1Community and Primary Care Research Group, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
2Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
3Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
4BADAS Paediatric Diabetes Care and Research Centre, Bangladesh Institute for Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders (BIRDEM), Dhaka, Bangladesh
5Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College, Sylhet, Bangladesh
6International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research (ICDDRB), Dhaka, Bangladesh
7Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh
8University of Professionals (BUP), Dhaka, Bangladesh
9Centre of Excellence in Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
10Diabetes and Endocrinology, Sheffield Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
11Department of Nephrology, Boston University, Boston, USA
12University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
© The Author(s) 2025
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.
