Correction to: BMC Public Health 24, 2095 (2024)
10.1186/s12889-024-19209-y
Following publication of the original article [1], the authors identified an error in Table 6 and Table S5. The percentage for the every used oral contraceptives value for the NIH-AARP study has been corrected to 39%.
Table 6.
Women-specific characteristics by cohort (n = 1,546,217)1
| Cohort | Age at menarche ≤ 12 years | Parous | Age at first birth ≥ 25 years | Postmenopausal | Age at menopause ≥ 50 years2 | Ever used oral contraceptive | Ever used HRT |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cohorts with large proportions of vegetarians | |||||||
| Adventist Health Study-2 | 51.4 | 83.1 | 31.7 | 77.0 | 64.5 | 58.8 | 39.4 |
| CARRS-1 | 12.2 | 94.1 | - | 36.9 | 19.7 | 3.5 | - |
| CARRS-2 | 12.9 | 93.8 | - | 41.9 | 23.4 | 6.9 | |
| EPIC-Oxford | 39.8 | 61.0 | 38.2 | 40.2 | 54.8 | 73.7 | 18.2 |
| Oxford Vegetarian Study | - | 47.5 | 29.4 | 26.6 | - | 55.3 | - |
| Tzu Chi Health Study | 8.6 | 91.8 | - | 63.0 | 54.2 | 15.7 | 19.6 |
| UK Women’s Cohort Study | 41.6 | 77.2 | 44.8 | 60.9 | 48.0 | 66.9 | 27.2 |
| Very large cohorts | |||||||
| China Kadoorie Biobank | 5.5 | 98.7 | 32.5 | 57.2 | 43.1 | 9.8 | - |
| Million Women Study | 38.8 | 88.4 | 36.4 | 100 | 56.8 | 61.3 | 53.4 |
| NIH-AARP | 48.6 | 83.7 | 23.5 | 100 | 39.6 | 39.0 | 52.9 |
| UK Biobank | 37.6 | 81.2 | 47.1 | 77.8 | 63.3 | 81.1 | 37.7 |
| All cohorts combined | 33.5 | 87.3 | 35.3 | 84.2 | 52.1 | 50.6 | 37.8 |
Abbreviations: CARRS, Centre for cArdiometabolic Risk Reduction in South Asia; HRT, hormone replacement therapy; EPIC, European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition; NIH-AARP, National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study.
1Values are % of women within cohort.
2Postmenopausal women only.
“-” indicates that no information was available for this variable in the specified cohort.
Table S5.
Baseline characteristics of women by cohort1
| Total | AHS-2 | CARRS-1 | CARRS-2 | EPIC-Oxford | OVS | TCHS | UKWCS | CKB | MWS | NIH-AARP | UK Biobank | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 1,546,217 | 42,194 | 6,372 | 5,065 | 41,335 | 6,480 | 3,329 | 30,148 | 300,909 | 639,026 | 215,905 | 255,454 |
| Living with partner | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 1,145,967 (74.1) | 27,503 (65.2) |
5,671 (89.0) |
4,332 (85.5) |
27,614 (66.8) |
3,497 (54.0) | 2824 (84.8) | 22,282 (73.9) | 267,799 (89.0) | 511,789 (80.1) |
95,749 (44.3) |
176,907 (69.3) |
| No | 336,711 (21.8) | 13,937 (33.0) |
701 (11.0) |
733 (14.5) |
13,649 (33.0) |
2,934 (45.3) |
504 (15.1) |
7,415 (24.6) |
