.237 (0.1670.307) |
| South Sudan | 1686.56 (737.013218.08) | 33.76 (15.0164.57) | 2935.43 (1217.635731.33) | 35.3 (15.4366.25) | 0.095 (0.0390.151) |
| State of Israel | 1993.68 (878.623846.79) | 41.12 (18.0679.2) | 3738.43 (1697.057161.13) | 38.24 (17.2373.7) | −0.050 (−0.081-0.019) |
| State of Kuwait | 574.28 (245.581134.91) | 33.87 (14.8265.86) | 1711.99 (736.623344.07) | 32.99 (14.2663.56) | 0.249 (0.2150.283) |
| Sudan | 6712.07 (2858.7512896.09) | 38.63 (16.7573.45) | 15144.72 (6529.4928779.39) | 37.47 (16.4770.92) | 0.047 (−0.0040.098) |
| Swiss Confederation | 3430.52 (1543.236469.3) | 44.84 (19.884.21) | 4483.41 (2026.058466.08) | 43.5 (19.3382.73) | 0.043 (0.0170.070) |
| Syrian Arab Republic | 4106.05 (1716.287895.96) | 37.7 (16.3371.48) | 5364.57 (2370.4910351.73) | 36.71 (16.4469.77) | 0.498 (0.4390.557) |
| Taiwan (Province of China) | 2843.54 (1197.325367.79) | 13.1 (5.625.01) | 3188.91 (1386.916162.4) | 12.54 (5.2823.99) | −0.008 (−0.0610.045) |
| Togo | 963.91 (405.431815.79) | 32.59 (14.1260.01) | 1978.12 (894.63839.56) | 25.38 (11.5948.64) | 0.018 (−0.1290.165) |
| Tokelau | 0.59 (0.251.1) | 39.57 (17.2475.87) | 0.54 (0.231.02) | 38.28 (16.6872.66) | 0.183 (0.1490.218) |
| Tunisia | 2875.74 (1227.465516.24) | 36.64 (15.9670.57) | 4413.04 (1905.558351.67) | 35.45 (15.3966.37) | 0.244 (0.1660.321) |
| Turkey | 20996.66 (8776.4939868.03) | 38.37 (16.2973.08) | 32020.63 (14100.960683.92) | 35.99 (15.6968.14) | 0.047 (−0.1010.195) |
| Turkmenistan | 1182.15 (510.992245.61) | 35.59 (15.6368.03) | 1788.51 (782.363461.34) | 34.51 (15.1466.52) | 0.255 (0.1710.339) |
| Tuvalu | 3.58 (1.526.69) | 40.74 (17.576.03) | 4.84 (2.119.06) | 39.24 (17.3173.2) | 0.189 (0.1710.207) |
| Uganda | 3450.48 (1477.166721.16) | 24.66 (10.7446.48) | 8728.43 (3727.4517403.08) | 23.56 (10.3345.86) | 0.060 (0.0020.118) |
| Ukraine | 15204.55 (6844.2429699.67) | 27.35 (12.1853.01) | 13262.23 (5666.5525855.56) | 27.72 (11.9352.85) | 0.141 (0.0610.221) |
| United Arab Emirates | 605.79 (261.91166.61) | 32.43 (14.3762.9) | 3673.02 (1615.717250.64) | 32.66 (14.5662.66) | 0.595 (0.5390.652) |
| United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | 20189.51 (9212.9838291.45) | 32.12 (14.5361.12) | 22569.46 (10433.3743166.77) | 29.68 (13.4956.83) | −0.175 (−0.255-0.096) |
| United Mexican States | 18986.87 (8294.5836185.53) | 24.26 (10.7846.68) | 30980.59 (13766.2760646.24) | 22.78 (10.1444.35) | 0.159 (0.1040.214) |
| United Republic of Tanzania | 6564.14 (2780.4312533.95) | 31.4 (13.6859.98) | 16552.73 (7046.6130948.84) | 31.69 (13.958.02) | −0.462 (−0.766-0.157) |
| United States of America | 53243.81 (23761.75103396.21) | 20.05 (8.8938.93) | 66485.21 (30210.4128589.32) | 18.88 (8.4236.56) | −0.054 (−0.1410.032) |
| United States Virgin Islands | 37.31 (16.371.16) | 35.1 (15.4766.63) | 30.02 (13.6657.76) | 33.13 (14.6264.28) | 0.013 (−0.0270.053) |
| Yemen | 3860.01 (1641.747335.88) | 34.93 (15.4265.34) | 10713.19 (4605.1520423.85) | 34.73 (15.3964.51) | 0.376 (0.2310.521) |
| Zambia | 2241.51 (999.664241.54) | 32.86 (14.8762.57) | 4792.41 (2112.539542.39) | 26.51 (12.0852.64) | −0.239 (−0.356-0.122) |
| Zimbabwe | 2005.05 (857.53790.13) | 22.81 (9.9643.9) | 3276.83 (1387.676407.95) | 23.01 (10.0744.65) | 0.241 (0.2110.271) |
Abbreviations: DALYs disability-adjusted life years
Gender differences in the disease burden were observed, with females experiencing slightly higher prevalence and DALYs than males, although incidence rates were comparable between sexes (Figure S1, Tables 1, 2 and 3).
