Abstract
Background
As an area of great diversity and suffering from many threats, the Brazilian Mata Atlântica and its floristic zones, such as Restingas, Rock Outcrops and Grasslands, call for attention and recurrent studies on plant diversity as a means of helping conservation efforts. In this context, acquiring, curating and using herbaria data is crucial to filling gaps in plant distribution and biogeography, as well as confirming or denying species incidence in the area of interest. This study provides a solid dataset with information regarding diversity and distribution of species from the tribe Gnaphalieae (Asteraceae) in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, with significant updates since the publication of Flora Fluminensis by Vellozo almost 200 years ago, the Rio de Janeiro checklist one decade ago and the milestone of the Flora e Funga do Brasil continuously updated dynamic dataset.
New information
We recorded 31 species of Gnaphalieae (Cass.) Lecoq. & Juill. for Rio de Janeiro State of which nine are newly recorded in the area and five are refuted occurrences, compared to the listing in Flora e Funga do Brasil 2023. In our compilation, we confirmed the occurrence of eight genera in the State flora: Achyrocline (Less.) DC., Chevreulia Cass., Chionolaena DC., Facelis Cass., Gamochaeta Wedd., Gnaphalium L., Lucilia Cass. and Pseudognaphalium Kirp. Moreover, we compared the cost-benefit on using municipality centroids versus original/curated coordinates on 5 km2 quadrants. We found that, on this geographical scale, there is no significant difference between the two methods. We advocate for using the less time-consuming centroids, which are less prone to human error, for expediting presence/absence checklist data curation and if the main goals are to quantify records, map species richness and evaluate sampling effort. Nevertheless, precise coordinates are essential for ecological niche modelling, conservation assessments and other data usage, focusing on habitat level mapping.
Keywords: Atlantic Rainforest, distribution range, geographical patterns, Grasslands, Restinga, rock outcrop vegetation
Introduction
The Mata Atlântica domain stands out as one of the world’s biodiversity hotspots (Myers et al. 2000). Although mostly known for its forests, the domain comprises additional small and diverse areas: the Grasslands (Campos de Altitude and Rock Outcrops) and the Restingas (Coastal scrubs) (IBGE 2004, Brasil 2006). Due to its biodiversity and the multiple threats it suffers by human occupation, agriculture and other changes in land cover (Ribeiro et al. 2009), it is important to use herbarium information to maintain an accurate dataset for monitoring the occurrences of the taxa known to the area. This is mainly because knowing taxa geographic distribution can contribute to conservation actions (Albani Rocchetti et al. 2021), especially extinction risk evaluation and establishment of new protected areas (Giam et al. 2010), as it allows tracking species distributions in relation to changes in land use and coverage across time. Therefore, the State of Rio de Janeiro stands out as a candidate study area, as it is a relatively small State, entirely embedded in the Mata Atlântica, spanning an area of 43,750 km² (IBGE 2021) and has important areas of grasslands and rock outcrops as well as Restingas with the associated occurrence of Asteraceae (Roque et al. 2017).
Gnaphalieae is one of the largest tribes in Asteraceae, comprising 2,106 species (Mandel et al. 2019). The tribe is readily recognised by its dry, papery involucral bracts that can be enlarged and showy, usually with the typical strap-shaped ligule of the ray floret being absent (Smissen et al. 2020). The tribe remains largely understudied in Brazil, mostly being known on the southernmost part of the country (i.e. Deble and Marchiori (2014a), Deble and Marchiori (2014b)), despite some authors indicating south-eastern Brazil as one of the key diversity areas for the tribe (Dillon and Sagástegui 1991), that is also a global biodiversity Darkspot recently recognised by Ondo et al. (2024). Flora e Funga do Brasil (Deble et al. 2023) indicates the occurrence of seven genera and 27 species in Rio de Janeiro, a surprising 36% of all species known in the country (total of 71, Deble et al. (2023)), mostly associated with Restingas and Grasslands.
Despite being one of the most floristically well sampled and studied State, especially considering Vellozo's pioneer efforts (Vellozo 1881, Bediaga and Lima 2015) and the Rio de Janeiro Flora checklist (Baumgratz et al. 2014), the Gnaphalieae genera and species in south-eastern Brazil, specifically in Mata Atlântica and, overall, in Rio de Janeiro, have been inadequately studied. Thus, the quality of the data available is questionable, especially regarding presence/absence of species and distribution data. In this study, we gather data and propose to discuss three topics: 1) to summarise the genera and species of Gnaphalieae confirmed by voucher specimens occurring in Rio de Janeiro as a mean to update Flora e Funga do Brasil (Deble et al. 2023); 2) to identify the geographical ranges of the tribe in the State and 3) to quantify sampling efforts and evaluate the cost-benefit of two geographic coordinate data inputs. For our third goal, we confronted the usage of centroids with accurate coordinates (informed by authors on the collection voucher or interpreted when traceable specific localities were given in labels) as a means of contributing to filling gaps in species distribution (Wheeler et al. 2012, Hortal et al. 2015) and improving the quality of herbaria data available for species richness and biogeography (Lavoie 2013).
