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Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery logoLink to Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery
. 2025 May;39(5):556–562. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.202503073

腋窝后缘入路与关节镜下辅助复位治疗Ideberg Ⅰ、Ⅱ型肩胛骨关节盂骨折的对比研究

Comparative study of posterior axillary edge approach and arthroscopic assisted reduction in treatment of Ideberg type Ⅰ and Ⅱ glenoid fracture of the scapula

Bing LI 1, Yanhong YUAN 1,*, Peng XU 1, Yabing YUAN 1, Yuchen WANG 1, Xingzhou ZHANG 1, Zhangning HE 1
PMCID: PMC12091713  PMID: 40368857

Abstract

Objective

To compare the effectiveness of posterior axillary edge approach and arthroscopic assisted reduction in the treatment of Ideberg type Ⅰ and Ⅱ glenoid fracture of the scapula.

Methods

The clinical data of 26 patients with fresh Ideberg type Ⅰ and Ⅱ scapular fractures admitted between June 2021 and September 2024 who met the selection criteria were analyzed retrospectively. The patients were divided into two groups according to different treatment methods. Ten cases in the posterior axillary edge group were fixed by open reduction plate through the posterior axillary edge approach, and 16 cases in the arthroscopy group were treated with suture anchor fixation under arthroscopy. There was no significant difference in baseline data between the two groups (P>0.05), such as gender, age, surgical side, Ideberg type, cause of injury, time from injury to operation, rotator cuff injury, and superior labrum anterior posterior (SLAP) injury, etc. The operation time and fracture healing time were recorded and compared between the two groups, and the shoulder pain was evaluated by visual analogue scale (VAS) score at 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months after operation. At 3 and 6 months after operation, the range of motion of shoulder joint in anteflexion, abduction, external rotation, internal rotation, and backward extension was evaluated, the upper limb dysfunction was evaluated by the Disability Assessment Scale of Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH), and the shoulder joint function was evaluated by the Constant-Murley score. The differences between 6 months and 3 months after operation (changes) were statistically analyzed.

Results

Patients in both groups were followed up 11-13 months, with an average of 12.5 months. The operation time and fracture healing time in the posterior axillary edge group were significantly shorter than those in the arthroscopy group (P<0.05). There was no complication such as wound infection, vascular and nerve injury, loss of reduction, bone nonunion, or glenohumeral instability in both groups. At 1 week after operation, the VAS score in the posterior axillary edge group was significantly higher than that in the arthroscopy group (P<0.05); there was no significant difference in the VAS score between the two groups at 1 and 3 months after operation (P>0.05). At 6 months after operation, the changes of shoulder joint in anteflexion, internal rotation range of motion and DASH scores in the posterior axillary edge group were significantly lower than those in the arthroscopy group (P<0.05), while the changes of abduction, external rotation, backward extension range of motion and Constant-Murley scores were not significantly different between the two groups (P>0.05).

Conclusion

For Ideberg type Ⅰ and Ⅱ glenoid fracture of the scapula, the posterior axillary edge approach for internal fixation has a short operation time, fast fracture healing, and is beneficial for early functional recovery; arthroscopic assisted reduction has minimal trauma and can handle joint injuries simultaneously. Both surgical procedures are safe and effective, and individualized selection should be made based on soft tissue conditions and combined injuries.

Keywords: Glenoid fracture of the scapula, posterior axillary edge approach, arthroscopic assisted reduction