Figure 2 depicts the incidence, prevalence, and DALYs for each age group in 2021. The disease burden initially rises with age, peaking in the 20–24 age range, before declining (Figure S2, Tables 1, 2 and 3).
Fig. 2.
Age-standardized rates of caries of permanent teeth-related incidence, prevalence, and DALYs across countries and territories in 2021. Abbreviations: DALYs, disability-adjusted life years
At the SDI region level, the low-middle SDI region exhibited the highest ASIR at 31,182.47, with a range of 27,260.31 to 35,209.32, whereas the high-middle SDI regions had the lowest ASIRs at 28,068.89, ranging from 24,352.04 to 31,973.91. Notably, ASPR and ASDAR values decreased with increasing SDI region levels, indicating a higher disease burden in less developed regions (Figure S3, Tables 1, 2 and 3). Intriguingly, the age-standardized rates for incidence, prevalence, and DALYs displayed a"W-shaped"relationship with SDI, with peak rates observed when the SDI was approximately 0.75, as depicted in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.
Age-standardized rates of incidence, prevalence, and DALYs attributable to caries of permanent teeth across countries and territories by socio-demographic index for both sexes, 1990–2019. The black line was an adaptive association fitted with adaptive Loess regression based on all data points. Abbreviations: DALYs, disability-adjusted-life-years
Regionally, Tropical Latin America had the highest caries of permanent teeth-related ASIR, while East Asia had the lowest, across the 54 GBD regions. Andean Latin America ranked highest in ASPR and ASDAR, with High-income Asia Pacific ranking lowest for prevalence and DALYs (Figure S4, Tables 1, 2 and 3).
At the country level, Cambodia had the highest ASIR, Madagascar had the highest ASPR, and Serbia had the highest ASDAR per 100,000 population in 2021. In contrast, Taiwan (Province of China) had the lowest ASIR, Japan had the lowest ASPR and ASDAR. India reported the highest absolute number of incidence, prevalence, and DALYs cases, while Tokelau had the lowest. These findings highlight the substantial global variation in the disease burden of caries of permanent teeth (Fig. 2, Figure S5, Tables 1, 2 and 3).
Temporal trend for caries of permanent teeth-related disease burden from 1990 to 2021
The number of incidence cases of caries in permanent teeth globally increased from 1990 to 2021, despite a slight decline in the ASIR during the same period. However, the prevalence and DALYs estimates exhibited a contrasting pattern: while cases increased, both the ASPR and ASDAR declined (Fig. 3, Tables 1, 2 and 3).
Fig. 3.
Trends in the numbers and age-standardized rates of caries of permanent teeth-related incidence, prevalence, and DALYs globally from 1990 to 2021. Abbreviations: DALYs, disability-adjusted-life-years
When examining trends by gender, we found that they mirrored those observed in the overall population consistently (Figure S6, Tables 1, 2 and 3). Similarly, trends across most age groups were also consistent, aligning with the overall population trends (Figure S7, Tables 1, 2 and 3). At the SDI region level, the ASIR increased in low and low-middle SDI regions, whereas it decreased in other SDI regions. In contrast, for ASPR and ASDAR, the middle SDI region demonstrated an upward trend, while other regions showed a declining trend (Figure S8, Tables 1, 2 and 3).