Sampling methods
Sampling description
We started from the genera of Gnaphalieae indicated in Flora e Funga do Brasil (Deble et al. 2023, Flora e Funga do Brasil - Lista Oficial 2023) as native to the State of Rio de Janeiro. Then, a dataset of geographic distribution records, based on specimens of all sampled species, was built to analyse the distribution range. The data were obtained from the following online biodiversity repositories: GBIF (2022), JABOT (2023) and speciesLink (2023). The collections found in the herbaria: ALCB, B, BC, BHCB, BR, CAP, CAS, CEN, CEPEC, CESJ, CPMA, EAC, ECT, ESA, ESAL, F, FCAB, FUEL, FURB, G, GH, HB, HBR, HCF, HRB, HRCB, HRJ, HUEFS, HUEMG, HUENF, HUFU, HUNI, IBGE, ICN, INPA, IPA, K, L, M, MA, MBM, MG, MNHN, MO, MPEG, NY, P, PEL, PEUFR, PMSP, R, RB, RBR, RFA, RFFP, S, SI, SJRP, SP, SPF, UB, UEC, UFG, UFP, UPCB, US, VAL, VIC, VIES and W Herbaria (Thiers 2023) were consulted in person or online.
Distribution points were inferred, based on localities and verified using Google Earth (2024), as each occurrence was associated with the centroid coordinate of the municipality cited on the collection voucher. As a matter of comparison, we then carefully curated each point for the most detailed coordinate possible (when the original coordinate was unavailable or erroneous, such as points in the sea or out of the State's terrestrial borders). We obtained 151 unique coordinates, then we measured the distance between the centroid and the original point, as well as the mean distance for the 117 altered coordinates on the entire dataset (Table 1). All specimens considered in the dataset were verified by a specialist and revised or nomenclaturally updated when necessary. The final dataset contains 942 unique records, from filtering 1,808 initial occurrences and 176 additional records that cannot be assigned to a specific municipality or locality in the State.
Table 1.
Distance from the curated to the centroid coordinate, measured in kilometres. The distance of each unique point from the curated to the centroid coordinate was measured using QGIS distance matrix function, the mean distance deviation being measured for the entire dataset.
|
Latitude
interpreted |
Longitude
interpreted |
Latitude
centroid |
Longitude
centroid |
Municipality | Locality | Deviation (Km) |
| -22.9391 | -42.2222 | -22.87 | -42.3401 | Araruama | 14.3132 | |
| -22.9491 | -42.0719 | -22.966 | -42.0278 | Arraial do Cabo | 4.8946 | |
| -22.9327 | -42.2555 | -22.966 | -42.0278 | 23.6425 | ||
| -20.8975 | -41.757 | -21.0152 | -41.7174 | Bom Jesus do Itabapoana | 13.6666 | |
| -20.8763 | -41.7247 | -21.015239 | -41.717415 | 15.4015 | ||
| -22.3455 | -42.7238 | -22.4639 | -42.6527 | Cachoeiras de Macacu | Parque Estadual dos Três Picos | 15.0166 |
| -22.3438 | -42.7227 | -22.4639 | -42.6527 | Parque Estadual dos Três Picos | 15.1269 | |
| -22.3436 | -42.7219 | -22.4639 | -42.6527 | Parque Estadual dos Três Picos | 15.1074 | |
| -22.3205 | -42.7227 | -22.4639 | -42.6527 | Parque Estadual dos Três Picos | 17.4390 | |
| -21.7648 | -41.3081 | -21.7614 | -41.3167 | Campos dos Goytacazes | 0.96591 | |
| -21.7605 | -41.6544 | -21.7614 | -41.3167 | 34.9303 | ||
| -22.4999 | -44.5633 | -22.4957 | -44.5609 | Itatiaia | 0.5265 | |
| -22.4961 | -44.5633 | -22.4957 | -44.5609 | 0.2509 | ||
| -22.496 | -44.5633 | -22.4957 | -44.5609 | 0.2491 | ||
| -22.425 | -44.691944 | -22.4957 | -44.5609 | Parque Nacional do Itatiaia | 15.5953 | |
| -22.423 | -44.5913 | -22.4957 | -44.5609 | Parque Nacional do Itatiaia | 8.6372 | |
| -22.3992 | -44.6703 | -22.4957 | -44.5609 | Parque Nacional do Itatiaia | 15.5243 | |
| -22.3986 | -44.6686 | -22.4957 | -44.5609 | Parque Nacional do Itatiaia | 23.3046 | |
| -22.3855 | -44.6797 | -22.4957 | -44.5609 | Parque Nacional do Itatiaia | 17.2764 | |