33,110 (11.0) | 118,337 (18.5) |
118,140 (54.7) |
27,251 (10.7) |
| Unknown | 63,539 (4.1) |
754 (1.8) |
0 (0.00) |
0 (0.00) |
72 (0.17) |
49 (0.76) |
1 (0.00) |
451 (1.5) |
0 (0.00) |
8,900 (1.4) |
2,016 (0.93) |
51,296 (20.1) |
| Educational status | ||||||||||||
| Less than secondary/high school | 514,795 (33.3) | 3,052 (7.2) |
1,568 (24.6) |
1,271 (25.1) |
5,426 (13.1) |
309 (4.8) |
1023 (30.7) |
4,671 (15.5) |
170,715 (56.7) | 217,050 (34.0) |
67,342 (31.2) |
42,368 (16.6) |
| Secondary/high school or equivalent | 572,012 (37.0) | 18,125 (43.0) |
3,859 (60.6) |
2,908 (57.4) |
16,422 (39.7) |
4,573 (70.6) | 1636 (49.1) | 15,539 (51.5) | 116,872 (38.8) | 305,150 (47.8) |
22,927 (10.6) |
64,001 (25.1) |
| University degree or equivalent | 430,226 (27.8) | 20,431 (48.4) |
945 (14.8) |
884 (17.5) |
16,406 (39.7) |
434 (6.7) |
670 (20.1) |
7,372 (24.5) |
13,322 (4.4) | 106,496 (16.7) |
118,637 (54.9) |
144,629 (56.6) |
| Unknown | 29,184 (1.9) |
586 (1.4) |
0 (0.00) |
2 (0.04) |
3,081 (7.5) |
1,164 (18.0) |
0 (0.00) |
2,566 (8.5) |
0 (0.00) |
10,330 (1.6) |
6,999 (3.2) |
4,456 (1.7) |
| Cigarette smoking | ||||||||||||
| Never | 974,560 (63.0) | 35,304 (83.7) |
6,094 (95.6) |
4,985 (98.4) |
25,457 (61.6) |
3,595 (55.5) | 3274 (98.3) | 16,851 (55.9) | 285,673 (94.9) | 346,928 (54.3) |
94,000 (43.5) |
152,399 (59.7) |
| Previous | 406,326 (26.3) | 6,166 (14.6) |
5 (0.08) |
21 (0.41) |
11,253 (27.2) |
1,809 (27.9) |
40 (1.20) |
9,148 (30.3) |
2,619 (0.87) | 211,953 (33.2) |
84,058 (38.9) |
79,254 (31.0) |
| Current | 146,379 (9.5) |
410 (0.97) |
58 (0.91) |
59 (1.2) |
4,439 (10.7) |
1,049 (16.2) |
15 (0.45) |
3,224 (10.7) |
12,617 (4.2) | 71,277 (11.2) |
30,343 (14.1) |
22,888 (9.0) |
| Unknown | 18,952 (1.2) |
314 (0.74) |
215 (3.4) |
0 (0.00) |
186 (0.45) |
27 (0.42) |
0 (0.00) |
925 (3.1) |
0 (0.00) |
8,868 (1.4) |
7,504 (3.5) |
913 (0.36) |
| Physical activity | ||||||||||||
| Inactive | 357,643 (23.1) | 8,553 (20.3) |
2,681 (42.1) |
3,815 (75.3) |
23,253 (56.3) |
2,596 (40.1) | 1248 (37.5) | 22,033 (73.1) | 99,953 (33.2)2 | 36,813 (5.8) |
79,280 (36.7) |
77,418 (30.3) |
| Moderately active | 426,785 (27.6) | 13,711 (32.5) |
797 (12.5) |
491 (9.7) |
6,931 (16.8) |
1,871 (28.9) | 1082 (32.5) |
7,074 (23.5) |
100,654 (33.4)2 | 70,898 (11.1) |
99,164 (45.9) |
124,112 (48.6) |
| Highly active | 570,911 (36.9) | 17,753 (42.1) |
1,494 (23.4) |
40 (0.79) |
4,770 (11.5) |
1,831 (28.3) |
999 (30.0) |
1,032 (3.4) |
100,302 (33.3)2 | 364,921 (57.1) |
34,746 (16.1) |
43,023 (16.8) |
| Unknown | 190,878 (12.3) | 2,177 (5.2) |
1,400 (22.0) |
719 (14.2) |
6,381 (15.4) |
182 (2.8) |