The disease burden associated with caries in permanent teeth varied significantly across GBD regions. In this study, we employed a hierarchical clustering approach to identify locations with similar illness load variations. The results revealed significant increases in ASRs in several regions, including Eastern Africa, Central Europe, and Southeast Asia. Conversely, significant decreases were observed in East Asia and the Western Pacific Region (Figure S9).
When analyzing trends across countries and territories, we noted notable differences. China experienced the most pronounced increase in ASIR from 1990 to 2021, with an EAPC of 1.3 (95% confidence interval: 1.02–1.58). In contrast, Colombia showed the most significant increase in ASPR and ASDAR, with EAPCs of 0.83 (95% CI: 0.46–1.2) and 0.83 (95% CI: 0.47–1.2), respectively. Conversely, Japan exhibited the most notable decrease in ASPR and ASDAR, with an EAPC of −0.53 (95% CI: −0.64 to −0.43). Similarly, Morocco also showed a substantial decline in both ASPR and ASDAR, with EAPCs of −1.17 (95% CI: −1.51 to −0.83) and −1.17 (95% CI: −1.5 to −0.83), respectively (Figure S10, Tables 1, 2 and 3).
The influential factors for EAPC
Our analysis revealed that the EAPCs for caries of permanent teeth are associated with both the ASRs in 1990 and the HDIs in 2021. Specifically, the ASRs in 1990 reflected the existing disease pool at that time, serving as a baseline for comparison. In contrast, the HDIs in 2021 served as indicators of healthcare access and quality across different countries. Notably, we observed a strong correlation between EAPCs and both the ASRs of prevalence and DALYs, suggesting that improvements in oral healthcare and prevention measures have positively contributed to reducing the severity of dental caries. However, no significant relationship was found between EAPCs and HDIs, hinting that factors beyond healthcare may also influence disease trends (Fig. 4).
Fig. 4.
The association between EAPCs and caries of permanent teeth-related ASRs in 1990 and HDIs in 2021. The circles represent countries that were available on HDI data. The size of the circle is increased with the cases of caries of permanent teeth. The ρ indices and p values presented were derived from Spearman correlation analysis. Abbreviations: EAPC, estimated annual percentage change; ASR, age-standardized rate; HDI, human development index
The predicted results from 2022 to 2046
The predictive outcomes from the BAPC model indicate an increase in the number of incidence cases, prevalence cases, and DALYs for both sexes from 2022 to 2046 (Figure S11 and S12, Table 4). These statistical trends highlight a concerning upward trajectory in the global burden of dental caries. However, it is crucial to interpret these trends within the context of broader systemic factors and public health interventions, as they provide a comprehensive view of the oral health landscape.
Table 4.
The predicted results in the caries of permanent teeth-related numbers and age-standardized rates of incidence prevalence and DALYs by sex globally from 2022 to 2046 of the BAPC model