肩胛骨关节盂骨折作为特殊类型肩胛骨骨折,发病率只占10%~20%[1]。其解剖复杂伴有复合性损伤,治疗策略取决于其生物力学稳定性、移位程度、骨折块大小等多重因素[2-3]。现有研究表明,对于简单骨折采取保守治疗预后良好,而复杂骨折即使系统化治疗后仍可遗留功能障碍[4]。涉及20%以上关节盂的大面积关节盂骨折需采用内固定手术治疗[5]。目前传统开放术式,如Judet入路、改良Judet入路、经三角肌胸大肌入路等,存在手术创伤大、术后恢复周期长、神经损伤风险高等局限。近年来,微创技术革新为临床提供了新选择,经腋窝入路钢板内固定术凭借其创伤小、肌群干扰少等优势,已成功应用于IdebergⅠ、Ⅱ型骨折治疗[6]。而关节镜辅助复位内固定术则通过精准可视化操作实现解剖复位,但存在学习曲线陡峭等技术门槛。目前针对两种微创术式的对比研究仍显不足,特别是在术后影像学评价体系构建和远期功能预后评估方面缺乏高质量对比研究。本研究整合术前CT三维重建及MRI检查、术中骨折稳定性探查及术后康复评估,基于“关节内损伤-骨折稳定性-康复耐受性”三维评估框架,系统比较关节镜下辅助复位与经腋窝后缘入路切开复位内固定术治疗IdebergⅠ、Ⅱ型关节盂骨折的临床疗效,分析两种术式在手术显露、复位质量、并发症控制及功能恢复等方面的差异,为临床术式选择提供循证医学证据,促进肩胛骨关节盂创伤治疗的优化升级。报告如下。

1. 临床资料

1.1. 一般资料

患者纳入标准:① 经CT、MRI诊断为IdebergⅠ、Ⅱ型肩胛骨骨折;② 关节盂骨折,骨块大于关节盂的20%,关节面移位≥5 mm;③ 受伤至手术时间不超过1周。排除标准:① 病理性骨折;② 有严重肩关节损伤,包括伴有肩关节脱位、大结节骨折及全层肩袖撕裂等;③ 开放性关节盂或肩胛骨骨折;④ 合并心、肝、肾等重大脏器严重疾病,不能耐受手术者;⑤ 同侧肢体严重神经损伤导致神经功能受损患者。

2021年6月—2024年9月共26例患者符合选择标准纳入研究,根据治疗方式将患者分为两组。分组依据遵循临床决策路径:依据骨折形态,合并上盂唇从前到后撕裂 (superior labrum anterior posterior,SLAP)损伤、肩袖损伤者优先选择关节镜下带线锚钉固定治疗(关节镜组,16例);无关节内损伤或肩袖轻度损伤、Ⅰ型SLAP损伤可保守治疗患者优先选择经腋窝后缘入路切开复位内固定治疗(腋窝后缘组,10例)。两组患者性别、年龄、患肩侧别、Ideberg分型、致伤原因、受伤至手术时间以及是否合并肩袖损伤、SLAP损伤等基线资料比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表1。

表 1.

Comparison of baseline data between the two groups

两组患者基线资料比较

基线资料
Baseline data
腋窝后缘组(n=10)
Posterior axillary edge
group (n=10)
关节镜组(n=16)
Arthroscopy group
(n=16)
统计量
Statistical value
P值
P value
性别(男/女,例) 6/4 9/7 χ2=0.035 0.851
年龄(x±s,岁) 52.00±13.06 50.00±11.46 t=0.410 0.685
患肩侧别(左/右,例) 5/5 9/7 χ2=0.097 0.756
Ideberg分型(Ⅰ/Ⅱ,例) 4/6 10/6 χ2=1.254 0.264
致伤原因(摔伤/交通事故伤,例) 5/5 7/9 χ2=0.097 0.756
受伤至手术时间(x±s,d) 3.70±0.82 3.75±0.85 t=−0.147 0.884
合并肩袖损伤(是/否,例) 3/7 10/6 χ2=2.600 0.107
合并SLAP损伤(是/否,例) 2/8 4/12 χ2=0.087 0.768

1.2. 手术方法

两组患者手术均由我科5位具有丰富临床经验的创伤科医生及运动医学科医生主刀完成。

腋窝后缘组:患者于全身麻醉下取侧卧位,患肩外展130°~150°,上臂及肩关节可自由活动,前臂及肩关节常规消毒、铺巾。于腋窝后缘顶点即背阔肌外侧缘作腋窝入路手术切口,切口长8~10 cm。依次切开皮肤、浅深筋膜,沿背阔肌前缘和腋窝脂肪间隙进入,将腋窝淋巴结和脂肪推向前方;触摸肱骨头,确定关节盂缘;确定腋神经、旋肱后动脉,用橡皮管牵拉,利用霍夫曼拉钩显露术区。直视下显露关节盂,可有限切开关节囊,纠正关节盂缘骨折块后,以1枚克氏针临时固定,再将微型T型钢板预弯后固定于肩胛盂前下方。术后常规放置引流管,逐层缝合切口。