0 (0.00) |
9 (0.03) |
0 (0.00) |
166,394 (26.0) |
2,715 (1.3) |
10,901 (4.3) |
| History of diabetes | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 71,748 (4.6) | 3,195 (7.6) |
777 (12.2) |
830 (16.4) |
459 (1.1) |
33 (0.51) |
155 (4.7) |
544 (1.8) |
18,426 (6.1) | 21,570 (3.4) |
16,204 (7.5) |
9,555 (3.7) |
| No | 1,466,761 (94.9) | 38,512 (91.3) |
5,569 (87.4) |
4,231 (83.5) |
36,684 (88.7) |
6,419 (99.1) | 3174 (95.3) | 27,293 (90.5) | 282,483 (93.9) | 617,456 (96.6) |
199,701 (92.5) |
245,239 (96.0) |
| Unknown | 7,708 (0.50) |
487 (1.2) |
26 (0.41) |
4 (0.08) |
4,192 (10.1) |
28 (0.43) |
0 (0.00) |
2,311 (7.7) |
0 (0.00) |
0 (0.00) |
0 (0.00) |
660 (0.26) |
| Age at menarche | ||||||||||||
| ≤ 10 years | 60,622 (3.9) | 3,658 (8.7) |
16 (0.25) |
18 (0.36) |
1,800 (4.4) |
- |
3 (0.09) |
1,760 (5.8) |
278 (0.09) |
26,924 (4.2) |
14,720 (6.8) |
11,445 (4.5) |
| 11–12 years | 457,022 (29.6) | 18,046 (42.8) |
759 (11.9) |
635 (12.5) |
14,635 (35.4) |
- |
282 (8.47) |
10,787 (35.8) | 16,130 (5.4) | 220,840 (34.6) |
90,177 (41.8) |
84,731 (33.2) |
| 13–14 years | 624,908 (40.4) | 15,807 (37.5) |
3,931 (61.7) |
2,817 (55.6) |
18,925 (45.8) |
- | 1482 (44.5) | 13,111 (43.5) | 84,506 (28.1) | 285,866 (44.7) |
89,002 (41.2) |
109,461 (42.8) |
| ≥ 15 years | 375,784 (24.3) | 4,365 (10.3) |
1,664 (26.1) |
1,570 (31.0) |
5,399 (13.1) |
- | 1536 (46.1) |
3,877 (12.9) |
199,947 (66.4) | 95,559 (15.0) |
19,860 (9.2) |
42,007 (16.4) |
| Unknown | 27,881 (1.8) |
318 (0.75) |
2 (0.03) |
25 (0.49) |
576 (1.4) |
6,480 (100) |
26 (0.8) |
613 (2.0) |
48 (0.02) |
9,837 (1.5) |
2,146 (0.99) |
7,810 (3.1) |
| Parity | ||||||||||||
| None | 187,425 (12.1) | 6,542 (15.5) |
329 (5.2) |
295 (5.8) |
15,748 (38.1) |
3,244 (50.1) |
255 (7.66) |
3,739 (12.4) |
3,956 (1.3) |
72,831 (11.4) |
32,816 (15.2) |
47,670 (18.7) |
| One | 254,901 (16.5) | 5,457 (12.9) |
546 (8.6) |
385 (7.6) |
5,357 (13.0) |
917 (14.2) |
184 (5.53) |
3,748 (12.4) |
103,690 (34.5) | 78,095 (12.2) |
22,460 (10.4) |
34,062 (13.3) |
| Two | 593,107 (38.4) | 13,342 (31.6) |
1,692 (26.6) |
1,287 (25.4) |
12,261 (29.7) |
1,386 (21.4) | 1148 (34.5) | 11,668 (38.7) | 95,596 (31.8) | 287,141 (44.9) |
55,974 (25.9) |
111,612 (43.7) |
| 3–4 | 430,594 (27.8) | 13,045 (30.9) |
2,489 (39.1) |
1,983 (39.2) |
7,062 (17.1) |
714 (11.0) |
1550 (46.6) |
7,255 (24.1) |
77,933 (25.9) | 182,369 (28.5) |
78,618 (36.4) |
57,576 (22.5) |
| 5–9 | 70,558 (4.6) | 3,066 (7.3) |
1,211 (19.0) |
1,042 (20.6) |
526 (1.3) |
63 (0.97) |
173 (5.20) |
603 (2.0) |
19,542 (6.5) | 17,126 (2.7) |
23,014 (10.7) |
4,192 (1.6) |
| ≥ 10 | 1,305 (0.08) |
133 (0.32) |