| year | sex | Age-standardized incidence rate | Numer of incidence cases | Age-standardized prevalence rate | Numer of prevalence cases | Age-standardized DALYs rate | Numer of DALYs cases |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2022 | Female | 53188.04 | 2.14E + 09 | 55264.86 | 2.18E + 09 | 53.81832 | 2168354 |
| 2023 | Female | 53344.26 | 2.17E + 09 | 55310.72 | 2.2E + 09 | 53.85238 | 2191887 |
| 2024 | Female | 53514.43 | 2.2E + 09 | 55371.25 | 2.22E + 09 | 53.89748 | 2215531 |
| 2025 | Female | 53691.82 | 2.23E + 09 | 55440.26 | 2.24E + 09 | 53.94964 | 2239059 |
| 2026 | Female | 53863.96 | 2.26E + 09 | 55500.63 | 2.25E + 09 | 53.99466 | 2261730 |
| 2027 | Female | 54038.71 | 2.29E + 09 | 55549.82 | 2.27E + 09 | 54.03093 | 2283587 |
| 2028 | Female | 54226.02 | 2.32E + 09 | 55606.35 | 2.29E + 09 | 54.07156 | 2305216 |
| 2029 | Female | 54424.92 | 2.35E + 09 | 55676.76 | 2.3E + 09 | 54.12269 | 2326876 |
| 2030 | Female | 54629.94 | 2.38E + 09 | 55755.12 | 2.32E + 09 | 54.18033 | 2348366 |
| 2031 | Female | 54830.98 | 2.41E + 09 | 55825.14 | 2.34E + 09 | 54.23099 | 2368996 |
| 2032 | Female | 55034.41 | 2.44E + 09 | 55884.56 | 2.35E + 09 | 54.27315 | 2388806 |
| 2033 | Female | 55248.14 | 2.48E + 09 | 55950.58 | 2.36E + 09 | 54.31925 | 2408344 |
| 2034 | Female | 55471.41 | 2.51E + 09 | 56029.41 | 2.38E + 09 | 54.37504 | 2427877 |
| 2035 | Female | 55699.85 | 2.54E + 09 | 56115.79 | 2.39E + 09 | 54.43697 | 2447247 |
| 2036 | Female | 55925.47 | 2.57E + 09 | 56194.61 | 2.41E + 09 | 54.49258 | 2465815 |
| 2037 | Female | 56153.27 | 2.59E + 09 | 56263.83 | 2.42E + 09 | 54.54045 | 2483605 |
| 2038 | Female | 56389.47 | 2.62E + 09 | 56338.92 | 2.43E + 09 | 54.59191 | 2501121 |
| 2039 | Female | 56633.43 | 2.65E + 09 | 56425.54 | 2.45E + 09 | 54.65206 | 2518587 |
| 2040 | Female | 56881.73 | 2.68E + 09 | 56518.92 | 2.46E + 09 | 54.71764 | 2535848 |
| 2041 | Female | 57128.16 | 2.71E + 09 | 56605.36 | 2.47E + 09 | 54.77741 | 2552323 |
| 2042 | Female | 57376.59 | 2.74E + 09 | 56683.03 | 2.48E + 09 | 54.83004 | 2568018 |
| 2043 | Female | 57631.82 | 2.77E + 09 | 56765.56 | 2.49E + 09 | 54.8856 | 2583371 |
| 2044 | Female | 57893.36 | 2.8E + 09 | 56858.05 | 2.5E + 09 | 54.94866 | 2598562 |
| 2045 | Female | 58158.63 | 2.83E + 09 | 56956.48 | 2.51E + 09 | 55.01638 | 2613446 |
| 2046 | Female | 58422.86 | 2.85E + 09 | 57048.98 | 2.52E + 09 | 55.07914 | 2627521 |
| 2022 | Male | 52949.52 | 2.13E + 09 | 54010.69 | 2.22E + 09 | 53.7195 | 2157543 |
| 2023 | Male | 53209.05 | 2.16E + 09 | 53953.73 | 2.24E + 09 | 53.79016 | 2179897 |
| 2024 | Male | 53479.45 | 2.19E + 09 | 53912.81 | 2.26E + 09 | 53.87247 | 2202364 |
| 2025 | Male | 53755.91 | 2.21E + 09 | 53880.49 | 2.29E + 09 | 53.96179 | 2224744 |
| 2026 | Male | 54030.8 | 2.24E + 09 | 53839.54 | 2.31E + 09 | 54.04086 | 2246431 |
| 2027 | Male | 54308.27 | 2.27E + 09 | 53788.8 | 2.33E + 09 | 54.11099 | 2267345 |
| 2028 | Male | 54595.39 | 2.29E + 09 | 53746.55 | 2.35E + 09 | 54.18577 | 2288045 |
| 2029 | Male | 54891.69 | 2.32E + 09 | 53718.59 | 2.38E + 09 | 54.27138 | 2308782 |
| 2030 | Male | 55193.29 | 2.35E + 09 | 53698.3 | 2.4E + 09 | 54.36334 | 2329374 |
| 2031 | Male | 55493.93 | 2.38E + 09 | 53670.31 | 2.42E + 09 | 54.44565 | 2349244 |
| 2032 | Male | 55797.17 | 2.4E + 09 | 53633.63 | 2.44E + 09 | 54.5194 | 2368310 |
| 2033 | Male | 56108.59 | 2.43E + 09 | 53604.25 | 2.46E + 09 | 54.59723 | 2387098 |