| -22.3853 | -44.6792 | -22.4957 | -44.5609 | Parque Nacional do Itatiaia | 17.2556 | |
| -22.3851 | -44.6795 | -22.4957 | -44.5609 | Parque Nacional do Itatiaia | 17.2931 | |
| -22.3848 | -44.6794 | -22.4957 | -44.5609 | Parque Nacional do Itatiaia | 17.3094 | |
| -22.3848 | -44.6793 | -22.4957 | -44.5609 | Parque Nacional do Itatiaia | 17.3022 | |
| -22.3844 | -44.6583 | -22.4957 | -44.5609 | Parque Nacional do Itatiaia | 15.8881 | |
| -22.3842 | -44.6797 | -22.4957 | -44.5609 | Parque Nacional do Itatiaia | 17.3784 | |
| -22.3842 | -44.6683 | -22.4957 | -44.5609 | Parque Nacional do Itatiaia | 16.5735 | |
| -22.3842 | -44.694 | -22.4957 | -44.5609 | Parque Nacional do Itatiaia | 18.4440 | |
| -22.3827 | -44.6655 | -22.4957 | -44.5609 | Parque Nacional do Itatiaia | 16.5083 | |
| -22.3825 | -44.666389 | -22.4957 | -44.5609 | Parque Nacional do Itatiaia | 16.5848 | |
| -22.3819 | -44.6647 | -22.4957 | -44.5609 | Parque Nacional do Itatiaia | 16.5221 | |
| -22.3802 | -44.6886 | -22.4957 | -44.5609 | Parque Nacional do Itatiaia | 18.3411 | |
| -22.3797 | -44.7025 | -22.4957 | -44.5609 | Parque Nacional do Itatiaia | 19.4289 | |
| -22.3761 | -44.6661 | -22.4957 | -44.5609 | Parque Nacional do Itatiaia | 17.1081 | |
| -22.3743 | -44.7011 | -22.4957 | -44.5609 | Parque Nacional do Itatiaia | 19.7238 | |
| -22.3741 | -44.7011 | -22.4957 | -44.5609 | Parque Nacional do Itatiaia | 19.7390 | |
| -22.3741 | -44.6743 | -22.4957 | -44.5609 | Parque Nacional do Itatiaia | 17.8213 | |
| -22.3727 | -44.703 | -22.4957 | -44.5609 | Parque Nacional do Itatiaia | 19.9878 | |
| -22.372 | -44.6452 | -22.4957 | -44.5609 | Parque Nacional do Itatiaia | 16.2157 | |
| -22.3716 | -44.6101 | -22.4957 | -44.5609 | Parque Nacional do Itatiaia | 14.6460 | |
| -22.3715 | -44.617 | -22.4957 | -44.5609 | Parque Nacional do Itatiaia | 14.9168 | |
| -22.3712 | -44.6156 | -22.4957 | -44.5609 | Parque Nacional do Itatiaia | 14.8923 | |
| -22.3697 | -44.6283 | -22.4957 | -44.5609 | Parque Nacional do Itatiaia | 15.5828 | |
| -22.3691 | -44.6435 | -22.4957 | -44.5609 | Parque Nacional do Itatiaia | 16.3965 | |
| -22.3652 | -44.6248 | -22.4957 | -44.5609 | Parque Nacional do Itatiaia | 15.8779 | |
| -22.6005 | -43.03 | -22.6527 | -43.0405 | Magé | 5.8805 | |
| -22.9033 | -44.1644 | -22.9416 | -44.0349 | Mangaratiba | Parque Estadual do Cunhambebe | 13.9449 |
| -22.9608 | -42.8336 | -22.916 | -42.8191 | Maricá | 5.1794 | |
| -22.9601 | -42.8628 | -22.916 | -42.8191 | Área de Proteção Ambiental de Barra de Maricá | 6.6289 | |
| -22.9194 | -42.8183 | -22.916 | -42.8191 | 0.3853 | ||
| -22.9193 | -42.8185 | -22.916 | -42.8191 | 0.3705 | ||
| -22.9155 | -42.6394 | -22.916 | -42.8191 | 18.4348 | ||
| -22.9089 | -42.8961 | -22.916 | -42.8191 | Refúgio da Vida Silvestre de Maricá | 7.9383 | |
| -22.8925 | -42.854167 | -22.916 | -42.8191 | 4.4402 | ||
| -22.5055 | -43.3888 | -22.4549 | -43.4705 | Miguel Pereira | 10.1039 | |
| -22.9725 | -43.0185 | -22.8858 | -43.1152 | Niterói | Parque Estadual da Serra da Tiririca | 13.8049 |
| -22.4166 | -43.1166 | -22.288 | -42.534 | Nova Friburgo | 61.6774 | |
| -22.3536 | -42.5869 | -22.288 | -42.534 | Parque Estadual dos Três Picos | 9.0815 | |
| -22.333 | -42.4955 | -22.288 | -42.534 | 6.3692 | ||
| -22.3119 | -42.2661 | -22.288 | -42.534 | 27.7320 | ||
| -22.2113 | -42.3513 | -22.288 | -42.534 | Parque Estadual dos Três Picos | 20.6594 | |
| -23.1402 | -44.813333 | -23.21971 | -44.7167 | Paraty | Parque Nacional da Serra da Bocaina | 13.2448 |
| -23.14 | -44.8135 | -23.21971 | -44.7167 | Parque Nacional da Serra da Bocaina | 13.2723 | |
| -22.505 | -43.178611 | -22.5091 | -43.1821 | Petrópolis | 0.5788 | |
| -22.505 | -43.178333 | -22.5091 | -43.1821 | 0.5969 | ||
| -22.4628 | -43.094 | -22.5091 | -43.1821 | Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos | 10.4154 | |
| -22.4555 | -43.2466 | -22.5091 | -43.1821 | Reserva Biológica Estadual das Araras | 8.9044 | |