关节镜组:患者于全身麻醉下取沙滩椅位,消毒、铺巾后,建立常规后方入路,置入关节镜。关节镜监视下建立前下及前上手术通道,按照顺序检查盂肱关节内部情况。探查肩关节盂前下方存在撕脱骨折块时,使骨折块与肩盂关节囊复合体充分游离;清理断端骨折瘀血块,利用磨钻将骨折新鲜化,选择关节盂边缘6~7点位置植入2枚2.8 mm可吸收锚钉,将缝线分离后交叉缝合关节盂骨块、盂唇-盂肱韧带复合体于关节盂骨折处;如果观察到关节周围软组织的伴随病变,SLAP损伤采用前上入路进行探查,将损伤盂唇进行新鲜化处理,在盂唇上方10点至2点位置可植入1~2枚2.8 mm可吸收锚钉,采用缝线穿梭技术将盂唇-肱二头肌长头腱复合体固定至关节盂缘。肩袖损伤采用外侧入路探查肩袖撕裂范围,对部分撕裂行肌腱内原位缝合,如果全层撕裂采用双排缝线桥固定技术将锚钉行足印区固定。术中采用C臂X线机透视确认骨折解剖复位情况。

1.3. 术后处理及疗效评价指标

腋窝后缘组术后第2天即由康复师指导患者床边功能锻炼,包括被动外旋练习和可耐受的主动辅助屈曲、内收和外展练习。关节镜组术后患者肩部均用吊带固定4~6周,被动运动范围逐渐增加至前屈90°、外展90° 和外旋10°。6周后,关节镜组大多数患者允许进行全方位主动关节活动训练和分级抗阻训练。

记录并比较两组患者手术时间和骨折愈合时间;分别于术后1周、1个月、3个月采用疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)评价肩关节疼痛程度。术后3、6个月,评估肩关节前屈、外展、外旋、内旋、后伸活动度,采用手臂、肩部和手部残疾评分量表(DASH)[7]评估上肢功能障碍,采用Constant-Murley评分量表[8]评估肩关节功能,以术后6个月与3个月间差值(变化值)进行统计分析。

1.4. 统计学方法

采用SPSS23.0统计软件进行分析。计量资料经Kolmogorov-Smirnov正态性检验,均符合正态分布,数据以均数±标准差表示,两组间比较采用独立样本t检验;两组多个时间点比较采用重复测量方差分析,若不满足球形检验,采用Greenhouse-Geisser法进行校正,同一组别不同时间点比较采用Bonferroni法,同一时间点不同组别间比较采用多因素方差分析。分类资料组间比较采用四格表卡方检验。检验水准取双侧α=0.05。

2. 结果

两组患者均获随访,随访时间11~13个月,平均12.5个月。腋窝后缘组手术时间及骨折愈合时间均少于关节镜组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组患者均未出现切口感染、血管神经损伤、复位丢失、骨不连、盂肱关节不稳定等并发症。术后1周,腋窝后缘组VAS评分明显高于关节镜组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);术后1、3个月两组VAS评分比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后6个月,腋窝后缘组肩关节前屈、内旋活动度以及DASH评分变化值均小于关节镜组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);外展、外旋、后伸活动度及Constant-Murley评分变化值两组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表2,图1~3。

表 2.

Comparison of outcome indicators between the two groups (x±s)

两组患者结局指标比较(x±s)

结局指标
Outcome indicator
腋窝后缘组(n=10)
Posterior axillary edge
group (n=10)
关节镜组(n=16)
Arthroscopy group
(n=16)
效应值(95%CI)
Effect value (95%CI)
P值
P value
手术时间(min) 82.30±7.33 101.94±9.05 MD=−19.638(−26.671,−12.607) <0.001
骨折愈合时间(周) 13.80±1.39 15.13±1.31 MD=−1.325(−2.443,−0.207) 0.022
术后肩关节活动度变化值(°)
 前屈 11.50±10.01 21.56±12.87 MD=10.063(0.715,19.410) 0.036
 外展 6.50±4.74 13.75±10.57 MD=7.250(−0.109,14.609) 0.053
 外旋 4.00±5.16 7.81±5.47 MD=3.813(−0.628,8.253) 0.088
 内旋 0.90±2.08 6.19±5.50 MD=5.288(2.114,8.461) 0.002
 后伸 5.50±3.63 7.44±5.97 MD=1.938(−2.400,6.275) 0.366
术后DASH评分变化值 −15.4±2.7 −20.3±6.3 MD=−4.850(−9.198,−0.502) 0.030
术后Constant-Murley评分变化值 12.7±5.6 15.3±3.0 MD=2.550(−0.918,6.018 ) 0.142

图 1.