| 2034 | Male | 56427.83 | 2.45E + 09 | 53587.32 | 2.48E + 09 | 54.68482 | 2405863 |
| 2035 | Male | 56751.8 | 2.48E + 09 | 53577.23 | 2.5E + 09 | 54.77825 | 2424456 |
| 2036 | Male | 57075.46 | 2.51E + 09 | 53560.68 | 2.52E + 09 | 54.86327 | 2442315 |
| 2037 | Male | 57401.76 | 2.53E + 09 | 53536.76 | 2.54E + 09 | 54.94061 | 2459363 |
| 2038 | Male | 57735.02 | 2.56E + 09 | 53519.03 | 2.56E + 09 | 55.0216 | 2476096 |
| 2039 | Male | 58074.93 | 2.58E + 09 | 53511.86 | 2.57E + 09 | 55.11117 | 2492741 |
| 2040 | Male | 58419.04 | 2.61E + 09 | 53510.47 | 2.59E + 09 | 55.20578 | 2509152 |
| 2041 | Male | 58763.39 | 2.63E + 09 | 53503.54 | 2.61E + 09 | 55.29296 | 2524805 |
| 2042 | Male | 59110.34 | 2.66E + 09 | 53490.21 | 2.63E + 09 | 55.37312 | 2539627 |
| 2043 | Male | 59463.17 | 2.68E + 09 | 53481.72 | 2.64E + 09 | 55.45613 | 2554062 |
| 2044 | Male | 59821.69 | 2.71E + 09 | 53481.81 | 2.66E + 09 | 55.54626 | 2568304 |
| 2045 | Male | 60184.03 | 2.73E + 09 | 53486.67 | 2.67E + 09 | 55.64059 | 2582219 |
| 2046 | Male | 60547.12 | 2.75E + 09 | 53487.1 | 2.69E + 09 | 55.72876 | 2595344 |
Abbreviations: DALYs disability-adjusted life years, BAPC Bayesian age-period-cohort
Frontier analysis for ASRs of caries of permanent teeth
Figure 5 presents the unrealized health advancements in the ASRs of caries of permanent teeth, stratified by sociodemographic development levels across various countries and regions from 1990 to 2021. Our analysis uncovered distinct patterns and disparities in the effectiveness of oral health interventions across these strata. Notably, as sociodemographic development progresses, the disparities in caries burden generally widen, indicating a greater potential for improvement among higher SDI nations or regions in 2021. This finding underscores the complex interplay between societal advancement and oral health outcomes, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions tailored to the unique challenges faced by each developmental tier.
Fig. 5.
Frontier analysis based on SDI and ASRs of the caries of permanent teeth in 2021. The frontier is delineated in solid black color; countries and territories are represented as dots. The top 15 countries with the largest effective difference (largest ASRs gap from the frontier) are labeled in black; examples of frontier countries with low SDI (< 0.5) and low effective difference are labeled in blue, and examples of countries and territories with high SDI (> 0.85) and relatively high effective difference for their level of development are labeled in red. Red dots indicate an increase in age-standardized ASRs from 1990 to 2021; blue dots indicate a decrease in ASRs between 1990 and 2021. Abbreviations: ASRs: Age-Standardized Rates; SDI: Socio-demographic index
Discussion
As far as we know, this was the first study to systematically examine and quantify the global disease burden of caries in permanent teeth. In 2021, it generated a substantial global burden, with considerable disparities across sexes, ages, SDI regions, GBD regions, and countries. Despite global improvements between 1990 and 2021, our forecasted results indicated that the disease burden would rise over the next 25 years. Notably, countries or regions with higher SDIs have greater potential for further improvement in reducing this burden.
