Skip to main content
Genetics logoLink to Genetics
. 1997 Oct;147(2):671–677. doi: 10.1093/genetics/147.2.671

Heterochromatic Trans-Inactivation of Drosophila White Transgenes

L E Martin-Morris 1, A K Csink 1, D R Dorer 1, P B Talbert 1, S Henikoff 1
PMCID: PMC1208188  PMID: 9335603

Abstract

Position effect variegation of most Drosophila melanogaster genes, including the white eye pigment gene, is recessive. We find that this is not always the case for white transgenes. Three examples are described in which a lesion causing variegation is capable of silencing the white transgene on the paired homologue (trans-inactivation). These examples include two different transgene constructs inserted at three distinct genomic locations. The lesions that cause variegation of white minimally disrupt the linear order of genes on the chromosomes, permitting close homologous pairing. At one of these sites, trans-inactivation has also been extended to include a vital gene in the vicinity of the white transgene insertion. These findings suggest that many Drosophila genes, in many positions in the genome, can sense the heterochromatic state of a paired homologue.

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (3.7 MB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Csink A. K., Henikoff S. Genetic modification of heterochromatic association and nuclear organization in Drosophila. Nature. 1996 Jun 6;381(6582):529–531. doi: 10.1038/381529a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Csink A. K., Linsk R., Birchler J. A. The Lighten up (Lip) gene of Drosophila melanogaster, a modifier of retroelement expression, position effect variegation and white locus insertion alleles. Genetics. 1994 Sep;138(1):153–163. doi: 10.1093/genetics/138.1.153. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Daniels S. B., Chovnick A. P element transposition in Drosophila melanogaster: an analysis of sister-chromatid pairs and the formation of intragenic secondary insertions during meiosis. Genetics. 1993 Mar;133(3):623–636. doi: 10.1093/genetics/133.3.623. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Dernburg A. F., Broman K. W., Fung J. C., Marshall W. F., Philips J., Agard D. A., Sedat J. W. Perturbation of nuclear architecture by long-distance chromosome interactions. Cell. 1996 May 31;85(5):745–759. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81240-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Dorer D. R., Henikoff S. Expansions of transgene repeats cause heterochromatin formation and gene silencing in Drosophila. Cell. 1994 Jul 1;77(7):993–1002. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(94)90439-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Dreesen T. D., Henikoff S., Loughney K. A pairing-sensitive element that mediates trans-inactivation is associated with the Drosophila brown gene. Genes Dev. 1991 Mar;5(3):331–340. doi: 10.1101/gad.5.3.331. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Elgin S. C. Heterochromatin and gene regulation in Drosophila. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 1996 Apr;6(2):193–202. doi: 10.1016/s0959-437x(96)80050-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Golic K. G., Golic M. M. Engineering the Drosophila genome: chromosome rearrangements by design. Genetics. 1996 Dec;144(4):1693–1711. doi: 10.1093/genetics/144.4.1693. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Grigliatti T. Position-effect variegation--an assay for nonhistone chromosomal proteins and chromatin assembly and modifying factors. Methods Cell Biol. 1991;35:587–627. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Henikoff S., Dreesen T. D. Trans-inactivation of the Drosophila brown gene: evidence for transcriptional repression and somatic pairing dependence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Sep;86(17):6704–6708. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.17.6704. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Henikoff S., Jackson J. M., Talbert P. B. Distance and pairing effects on the brownDominant heterochromatic element in Drosophila. Genetics. 1995 Jul;140(3):1007–1017. doi: 10.1093/genetics/140.3.1007. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Judd B. H. Transvection: allelic cross talk. Cell. 1988 Jun 17;53(6):841–843. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(88)90209-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Kopczynski C. C., Muskavitch M. A. Introns excised from the Delta primary transcript are localized near sites of Delta transcription. J Cell Biol. 1992 Nov;119(3):503–512. doi: 10.1083/jcb.119.3.503. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Lifschytz E., Hareven D. Heterochromatin markers: arrangement of obligatory heterochromatin, histone genes and multisite gene families in the interphase nucleus of D. melanogaster. Chromosoma. 1982;86(4):443–455. doi: 10.1007/BF00330120. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Lohe A. R., Hilliker A. J. Return of the H-word (heterochromatin). Curr Opin Genet Dev. 1995 Dec;5(6):746–755. doi: 10.1016/0959-437x(95)80007-r. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Rasmuson-Lestander A., Larsson J., Rasmuson B. Position-effect variegation and z1 mediated white repression in the In(1)wis system in Drosophila melanogaster. Hereditas. 1993;119(3):209–218. doi: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1993.00209.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Robertson H. M., Preston C. R., Phillis R. W., Johnson-Schlitz D. M., Benz W. K., Engels W. R. A stable genomic source of P element transposase in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics. 1988 Mar;118(3):461–470. doi: 10.1093/genetics/118.3.461. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Talbert P. B., LeCiel C. D., Henikoff S. Modification of the Drosophila heterochromatic mutation brownDominant by linkage alterations. Genetics. 1994 Feb;136(2):559–571. doi: 10.1093/genetics/136.2.559. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Tartof K. D., Henikoff S. Trans-sensing effects from Drosophila to humans. Cell. 1991 Apr 19;65(2):201–203. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90153-p. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Weiler K. S., Wakimoto B. T. Heterochromatin and gene expression in Drosophila. Annu Rev Genet. 1995;29:577–605. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ge.29.120195.003045. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Wines D. R., Henikoff S. Somatic instability of a Drosophila chromosome. Genetics. 1992 Jul;131(3):683–691. doi: 10.1093/genetics/131.3.683. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Wines D. R., Talbert P. B., Clark D. V., Henikoff S. Introduction of a DNA methyltransferase into Drosophila to probe chromatin structure in vivo. Chromosoma. 1996;104(5):332–340. doi: 10.1007/BF00337221. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Genetics are provided here courtesy of Oxford University Press

RESOURCES