59 (0.93) |
52 (1.0) |
2 (0.00) |
1 (0.02) |
0 (0.00) |
12 (0.04) |
192 (0.06) |
63 (0.01) |
746 (0.35) |
45 (0.02) |
| Unknown | 8,327 (0.54) |
609 (1.4) |
46 (0.72) |
21 (0.41) |
379 (0.92) |
155 (2.4) |
19 (0.6) |
3,123 (10.4) |
0 (0.00) |
1,401 (0.22) |
2,277 (1.1) |
297 (0.12) |
| Age at first birth | ||||||||||||
| ≤ 19 years | 157,185 (10.2) | 5,947 (14.1) | - | - |
1,489 (3.6) |
195 (3.0) |
- |
1,661 (5.5) |
28,021 (9.3) | 62,803 (9.8) |
37,301 (17.3) |
19,768 (7.7) |
| 20–24 years | 619,652 (40.1) | 13,002 (30.8) | - | - |
7,934 (19.2) |
967 (14.9) |
- |
8,101 (26.9) |
170,982 (56.8) | 258,825 (40.5) |
92,737 (43.0) |
67,104 (26.3) |
| 25–29 years | 401,728 (26.0) | 8,627 (20.4) | - | - |
9,889 (23.9) |
1,259 (19.4) | - |
8,883 (29.5) |
86,929 (28.9) | 173,713 (27.2) |
38,202 (17.7) |
74,226 (29.1) |
| 30–34 years | 108,882 (7.0) | 3,479 (8.2) | - | - |
4,444 (10.8) |
490 (7.6) |
- |
3,434 (11.4) |
9,222 (3.1) |
45,920 (7.2) |
9,717 (4.5) |
32,176 (12.6) |
| 35–39 years | 30,023 (1.9) | 1,049 (2.5) | - | - |
1,248 (3.0) |
134 (2.1) |
- |
1,025 (3.4) |
1,433 (0.48) | 11,223 (1.8) |
2,387 (1.1) |
11,524 (4.5) |
| ≥ 40 years | 5,511 (0.36) |
236 (0.56) |
- | - |
193 (0.47) |
23 (0.35) |
- |
157 (0.52) |
218 (0.07) |
2,002 (0.31) |
413 (0.19) |
2,269 (0.89) |
| No children | 187,425 (12.1) | 6,542 (15.5) |
329 (5.2) |
295 (5.8) |
15,748 (38.1) |
3,244 (50.1) |
255 (7.7) |
3,739 (12.4) |
3,956 (1.3) |
72,831 (11.4) |
32,816 (15.2) |
47,670 (18.7) |
| Unknown | 35,811 (2.3) | 3,312 (7.8) |
6,043 (94.8) |
4,770 (94.2) |
390 (0.94) |
168 (2.6) |
3074 (92.3) |
3,148 (10.4) |
148 (0.05) |
11,709 (1.8) |
2,332 (1.1) |
717 (0.28) |
| Menopausal status | ||||||||||||
| Pre-menopausal | 244,562 (15.8) | 9,689 (23.0) |
4,018 (63.1) |
2,941 (58.1) |
24,718 (59.8) |
4,754 (73.4) | 1232 (37.0) | 11,796 (39.1) | 128,741 (42.8) |
1 (0.00) |
0 (0.00) |
56,672 (22.2) |
| Post-menopausal | 1,301,655 (84.2) | 32,505 (77.0) |
2,354 (36.9) |
2,124 (41.9) |
16,617 (40.2) |
1,726 (26.6) | 2097 (63.0) | 18,352 (60.9) | 172,168 (57.2) | 639,025 (100.0) |
215,905 (100) |
198,782 (77.8) |
|
Age at menopause (postmenopausal women only) |
||||||||||||
| < 40 years | 77,087 (5.9) | 2,594 (8.0) |
406 (17.2) |
292 (13.7) |
0 (0.00) |
- |
131 (6.2) |
2,004 (10.9) |
6,464 (3.8) | 21,158 (3.3) |
38,407 (17.8) |
5,631 (2.8) |
| 40–44 years | 124,498 (9.6) | 3,005 (9.2) |
639 (27.1) |
518 (24.4) |
1,508 (9.1) |
- |
251 (12.0) |
2,008 (10.9) |
18,184 (10.6) | 52,184 (8.2) |
33,393 (15.5) |
12,808 (6.4) |
| 45–49 years | 296,861 (22.8) | 5,383 (16.6) |
757 (32.2) |
653 (30.7) |
3,142 (18.9) |
- |
556 (26.5) |