| -22.4475 | -43.292222 | -22.5091 | -43.1821 | Reserva Biológica Estadual das Araras | 13.2275 | |
| -22.4355 | -43.2466 | -22.5091 | -43.1821 | Reserva Biológica Estadual das Araras | 10.5114 | |
| -22.4352 | -43.2574 | -22.5091 | -43.1821 | Reserva Biológica Estadual das Araras | 11.2706 | |
| -22.4197 | -43.286944 | -22.5091 | -43.1821 | 14.6441 | ||
| -22.4097 | -43.2308 | -22.5091 | -43.1821 | 13.4267 | ||
| -22.4058 | -43.2169 | -22.5091 | -43.1821 | 12.2874 | ||
| -22.4002 | -43.205 | -22.5091 | -43.1821 | 15.5243 | ||
| -22.2422 | -43.1261 | -22.5091 | -43.1821 | 30.1128 | ||
| -22.4722 | -44.4649 | -22.473315 | -44.456965 | Resende | 0.8259 | |
| -22.3877 | -44.6761 | -22.473315 | -44.456965 | 16.8421 | ||
| -22.3761 | -44.6988 | -22.473315 | -44.456965 | 27.1251 | ||
| -22.3133 | -44.363 | -22.4733 | -44.4569 | 20.1845 | ||
| -22.4882 | -41.896 | -22.5273 | -41.9463 | Rio das Ostras | 6.7477 | |
| -23.0537 | -43.5428 | -22.9068 | -43.1728 | Rio de Janeiro | Parque Municipal Natural de Grumari | 41.2798 |
| -22.9879 | -43.279 | -22.9068 | -43.1728 | Parque Nacional da Tijuca | 14.1174 | |
| -22.9732 | -43.2494 | -22.9068 | -43.1728 | Parque Nacional da Tijuca Vista Chinesa | 10.7610 | |
| -22.9716 | -43.2054 | -22.9068 | -43.1728 | Parque Municipal Natural da Catacumba | 7.9169 | |
| -22.9608 | -43.2743 | -22.9068 | -43.1728 | Parque Nacional da Tijuca | 12.0064 | |
| -22.9028 | -43.2075 | -22.9068 | -43.1728 | 3.5874 | ||
| -22.5167 | -43.206 | -22.9068 | -43.1728 | 43.3342 | ||
| -21.9559 | -42.009 | -21.9566 | -42.0077 | Santa Maria Madalena | 0.1550 | |
| -21.9222 | -42.025 | -21.9566 | -42.0077 | 4.2075 | ||
| -21.9186 | -41.9516 | -21.9566 | -42.0077 | 7.1619 | ||
| -21.905 | -41.9496 | -21.9566 | -42.0077 | Parque Estadual do Desengano | 8.2870 | |
| -21.9042 | -41.9488 | -21.9566 | -42.0077 | Parque Estadual do Desengano | 8.4080 | |
| -21.8997 | -41.9111 | -21.9566 | -42.0077 | 11.8025 | ||
| -21.8988 | -41.9119 | -21.9566 | -42.0077 | Parque Estadual do Desengano | 11.7865 | |
| -21.865556 | -41.901111 | -21.9566 | -42.0077 | Parque Estadual do Desengano | 14.9307 | |
| -21.8494 | -41.8702 | -21.9566 | -42.0077 | Parque Estadual do Desengano | 18.5141 | |
| -21.865556 | -41.901111 | -21.6466 | -41.7489 | São Fidélis | 28.9081 | |
| -22.9278 | -42.4511 | -22.8935 | -42.4683 | Saquarema | Área de Proteção Ambiental da Massambaba | 4.1883 |
| -22.923 | -42.374 | -22.8935 | -42.4683 | Área de Proteção Ambiental da Massambaba | 10.2111 | |
| -22.9223 | -42.4453 | -22.8935 | -42.4683 | Reserva Ecológica Estadual de Jacarepiá | 3.9673 | |
| -22.9202 | -42.5102 | -22.8935 | -42.4683 | Área de Proteção Ambiental da Massambaba | 5.2174 | |
| -22.5055 | -42.275 | -22.6508 | -42.3905 | Silva Jardim | 19.9995 | |
| -22.4903 | -43.0657 | -22.4161 | -42.972 | Teresópolis | Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos | 12.6701 |
| -22.465 | -43.032222 | -22.4161 | -42.972 | Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos | 8.2312 | |
| -22.4627 | -43.0244 | -22.4161 | -42.972 | Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos | 7.4649 | |
| -22.4616 | -43.0283 | -22.4161 | -42.972 | Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos | 7.6795 | |
| -22.4601 | -43.028 | -22.4161 | -42.972 | Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos | 7.5480 | |
| -22.46 | -43.0281 | -22.4161 | -42.972 | Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos | 7.5487 | |
| -22.46 | -43.0286 | -22.4161 | -42.972 | Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos | 7.5882 | |
| -22.455 | -43.025556 | -22.4161 | -42.972 | 6.9965 | ||
| -22.45 | -43.166667 | -22.4161 | -42.972 | Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos | 20.3887 | |
| -22.4483 | -42.9833 | -22.4161 | -42.972 | Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos | 3.7506 | |