图 1

The change trend of VAS score in two groups after operation

两组术后VAS评分变化趋势

图 3.

A 66-year-old female patient with Ideberg type Ⅱ glenoid fracture of the left scapula in arthroscopy group

关节镜组患者,女,66岁,左侧IdebergⅡ型肩胛骨关节盂骨折

a. 术前X线片;b. 术前CT三维重建示左肩胛骨关节盂颈下骨折,骨折移位>5 mm伴成角畸形;c. 术中关节镜下示关节盂关节面移位明显;d. 经关节镜锚钉固定缝合后骨折对位良好;e、f. 术后即刻X线片及CT示关节盂骨折对位良好;g. 术后3个月X线片示左肩关节盂骨折位置良好,断端少许骨痂形成,骨折愈合良好;h. 术后6个月X线片示左肩关节盂骨折位置良好,断端少许骨质吸收

a. Preoperative X-ray film; b. Preoperative CT three-dimensional reconstruction showed a fracture below the glenoid neck of the left scapula, with fracture displacement >5 mm and angular deformity; c. Intraoperative arthroscopy showed significant displacement of the glenoid joint surface; d. The fracture was well aligned after anchor fixation and suturing under arthroscopy; e, f. X-ray film and CT immediately after operation showed good alignment of the glenoid fracture; g. X-ray film at 3 months after operation showed that the left shoulder glenoid fracture was in good condition, with a small amount of callus formation at the fracture end and good fracture healing; h. X-ray film at 6 months after operation showed that the left shoulder glenoid fracture was in good condition with slight bone resorption at the fracture site

图 3

图 2.

A 47-year-old male patient with Ideberg type Ⅰ glenoid fracture of the right scapula in posterior axillary edge group

腋窝后缘组患者,男,47岁,右侧IdebergⅠ型肩胛骨关节盂骨折

a. 术前X线片;b. 术前CT三维重建示右肩胛骨关节盂前缘骨折,骨折移位>5 mm伴成角畸形;c. 术后即刻X线片示右肩关节盂骨折对位良好;d、e. 术后即刻CT及三维重建示骨折对位良好,内固定牢靠;f. 术后3个月X线片示右肩关节盂骨折对位良好,断端骨痂形成,骨折愈合良好;g. 术后6个月X线片示内固定物位置良好,骨折已愈合

a. Preoperative X-ray film; b. Preoperative CT three-dimensional reconstruction showed a fracture of the anterior edge of the right scapular glenoid, with a fracture displacement >5 mm and angular deformity; c. X-ray film immediately after operation showed good alignment of the right shoulder glenoid fracture; d, e. CT and three-dimensional reconstruction immediately after operation showed good alignment of the fracture and firm internal fixation; f. X-ray film at 3 months after operaion showed good alignment of the right shoulder glenoid fracture, formation of callus at the fracture end, and good fracture healing; g. X-ray film at 6 months after operation showed that the internal fixator was in good position and the fracture had healed