Our findings are consistent with previous studies that have documented the global burden of dental caries and emphasized the need for continued efforts to address this prevalent oral health issue [13, 14]. The observed variations in ASIR, ASPR, and ASR of DALYs highlight the complexity of dental caries epidemiology and underscore the importance of considering multiple metrics when assessing disease burden. Future research endeavors should focus on identifying the underlying factors driving these trends, including socioeconomic status [15], access to oral healthcare [16], and lifestyle habits [17]. Specifically, studies could explore innovative approaches such as the use of teledentistry to improve access to care in underserved areas [18], or the development of new materials and technologies for preventive and restorative treatments [19]. Additionally, future research should evaluate the efficacy of current prevention and treatment strategies, such as fluoride varnishes [20], sealants [21], and community-based oral health programs [5]. By investigating these and other potential areas, researchers can further diminish the burden of caries affecting permanent teeth globally.
The observation that the disease burden of the studied condition in 2021 was predominantly higher in females than males, with the exception of incidence cases where the sex gap was minimal, is intriguing and warrants further exploration. This sex disparity in disease burden aligns with previous research that has emphasized the influence of biological, social, and behavioral factors on health outcomes, particularly in the context of chronic and non-communicable diseases [22, 23]. The consistency in trends between males and females, when analyzed separately, mirroring those of the overall population, underscores the uniformity of the disease's epidemiology across sexes. However, the subtle yet significant difference in burden allocation suggests potential sex-specific factors contributing to these disparities. To address these disparities, actionable implications must be considered. For instance, tailored interventions aimed at modifying healthcare-seeking behaviors, improving access to care, and addressing sociocultural norms related to health and illness may be crucial [24]. Furthermore, the negligible sex gap in incidence cases indicates comparable exposure to risk factors between males and females. Yet, the disparity in disease burden, particularly in terms of prevalence and severity, underscores the need for sex-sensitive approaches in disease prevention, diagnosis, and management strategies. By acknowledging and addressing these sex-specific factors, we can strive to achieve more equitable health outcomes for both males and females.
The pattern of disease burden across age groups in 2021 reveals an intriguing trend. The initial increase in incidence, prevalence, and DALYs with age, peaking in the 20–24 age group, followed by a subsequent decline, presents a nuanced view that deserves further attention. While this finding contrasts with many existing studies that typically report a steady rise in disease burden with advancing age, particularly for non-communicable diseases [25], it is important to note that the peak in the 20–24 age group may reflect unique vulnerabilities within this demographic. Factors such as lifestyle choices, exposure to new risk factors, or a combination of biological and social transitions could contribute to this peak. Given this unique trend, it is crucial to consider potential interventions tailored to the needs of the 20–24 age group. Existing evidence suggests that interventions focused on promoting healthy lifestyles, such as regular physical activity, balanced nutrition, and avoiding harmful behaviors (like smoking, excessive alcohol consumption), could be beneficial in reducing disease burden in this population [26]. Additionally, targeted health promotion programs that address the specific risk factors and vulnerabilities of this age group may further enhance their effectiveness. For instance, programs that provide education on mental health, sexual health, and substance abuse prevention could be particularly relevant. While this observation challenges the conventional assumption of a monotonic relationship between age and disease burden, it aligns with emerging research that highlights the complexity of disease burden dynamics across different age groups [27]. The consistency of trends across most age groups further strengthens our understanding of the disease's epidemiology. However, the deviation from the expected trend in the 20–24 age group underscores the importance of nuanced age-specific analysis and highlights the need for targeted interventions and health promotion programs aimed at this vulnerable population.
The disease burden across different SDI regions offers valuable insights into the intricate interplay between socioeconomic development and disease burden. Consistent with prior studies [28, 29], our findings reveal that the lowest-SDI regions face the highest ASIR, potentially due to inadequate healthcare infrastructure, limited access to preventive services, and higher exposure to risk factors. Conversely, the decline in ASIRs observed in high-middle SDI regions may be attributed to better healthcare systems, higher levels of awareness, and improved living conditions. The inverse correlation between ASPR, ASDAR, and SDI levels suggests that as countries progress socioeconomically, they become better equipped to manage the disease, resulting in lower rates of prevalence and DALYs. However, our analysis also uncovers a complex'w-shaped relationship'between ASRs and SDI, with a notable peak around an SDI of 0.75. This finding challenges the simplistic narrative that socioeconomic advancement inevitably leads to reduced disease burden. Instead, it underscores the importance of a nuanced understanding of the transition phases, where middle-SDI regions may experience a surge in disease burden due to rapid urbanization, lifestyle changes, and emerging risk factors. Given this consistent pattern, where disease burden first increases and then decreases with SDI, peaking in middle-SDI regions, it is crucial to implement tailored interventions specifically targeting these critical developmental stages. For middle-SDI regions undergoing rapid urbanization, strategies such as public–private oral health partnerships could be particularly effective in addressing the surge in disease burden. These partnerships can leverage the resources and expertise of both the public and private sectors to enhance access to oral health care services, improve preventive measures, and raise awareness about risk factors. While all SDI regions exhibited an upward trend in the number of cases, indicating an overall increase in global disease burden, the varying trends in ASRs across different SDI regions highlight the importance of context-specific strategies to effectively address this issue. By considering the unique challenges and opportunities presented by different SDI regions, we can develop more targeted and effective interventions to reduce disease burden globally.