| -22.4166 | -42.9833 | -22.4161 | -42.972 | Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos | 1.1647 | |
| -22.4161 | -42.972 | -22.4161 | -42.972 | 12.0948 | ||
| -22.3786 | -42.8055 | -22.4161 | -42.972 | 17.6406 | ||
| -22.31889 | -42.5345 | -22.4161 | -42.972 | Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos | 46.3279 | |
| -22.4076 | -43.661 | -22.4076 | -43.661 | Vassouras | 11.9868 | |
| Mean deviation | 13.8087 |
The map (Fig. 1) was created using QGIS (Quantum GIS Development Team 2024) by plotting the collection localities on the Brazilian base map from IBGE (2020).
Figure 1.
Overview of geographical distribution for eight genera (Achyrocline, Chevreulia, Chionolaena, Facelis, Gamochaeta, Gnaphalium, Lucilia and Pseudognaphalium) of Gnaphalieae in Rio de Janeiro State considering the State's elevation (varying from 0 at its lowest point to 2,791 m at the Agulhas Negras peak in Parque Nacional do Itatiaia).
Sampling effort estimation: Rio de Janeiro State was divided in 5 km × 5 km quadrants, in which both the centroid and curated points were plotted, in separate maps (Fig. 2). The total number of sampled species for each coordinate was calculated by the sum of total points occurring in a quadrant and displayed as a heatmap.
Comparison between usage of centroid or accurate coordinates for sampling effort. A Heatmap (quantifying sampling effort) on Rio de Janeiro State, using centroid coordinates; B Heatmap (quantifying sampling effort) on Rio de Janeiro State, using curated and accurate coordinates.
Figure 2a.
Figure 2b.
The maps (Figs 1, 2, 3) were created using QGIS (Quantum GIS Development Team 2024) by plotting the total number of collected specimens per locality on the Brazilian base map from IBGE (2020) as well as the land use and coverage from IBGE (2024).
Figure 3.
Heatmap (quantifying sampling efforts) using centroid coordinates on Land use and coverage data of Rio de Janeiro State, south-eastern Brazil.
Geographic coverage
Description
The geographic coverage encompasses 44 out of 92 municipalities in the Rio de Janeiro State with occurrence points, with Itatiaia being the most well-sampled (384 occurrences) and with several municipalities presenting only one occurrence (Duas Barras, Miguel Pereira, São Fidélis etc.). Most of the specimens, as observed, occurred in Grasslands, either Campos de Altitude or Rock outcrops (Fig. 3) (Veloso and Filho 1982). More than half of the States' municipalities (48) do not have any Gnaphalieae records, even though some native species belonging to the tribe are of widespread occurrence, commonly cultivated for folk medicine, or can be ruderal or even weedy.
Coordinates
−23° and −20° Latitude; −44° and −42° Longitude.
Taxonomic coverage
Description
We recorded the occurrence of 31 species of Gnaphalieae, distributed in eight genera for Rio de Janeiro, which are the following: Achyroclinealata (Kunth) DC., A.arrojadoana Mattf., A.chionaea (DC.) Deble & Marchiori, A.flaccida (Weinm.) DC., A.gardneri (Baker) Deble & Marchiori, A.lanosa (Wawra) Deble, A.satureioides (Lam.) DC., A.vargasiana DC., A.vauthieriana DC., Chevreuliaacuminata Less., Chionolaenaarbuscula DC., C.capitata (Baker) Freire, C.isabellae Baker, C.latifolia (Benth.) Baker, C.lychnophorioides Sch.Bip., C.phylicoides (Gardner) Baker, C.wittigiana Baker, Facelisretusa (Lam.) Sch.Bip., Gamochaetaamericana (Mill.) Wedd., G.grazielae (Rizzini) Deble, G.pensylvanica (Willd.) Cabrera, G.purpurea (L.) Cabrera, G.simplicicaulis (Willd. ex Spreng.) Cabrera, G.stachydifolia (Lam.) Cabrera, Gnaphaliumpolycaulon Pers., Luciliaferruginea Baker, L.linearifolia Baker, L.lycopodioides (Less.) S.E.Freire, L.tomentosa Wedd., Pseudognaphaliumcheiranthifolium (Lam.) Hilliard & Burtt and P.gaudichaudianum (DC.) Anderb. (Table 2).