3,953 (21.5) |
65,017 (37.8) | 132,074 (20.7) |
51,357 (23.8) |
33,969 (17.1) |
| 50–54 years | 438,854 (33.7) | 7,762 (23.9) |
340 (14.4) |
375 (17.7) |
4,893 (29.4) |
- |
964 (46.0) |
6,294 (34.3) |
60,141 (34.9) | 223,470 (35.0) |
66,050 (30.6) |
68,565 (34.5) |
| ≥ 55 years | 104,681 (8.0) | 12,232 (37.6) |
103 (4.4) |
73 (3.4) |
739 (4.4) |
- |
173 (8.2) |
1,051 (5.7) |
7,779 (4.5) | 46,200 (7.2) |
14,617 (6.8) |
21,714 (10.9) |
| Unknown | 259,674 (19.9) | 1,529 (4.7) |
109 (4.6) |
213 (10.0) |
6,335 (38.1) |
1,726 (100) |
22 (1.0) |
3,042 (16.6) |
14,583 (8.5) | 163,939 (25.7) |
12,081 (5.6) |
56,095 (28.2) |
| Ever used oral contraceptives | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 791,983 (51.3) | 24,802 (58.8) |
223 (3.5) |
349 (6.9) |
30,475 (73.7) |
3,582 (55.3) |
523 (15.7) |
20,167 (66.9) | 29,611 (9.8) | 391,488 (61.3) |
84,234 (39.0) |
207,052 (81.1) |
| No | 742,243 (48.1) | 17,392 (41.2) |
6,148 (96.5) |
4,688 (92.6) |
10,503 (25.4) |
2,848 (44.0) | 2778 (83.4) |
9,521 (31.6) |
271,252 (90.1) | 243,805 (38.2) |
128,537 (59.5) |
47,549 (18.6) |
| Unknown | 8,662 (0.6) | - |
1 (0.02) |
28 (0.55) |
357 (0.86) |
50 (0.77) |
28 (0.01) |
460 (1.5) |
46 (0.02) |
3,733 (0.58) |
3,134 (1.45) |
853 (0.33) |
| Ever used hormone replacement therapy | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 584,677 (37.8) | 16,619 (39.4) | - | - |
7,506 (18.2) |
- |
654 (19.6) |
8,198 (27.2) |
- | 341,137 (53.4) |
114,186 (52.9) |
96,377 (37.7) |
| No | 628,851 (40.7) | 24,294 (57.6) | - | - |
33,239 (80.4) |
- | 1432 (43.0) | 20,997 (69.6) | - | 289,096 (45.2) |
101,719 (47.1) |
158,074 (61.9) |
| Unknown | 332,689 (21.5) | 1,281 (3.0) |
6,372 (100) |
5,065 (100) |
590 (1.4) |
6,480 (100) | 1243 (37.3) |
953 (3.2) |
300,909 (100) |
8,793 (1.4) |
0 (0.00) |
1,003 (0.39) |
Abbreviations: AHS-2, Adventist Health Study-2; CARRS, Centre for cArdiometabolic Risk Reduction in South Asia; CKB, China Kadoorie Biobank; EPIC, European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition; MWS, Million Women Study; NIH-AARP, National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study; OVS, Oxford Vegetarian Study; TCHS, Tzu Chi Health Study; UKWCS, UK Women’s Cohort Study.
1All values are N (%).
2Sex-specific tertiles of metabolic equivalents.
c indicates that no information was available for this variable in the specified cohort.
The original article [1] has been corrected.
Footnotes
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Contributor Information
Yashvee Dunneram, Email: yashvee.dunneram@newcastle.ac.uk.
Timothy J. Key, Email: tim.key@ndph.ox.ac.uk