The findings underscore the disproportionate distribution of this disease, highlighting the need for targeted interventions in high-burden regions. The observed disparities in caries burden align with previous studies that have emphasized the role of socioeconomic factors, oral hygiene practices, and access to dental care in shaping disease patterns [4]. For instance, the high burden in Tropical and Andean Latin America could be attributed to limited access to preventive services, inadequate oral health education, and barriers to care related to poverty, such as financial constraints, lack of transportation, and unavailability of dental services in rural or underserved areas [30]. Conversely, the relatively low burden in East Asia, particularly in countries like Japan and Taiwan, could be linked to robust public health systems, widespread use of fluoride, and cultural norms favoring oral hygiene [31]. Our analysis further reveals that within countries, the burden of caries has evolved dynamically over time. The notable increase in ASIR in China, for example, underscores the need for continued efforts to improve oral health education and access to dental services, despite recent improvements in overall health indicators [32]. Similarly, the substantial decrease in caries burden in Japan and Morocco highlights the effectiveness of targeted interventions, such as school-based oral health programs and fluoridation policies, in reducing disease prevalence [33, 34]. The hierarchical clustering analysis conducted in this study provides valuable insights into the spatial patterns of caries burden, identifying regions with similar trends in disease burden. This information can inform the development of region-specific strategies for caries prevention and control, leveraging shared challenges and opportunities across neighboring countries. For instance, the observed increase in ASRs across multiple regions, including Eastern Africa and Southeast Asia, suggests a need for intensified efforts to improve oral health infrastructure and access to care in these areas. Moreover, our findings emphasize the importance of considering both incidence and prevalence when assessing the burden of caries. While high incidence rates indicate a need for preventive measures, high prevalence rates underscore the urgency of implementing restorative and rehabilitative services to mitigate the long-term consequences of untreated caries. The substantial number of DALYs attributed to caries in India, for instance, underscores the significant impact of this disease on individual well-being and societal productivity, necessitating a multi-faceted approach to address both prevention and treatment needs.
The observed associations between EAPCs and ASRs in 1990 emphasize the intricate interplay between disease burden and its subsequent trends. Our findings align with previous studies that have emphasized the baseline disease burden as a crucial determinant of future health trajectories [35, 36]. Notably, the positive correlation between EAPCs and ASRs suggests that countries with higher initial caries burdens experienced more pronounced improvements or deteriorations over time, potentially due to variations in health policies, interventions, and resource allocations. While socioeconomic development, as indicated by HDIs, is often considered a key factor in health outcomes, our analysis in 2021 revealed no significant association between EAPCs and HDIs. This divergence challenges the notion that economic progress automatically translates into improved oral health outcomes and underscores the need to consider a broader range of factors. In this context, the importance of targeted interventions and equitable access to oral healthcare services becomes even more evident [37, 38]. Moreover, our results highlight the potential role of other determinants, such as cultural practices, dietary habits, and oral health literacy, in shaping caries trends [39, 40]. The discrepancy between the significant associations with ASRs and the non-significant link to HDIs further underscores the complexity of oral health determinants and emphasizes the need for multi-faceted strategies to address the global burden of caries. In light of these findings, future research should delve deeper into the contextual factors modulating these relationships, including but not limited to the impact of COVID-19 on oral health services, changing lifestyles, and the effectiveness of public health interventions [41, 42]. We believe that a comprehensive understanding of these factors will be crucial in developing effective strategies to improve oral health worldwide.