Table 2.
Information for Gnaphalieae genera and species. Distribution, habitat and phenology, based on herbaria data. New or not found occurrences, based on comparison to herbarium data and Flora e Funga do Brasil (Deble et al. 2023).
| Species | Distribution (Municipality) | Habitat | New Occurrence | Occurrence not Found | Phenology | |
| Achyrocline | alata (Kunth) DC. | Cachoeiras de Macacu, Itatiaia, Magé, Nova Friburgo, Paraty, Petrópolis, Rio Claro, Rio de Janeiro, Sapucaia and Teresópolis | Grasslands and Restinga | - | - | Jan/Feb/Mar/Apr/May/ Jun/Jul/Aug/Sept/Nov |
| arrajodoana Mattf. | Itatiaia, Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro and Teresópolis | Grasslands | - | - | Mar/May/Jun/Jul | |
| chionaea (DC.) Deble & Marchiori | Itatiaia, Nova Friburgo and Seropédica | Grasslands and Restinga | - | - | Jun/Dec | |
| citrina Griseb. | - | - | - | Yes | - | |
| flaccida (Weinm.) DC. | Angra dos Reis, Itatiaia, Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Maria Madalena and Teresópolis | Grasslands and Restinga | Yes | - | Jan/Feb/Mar/Apr/ Jul/Aug/Oct/Nov |
|
| gardneri (Baker) Deble & Marchiori | Itatiaia | Grasslands | Yes | - | August | |
| lanosa (Wawra) Deble | Itatiaia | Grasslands | - | - | Jun/Jul | |
| satureioides (Lam.) DC. | 44 municipalities | Grasslands and Restinga | - | - | Jan to Dec | |
| vargasiana DC. | Itatiaia, Nova Friburgo, Passa Três, Petrópolis and Rio de Janeiro | Grasslands and Restinga | - | - | Apr/May/Jun/Jul/Oct | |
| vauthieriana DC. | Rio de Janeiro and Teresópolis | Grasslands | Yes | - | Jan/Feb/Mar | |
| Chevreulia | acuminata Less. | Campos dos Goytacazes, Itatiaia, Nova Friburgo, Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Maria Madalena, Seropédica, Teresópolis and Vassouras | Grasslands and Restinga | - | - | Jan to Dec |
| Chionolaena | arbuscula DC. | Arraial do Cabo, Cachoeiras de Macacu, Itatiaia, Rio de Janeiro and Teresópolis | Grasslands and Restinga | Yes | - | Jan to Dec |
| capitata (Baker) Freire | Itatiaia, Rio Bonito, Rio de Janeiro and Teresópolis | Grasslands | - | - | Jan to Dec | |
| isabellae Baker | Itatiaia, Rio de Janeiro and Teresópolis | Grasslands | - | - | Jan to Dec | |
| latifolia (Benth) Baker | Itatiaia and Teresópolis | Grasslands | - | - | Jan to Dec | |
| lychnophorioides Sch.Bip | Itatiaia | Grasslands | Yes | - | May/Jun | |
| phylicoides (Gardner) Baker | Cachoeiras de Macacu, Nova Friburgo, Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro and Teresópolis | Grasslands and Restinga | - | - | Jan/Feb/Mar/Apr/May/ Jun/Jul/Aug/Sep/Nov |
|
| wittigiana Baker | Itatiaia | Grasslands | Yes | - | Jan/May/Jul/Oct/Nov | |
| Facelis | retusa (Lam.) Sch.Bip | Duas Barras, Itatiaia, Nova Friburgo, Petrópolis and Rio de Janeiro | Grasslands | - | - | Sep/Oct/Dec |
| Gamochaeta | americana (Mill.) Wedd. | Itatiaia, Macaé, Nova Friburgo, Paraty, Rio de Janeiro and Teresópolis | Grasslands and Restinga | - | - | Jan/Apr/May/Jun/Jul/ Aug/Sep/Oct/Nov/Dec |
| calviceps (Fernald) Cabrera | - | - | - | Yes | - | |
| grazielae (Rizzini) Deble | Itatiaia and Rio de Janeiro | Grasslands | - | - | Jan/Nov | |
| hiemalis Cabrera | - | - | - | Yes | - | |
| nigrevestis Deble & Marchiori | - | - | - | Yes | - | |
| pensylvanica (Willd.) Cabrera | Itatiaia, Rio das Ostras, Rio de Janeiro and Seropédica | Grasslands and Restinga | - | - | Apr/May/Jul/ Aug/Sep/Dec |
|
| purpurea (L.) Cabrera | Itatiaia, Mangaratiba, Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Teresópolis and Vassouras | Grasslands and Restinga | - | Jan/Feb/Mar/May/Jul/ Aug/Sep/Oct/Nov/Dec |
||
| rizzinii Cabrera | - | - | - | Yes | - | |
| simplicicaulis (Willd. ex Spreng.) Cabrera | Barra do Piraí, Cabo Frio, Nova Friburgo, Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Sapucaia and Teresópolis | Grasslands and Restinga | - | - | Mar/Aug/Oct/Nov | |
| stachydifolia (Lam.) Cabrera | Itatiaia and Rio de Janeiro | Grasslands and Restinga | Yes | - | Jan/Mar/Nov/Dec | |
| Gnaphalium | polycaulon Pers. | Nova Friburgo and Rio de Janeiro | Grasslands and Restinga | - | - | Apr/Jul/Aug/Dec |
| Lucilia | ferruginea Baker | Unknown | Unknown | - | - | Oct |
| linearifolia Baker | Itatiaia | Grasslands | - | - | Apr/Sep/Oct | |