图 2

3. 讨论

3.1. 关节盂骨折治疗现状及现有术式临床局限性

基于肩胛骨关节盂骨折Ideberg-Goss分型[9-10],本研究主要针对IdebergⅠ型(肩胛盂前缘、后缘)及Ⅱ型(盂颈下方)肩胛骨关节盂骨折进行探讨。由于该类型骨折保守治疗后骨不连、骨愈合不良和创伤后骨关节炎的风险增加,根据国际治疗共识将关节面移位≥5 mm和/或成角畸形作为手术的绝对指征。本研究纳入患者均符合上述标准,具有明确手术指征。由于肩胛骨关节盂前、后缘骨折大小差别很大,因此手术入路的选择需根据骨折具体解剖位置进行匹配:前缘骨折通常采用前方入路,而后缘骨折则需采用后方入路。传统开放手术如三角肌胸大肌前入路,适用于>20%的盂窝骨折及前下关节盂缘撕脱骨折,但需剥离肩胛下肌导致功能缺陷[5];后方Judet/改良Judet入路适用于>25%的关节盂窝后缘骨折[11],显露后缘骨折最佳,但创伤相对较大、视野有限。联合入路适用于部分Ideberg Ⅱ型延伸骨折,但缺陷是无法同步暴露关节盂前、后下部。与经典切开复位内固定术相比,关节镜技术可明显降低软组织剥离、血供破坏、术后肌肉无力、瘢痕粘连等并发症发生率[12]。用可吸收缝合锚钉固定可恢复肩胛骨内关节盂窝的解剖结构,在循环载荷下位移控制优于传统固定,具有优异的生物力学特性,但不能恢复自体关节盂的主要机械稳定特性[13-14]。而且采用关节镜手术的技术要求较高,且适应证有限,不适用于多碎片盂缘骨折、碎片<1 cm并延伸至肩胛骨体和颈部等特定情况[15-16]。此时,切开复位内固定术是更合适的选择,具体方案需根据骨折类型和解剖位置制定。

3.2. 技术创新及术式改良

① 经腋窝后缘入路的解剖学优势:经腋窝后缘入路切开复位内固定技术是经背阔肌前缘暴露肩胛骨关节盂手术区域,该入路从肌肉、神经、血管间隙进入,对于关节盂3点及9点位置即关节盂前、后下象限180° 暴露,术中直视下在盂肱关节下方约1 cm处可触及条索状神经血管束(旋肱后动脉及腋神经),只需用手指在肌间隙钝性分离并予以橡皮条牵拉,即可对其良好保护,对周围软组织及结构损伤小,肩袖完整性保留[17],形成“生物学保护窗”,较其他手术方式适应证范围更广。② 立体固定体系的构建:术中可采用T型钢板、微型钢板、空心钉联合多模式固定策略。本研究中,多采用T型钢板固定,形成轴向支撑,对关节盂下缘起到“Buttress”轴向支撑作用。同时,对T型钢板头部双侧进行20°~30° 预弯塑形,实现骨折块的包裹固定,双侧螺钉向心性成角设计与T型钢板尾端螺钉形成三角锥形锁定聚拢构型,形成抗旋转控制;并对累及肩胛颈及体部的骨折实现跨区域稳定,延伸固定,防止术后复位丢失。③ 三维解剖重建:当骨折累及肩胛颈及体部时,可利用长钢板通过三点接触方式(关节盂、盂颈、肩胛骨腋缘)实现解剖复位,骨块间加压利用普通螺钉结合锁定螺钉来实现钢板与骨块间的稳定特性,分散轴向负荷应力。对于涉及到关节囊修补重建的问题,可以在直视下利用锚钉进行修复。

3.3. 临床疗效与功能康复

本研究结果显示,腋窝后缘组手术时间较关节镜组显著缩短,其优势可能源于两方面:① 直视下精准复位:通过开放术野直接暴露骨折端,避免了关节镜操作中因空间限制导致的反复调整;② 简化操作流程:无需建立多个关节镜通道及镜下缝合锚钉的复杂步骤。在骨折愈合进程方面,腋窝后缘组愈合时间亦较关节镜组缩短,其机制可能与以下因素相关:① 由于骨折解剖复位固定牢靠,稳定的力学环境更利于骨痂形成,愈合能力强。② 关节盂唇的组织学分析表明,受血管形成和祖细胞的影响,关节盂关节软骨附近的愈合能力有限[18]。关节镜组在术中操作时需将骨折块与肩盂关节囊复合体充分游离并清理,此过程可能破坏骨膜血供,影响其愈合能力;而腋窝入路通过保留骨块周围软组织附着,维持了骨折端的生物学活性。