The projected trends from our BAPC model, predicting a steady rise in incidence, prevalence, and DALYs for both sexes over the next two decades (2022–2046), underscore the pressing need for urgent and sustained interventions. These findings amplify the growing concern voiced in recent literature about the ongoing challenge posed by non-communicable diseases (NCDs) globally [43, 44]. Our projections exceed the anticipated burdens reported in previous studies, highlighting the need for re-evaluation of current strategies and intensification of preventive measures [45, 46]. Demographic shifts, including population aging and lifestyle changes, may exacerbate these trends, necessitating a holistic approach. This approach should address not only clinical management but also behavioral modifications and public health policies aimed at mitigating risk factors [47, 48]. Ultimately, these predictions emphasize the importance of ongoing surveillance, timely adaptation of healthcare systems, and increased investment in research to identify innovative solutions for managing and potentially reversing these distressing trends.
Figure 5 illuminates a complex narrative of unrealized health advancements in ASRs of caries in permanent teeth, stratified by sociodemographic development levels. Our findings resonate with yet challenge the conventional wisdom that societal progress inherently leads to improved oral health. Instead, they underscore a paradox: as sociodemographic indices rise, the gap in caries burden efficacy widens, suggesting that disparities increase with development. This divergence mirrors similar trends reported in global health literature [5, 49], where advancements in certain health metrics do not uniformly translate across socioeconomic strata. Our results emphasize the need for nuanced, tiered approaches to oral health interventions, recognizing that the challenges and opportunities for improvement vary substantially based on a country's or region's developmental status. Such insights underscore the importance of contextualized policies and strategies, tailored to address the specific barriers and facilitators of oral health within each sociodemographic stratum [30].
This study, reliant on the GBD database, encounters limitations primarily stemming from data. The absence of detailed county/province-level data, exemplified by China's vast territory, restricts in-depth analyses [50]. Furthermore, the reliance on secondary data estimated by DisMod-MR introduces uncertainty, particularly in data-scarce countries where estimates may be borrowed from others [51]. To address these limitations in future iterations of the GBD study, we suggest incorporating more primary data sources to enhance the accuracy and robustness of findings. This would involve investing in data collection efforts at more granular geographical levels and improving the methodologies for estimating missing data, particularly in regions with limited data availability.
Conclusion
In conclusion, caries of permanent teeth posed a significant disease burden over the world, particularly in low-income countries. Furthermore, our findings indicated that young adults were at greater risk. We also discovered that the disease burden will continue to rise over the next 25 years, indicating that caries in permanent teeth remained a significant public health issue that needed to be addressed. Countries or areas with a higher SDI have more room to improve their burdens. Stricter mitigation and adaption techniques should be applied and developed to safeguard persons and control caries in permanent teeth.
Supplementary Information
Acknowledgements
We are grateful for the work of the Global Burden of Disease study 2021 collaborators.
Clinical trial number
Not applecable.
Authors’ contributions
Zhiyuan Li: Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Data curation, Software, Investigation, Writing. Chenhang Yu: Conceptualization, Resources, Data curation, Writing, review & editing, Supervision, Project administration. Huan Chen: review & editing.
Funding
None.
Data availability
Data for this study were sourced from the GBD 2021 database. The GBD employs a systematic and standardized approach to estimate health outcomes, including the use of DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, to ensure consistency and comparability across locations and time.
Data is provided within the manuscript or supplementary information files.
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The study was conducted using publicly available data and did not involve any human subjects or interventions that required direct interaction or manipulation. Therefore, according to the guidelines of our institution's ethics committee, no further ethics approval was required for this type of research. In accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki, all participants provided informed consent before participating in the study. The anonymity and confidentiality of the participants were guaranteed, and participation was completely voluntary.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Footnotes
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Contributor Information
Chenhang Yu, Email: 736674091@qq.com.
Huan Chen, Email: 15687233894@163.com.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Supplementary Materials
Data Availability Statement
Data for this study were sourced from the GBD 2021 database. The GBD employs a systematic and standardized approach to estimate health outcomes, including the use of DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, to ensure consistency and comparability across locations and time.
Data is provided within the manuscript or supplementary information files.