| lycopodioides (Less.) S.E.Freire | Itatiaia, Rio de Janeiro and Teresópolis | Grasslands | - | - | Feb/Apr/May/ Jun/Jul/Sep/Nov |
|
| tomentosa Wedd. | Unknown | Unknown | Yes | - | Sep | |
| Pseudognaphalium | cheiranthifolium (Lam.) Hilliard & Burtt | Campos dos Goytacazes, Itatiaia, Macaé, Nova Friburgo, Paraty, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Maria Madalena and Teresópolis | Grasslands and Restinga | - | - | Jan to Dec |
| gaudichaudianum (DC.) Anderb. | Barra do Piraí, Itatiaia and Rio de Janeiro | Grasslands and Restinga | Yes | - | Jan/Jun/Aug/Oct | |
The Flora e Funga do Brasil (Deble et al. 2023) recognises the occurrence of 27 species and eight genera of the tribe. However, based on our analyses, we confirmed the occurrence of nine new species records and could not prove the occurrence of five species previously associated with the State (Table 2), accounting for a total of four more species than previously thought. Although most of the specimens had a municipality associated with its collection voucher, a minority of our data was incomplete regarding collection site (i.e., municipality, locality or any description of its place of origin), with the only information being the state/province of collection (Rio de Janeiro). In these cases, we considered the occurrence in the State valid, but not detailed enough for geographic coordinate comparison. Moreover, as the State and its capital are homonyms, it is common to find records probably coming from the State capital missing the information of the State itself, leaving a dubious interpretation if the specimen comes from the municipality or any other area of the State.
Amongst these genera, Achyrocline and Chevreulia have a wide distribution throughout the entire State (Suppl. material 1). More so, Achyroclinesatureioides, Chionolaenacapitata and Pseudognaphaliumcheiranthifolium are the most well-documented species for the area. Conversely, many of the genera have a low number of records and are mostly represented by old specimens, as in the case of Luciliantomentosa, which is only known by its type and three other samples with no information regarding date of collection.
Most species are found in the high-altitude Grasslands, which is expected as it is known to harbour a large diversity of Asteraceae. However, the Restinga, a coastal open habitat favourable for Asteraceae, which has a similar floristic composition (Araujo 2000, Vasconcelos 2014) was poorly represented (Fig. 3, Suppl. material 1, Table 2), accounting for 102 samples, roughly 9% of the points in our maps. The lack of specimens from 48 municipalities is striking, especially considering the absence of records of common and widespread species. This may represent a complete absence of sampling in these areas or maybe the fact that some botanists avoid sampling herbaceous and ruderal species, hindering the distribution records of species perceived as having less aesthetic, conservation or ecological value.
Temporal coverage
Notes
Our dataset covers collections from 1816 to 2023 (207 years) (Fig. 4), which coincides with when the State flora first started to be surveyed by Frei José Mariano da Conceição Vellozo, although the specimens studied by him had unknown or imprecise collection localities (Bediaga and Lima 2015). Almost two centuries since this pioneer effort, the current list represents a major update for the knowledge of Gnaphalieae in the State's flora. We could identify defined marks in the tribe’s sampling: 1) those in the monarchy era (pre-1881) associated with European naturalists’ presence in Brazil, brought by the Royal Family; 2) the 80s and 90s, especially after the Rio-92 convention for biodiversity, resulted in a spike in the number of sampled species and scientific studies regarding the family in the State; 3) post 2006, with the law enforcing Mata Atlântica conservation efforts, the number of studies comprising the State and Asteraceae were high (e.g. regional Floras and biogeography studies) and 4) close to 2014, when the Flora do Rio project was completed as a functional list, containing various degrees of information regarding the species occurring in the State and their conservation status.
Figure 4.
Records of sampled specimens per year in Rio de Janeiro State, south-eastern Brazil.