在并发症控制方面,腋窝后缘组直视修复过程避免了在关节镜下通过先前锚点传播新骨折线的问题,即“邮票”骨折发生的潜在风险[19],若发生“邮票”骨折可能导致微动增加,进而抑制骨愈合。我们发现在患者随访复查时,影像学显示关节镜组部分患者虽然骨折已愈合,但关节盂骨块边缘部分骨质缺损,其发生机制可能与以下技术限制有关:① 由于关节镜术中操作范围有限,对于骨块缝合较为困难,由于骨块宽度通常大于缝合装置的半径,缝合线穿过骨块内侧面时,很难将骨块压到关节盂上[20];而且缝合线穿过骨块的内侧面容易产生偏心加压效应。② 复位精度不足。镜下操作难以直视骨块-盂窝对合面,骨折对位欠佳,愈合能力相对差,形成慢性骨吸收或骨质流失等情况。原因可能是应力屏蔽、雨刷现象、锚孔增大或血流紊乱[21]。

本研究发现,两种术式在远期功能恢复方面具有等效性。但术后6个月关节镜组患者在肩关节前屈、内旋活动度及DASH评分的改善方面,较腋窝后缘组更有优势,分析其机制可能包括:① 关节镜手术通过微创入路可直接处理盂肱关节前侧结构,并实现后关节囊精准松解或肩袖后部修复,这对前屈及内旋活动度的渐进性改善具有关键作用;② 微创技术减少术后炎症反应及瘢痕粘连,有利于患者更早恢复上肢精细动作,这可能是后期DASH评分显著改善的重要解剖学基础。两组患者术后6个月Constant-Murley评分及肩关节外展、外旋、后伸改善差异无统计学意义,这可能源于术后3个月后,两组患者均进入高强度抗阻训练阶段,外展、外旋及后伸所涉及的核心肌群功能恢复受手术入路影响相对较小,通过系统的肌力代偿训练可能缩小了术式相关的远期功能差异。然而,围术期康复路径的差异导致两组恢复轨迹显著不同:① 关节镜组早期优势:得益于微创技术优势且可一期修复关节内损伤,术后1周VAS评分显著低于腋窝后缘组。② 腋窝后缘组康复进程优势:凭借解剖复位及刚性固定优势,术后24 h即启动系统性康复(含抗阻训练),可早期改善术后肩关节活动度,防止关节粘连;而关节镜组依赖缝线张力固定,固定强度相对较弱,需4周纤维骨痂形成后开始功能性抗阻训练,由于增加了力量训练,间接增加了患者术后疼痛,该阶段VAS评分短暂升高,但两组差异无统计学意义。术后3个月两组VAS评分稳定于3分以下,提示不同术式最终均可实现有效疼痛缓解。

本研究通过构建“关节内损伤-骨折稳定性-康复耐受性”三维评估体系,为患者个体化治疗选择提供循证依据。经腋窝后缘入路固定治疗IdebergⅠ、Ⅱ型肩胛骨关节盂骨折,骨折固定稳固,愈合时间短,可阶梯性康复锻炼,恢复快,适用于追求早期功能康复的患者。关节镜下辅助复位治疗可以准确诊断骨折模式和对关节内其他损伤早期处理,损伤小,疼痛控制好,推荐用于需精细处理关节内损伤的患者。但本研究是单中心回顾性设计,分组可能存在选择偏倚;骨折罕见使得样本量小,随访时间短,肩关节损伤的复杂性及其骨折模式的多样性也会影响统计结果。因此还需行前瞻性多中心研究,增加样本量,延长随访时间,以提供更可靠的证据。

利益冲突 在课题研究和文章撰写过程中不存在利益冲突;课题经费支持没有影响文章观点和对研究数据客观结果的统计分析及其报道

伦理声明 研究方案经南京中医药大学附属武进中医医院伦理委员会批准(LL-202423);患者均签署知情同意书

作者贡献声明 李冰、徐鹏:课题设计与实施、论文撰写;袁延红、袁亚兵、张兴州:患者管理、数据收集与分析;李冰、王雨辰:论文指导及修改;王雨辰、袁延红、何樟宁:提供数据和手术技术支持

Funding Statement

江苏省常州市卫健委科技项目(WZ202310)

Science and Technology Project of Changzhou Health Commission, Jiangsu Province (WZ202310)

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Articles from Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery are provided here courtesy of Sichuan University

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