Usage licence
Usage licence
Other
IP rights notes
CC-BY 4.0
Data resources
Data package title
Diversity and distribution of Gnaphalieae in Rio de Janeiro – Brazil
Resource link
https://zenodo.org/records/14209790 https://zenodo.org/records/14224611
Number of data sets
1
Data set 1.
Data set name
Distribution and Diversity of Gnaphalieae in Rio de Janeiro
Data format
CSV
Description
Occurrences of eight genera and 31 species of Gnaphalieae in the Rio de Janeiro State. The set includes 942 entries with coordinates. The dataset was compiled by the usage of data available from herbarium collections on biodiversity repositories online through Rstudio and Excel and contains information on taxonomy, herbarium code, collector, year/month/day of record sample, municipality, locality and geographical coordinates.
Data set 1.
| Column label | Column description |
|---|---|
| Barcode | Herbarium voucher Barcode (used on speciesLink or Reflora). |
| catalogNumber | Herbarium Catalogue Number. |
| herbariumCode | Acronym of the herbarium according to Thiers (2023, continuously updated). |
| year | Indicates year collection of sample. |
| month | Indicates month collection of sample. |
| day | Indicates day collection of sample. |
| municipality | Municipality where the sampling was carried out. |
| locality | Description of the location where the sampling was carried out. |
| floweringStatus | If the specimen is in flower or not. |
| dataOrigin | Repository from where the data were obtained, either speciesLink (spLink), GBIF or REFLORA (RB). |
| decimalLat.interpreted | Latitude curated and accurate (as of author’s voucher or description). |
| decimalLong.interpreted | Longitude curated and accurate (as of author’s voucher or description). |
| decimalLat.centroid | Latitude assigned to centroid. |
| decimalLong.centroid | Longitude assigned to centroid. |
| scientificName.FFBR | Full scientific name with author as of Flora e Funga do Brasil. |
| originalFFB.RG | Indicates if the species is originally assigned on Flora e Funga do Brasil. |
| recordedBy | Indicates specimen collector. |
| recordNumber | Indicates the collector personal number for the specimen. |
| Habitat | If the species are found in Grasslands or Restinga. |
| date | Full date regarding the format Year-Month-Day (YYYY-MM-DD). |
| forGeoref | If the specimen data was used for georeferencing and had geographical data. |
| taxonRank | Regarding if the specimen is identified at the genus or species level. |
| stateProvince | Indicates the Brazilian State from where the sample originates. |
Additional information
Conclusion and Prospects
The dataset herein represents an important step in refining the knowledge of Gnaphalieae for Rio de Janeiro, which is a very representative State for the tribe in the Mata Atlântica of southeast Brazil. This dataset includes a total of 31 species, belonging to eight genera. In addition to the remarkable diversity of the group in the area, our study also highlights the challenges faced by most of the species, which is the lack of sampling in more than half of the State municipalities and refined geographic data.
Notably, one of the main foci of our study was to investigate whether assigning the most accurate possible or the centroid coordinate would make a difference to biodiversity and sampling mapping. Thereby, we showed that when the scale is too large (as in the case of Rio de Janeiro, which is a small State by Brazilian standards and roughly the size of Belgium), it does not change the location of the quadrant significantly, with a mean deviation of the original point to the centroid being 13 km (Table 1). Therefore, we measured the deviation and it is visible and plausible that using the centroid instead of the author’s assigned or interpreted coordinate is the most cost-efficient and reliable method, as human-led mistakes (e.g. wrong interpretation of a location or faults in GPS usage) are less prone to happen.
Overall, nine new species were already recorded in the State from herbarium data, but not recognised by Flora e Funga do Brasil and five species recorded in Flora and Funga do Brasil had no herbarium specimens that corroborated their occurrence. This increase is significant and may help future studies to give more attention to these “newly” recorded species and to validate the absence data of previously listed species.
Supplementary Material
Gnaphalieae distribution maps for each of the eight genera
Gigier, M.O.; Heiden, G. and Forzza, R.C.
Data type
Images
Brief description
Figures 1 to 5 display the distribution of each of Gnaphalieae's genera in the State of Rio de Janeiro, considering the State's elevation. Figures 3 to 5 are joint distributions for genera that occurrences do not overlap.
File: oo_1141600.zip
Acknowledgements
We thank the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) for the MSc. scholarship awarded to M.O.G. R.C.F. acknowledges research grants awarded by FAPERJ – Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (E‐26/200.967/2022) and CNPq – Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (303059/2020-6). This study is part of the Master’s dissertation of M.O.G. that was conducted at the Escola Nacional de Botânica Tropical at the Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Supplementary Materials
Gnaphalieae distribution maps for each of the eight genera
Gigier, M.O.; Heiden, G. and Forzza, R.C.
Data type
Images
Brief description
Figures 1 to 5 display the distribution of each of Gnaphalieae's genera in the State of Rio de Janeiro, considering the State's elevation. Figures 3 to 5 are joint distributions for genera that occurrences do not overlap.
File: oo_1141600.zip