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. 2025 Jun 13;104(24):e42866. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000042866

Exploring the career aspirations and motivations of doctor of pharmacy students: A qualitative study

Saad M Wali a,*, Ahmed M Ashour a, Nasser M Alorfi a, Fahad S Alshehri a, Mohammed M Aldurdunji b, Maan H Harbi a, Shaker T Alsharif c, Ohood K Almuzaini a, Saeed H Alzahrani d
PMCID: PMC12173291  PMID: 40527830

Abstract

Clinical pharmacy is an evolving discipline that plays an important role in optimizing patient care and medication therapy. In Saudi Arabia, transformative changes under Vision 2030 emphasize the importance of clinical pharmacists in improving healthcare outcomes. However, the transition from academic training to professional practice is accompanied by challenges, including insufficient practical training, systemic barriers, and evolving job market demands. This study aims to explore the career aspirations, motivations, preparedness, and barriers faced by fifth- and sixth-year of Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D) students at Umm Al-Qura University, providing insights into the factors guiding their career paths. A qualitative study was conducted between November 2024 and January 2025. Data were collected using a semi-structured interview process with an open-ended questionnaire administered electronically to 105 students. Thematic analysis was employed to analyze the qualitative data, identifying recurring patterns and themes. Students expressed a preference for hospital and pharmaceutical company careers, influenced primarily by financial stability, career growth opportunities, and work–life balance. However, barriers such as high workloads, unclear clinical pharmacist roles, and limited professional recognition discouraged many from pursuing hospital-based clinical pharmacy careers. Most participants indicated a strong interest in further education and specialized training to enhance their professional readiness. Academic and internship experiences played a pivotal role in shaping career preferences, highlighting the importance of experiential learning in bridging the gap between education and practice. This study highlights the aspirations and challenges faced by Pharm.D students, emphasizing the need for educational reforms and systemic improvements to better align academic training with workforce demands. Addressing barriers and enhancing practical training opportunities are essential to fully integrate clinical pharmacists into Saudi Arabia’s healthcare system, supporting Vision 2030’s objectives. These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers, educators, and healthcare leaders shaping a resilient and future-focused clinical pharmacy workforce.

Keywords: barriers to practice, career aspirations, Clinical pharmacy, Pharm.D students, professional readiness, qualitative study, Saudi Arabia, Vision 2030.

1. Introduction

Clinical pharmacy has become a pivotal component of contemporary healthcare, playing a critical role in ensuring optimal medication use, minimizing adverse drug reactions, and enhancing patient outcomes.[1,2] Clinical pharmacists have expanded their roles beyond traditional pharmacy practice, becoming integral members of multidisciplinary teams that focus on medication therapy management, patient counseling, and personalized healthcare strategies.[3,4] This evolution reflects the growing recognition of clinical pharmacy as an essential discipline in addressing the complexities of modern medicine and patient care.[5]

Globally, the profession has diversified into various fields, including hospital practice, pharmaceutical industries, academia, and research, creating a dynamic and multifaceted career landscape for pharmacy graduates.[6] The demand for highly skilled clinical pharmacists is increasing, driven by the need for specialized expertise in managing chronic diseases, implementing evidence-based therapies, and contributing to healthcare innovation.[7–9] However, this growth also brings challenges, particularly in ensuring that educational systems adequately prepare graduates for these roles.[10,11]

In Saudi Arabia, healthcare is undergoing transformative changes under Vision 2030, which prioritizes the enhancement of healthcare quality and access through the integration of advanced technologies and specialized healthcare services.[12] This national vision emphasizes the critical role of clinical pharmacists in achieving these goals, highlighting their potential to improve patient care, reduce medication-related errors, and optimize healthcare resources.[13] Policy reforms and institutional initiatives have facilitated the expansion of clinical pharmacy roles, creating new opportunities for pharmacy graduates while simultaneously raising expectations regarding their preparedness and capabilities.[14,15]

Despite these advancements, the journey from academic training to professional practice is not without challenges. Many Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D) students in Saudi Arabia face barriers such as insufficient practical training, limited exposure to real-world clinical scenarios, and a lack of structured residency programs.[16] These gaps in education and training can hinder their confidence and readiness to assume clinical roles, ultimately impacting their career aspirations. Furthermore, systemic challenges, such as high workloads, unclear role definitions, and limited recognition within healthcare teams, continue to deter students from pursuing hospital-based clinical pharmacy careers.[17,18]

The competitive job market and evolving demands of the healthcare sector further complicate the landscape for pharmacy graduates. In addition to academic preparedness, graduates must navigate issues such as job availability, work–life balance, and career growth opportunities.[19,20] These factors are particularly relevant in Saudi Arabia, where the increasing integration of clinical pharmacists into healthcare systems has not yet been uniformly achieved, leading to regional disparities in practice and job opportunities.[21]

Given the critical role of education in shaping career choices, it is essential to explore how academic and internship experiences influence pharmacy students’ perceptions of their professional preparedness and career aspirations. Understanding these dynamics is pivotal for designing educational strategies that align with workforce demands and for implementing reforms that address systemic barriers.

This study investigates the career aspirations, motivations, and perceived barriers among fifth- and sixth-year Pharm.D students at Umm Al-Qura University. By examining their experiences and perspectives, this research seeks to provide insights that can guide policy development, educational reforms, and workforce strategies to enhance the clinical pharmacy profession in Saudi Arabia and beyond. Through this exploration, the study contributes to the broader discourse on the role of education and systemic factors in shaping the future of pharmacy practice.

2. Methods

2.1. Study design and setting

This qualitative study was conducted to explore the career aspirations, motivations, perceived preparedness, and barriers faced by Pharm.D students at Umm Al-Qura University. The study was undertaken between November 2024 and January 2025. This timeframe allowed adequate opportunity for data collection and analysis to gain comprehensive insights into the participants’ perspectives.

2.2. Participants and recruitment

The study focused on fifth- and sixth-year Pharm.D students at Umm Al-Qura University. Participants were recruited using purposive sampling to ensure a diverse range of experiences and perspectives. Eligibility criteria included active enrollment in the specified academic years and a willingness to participate in the study. A total of 105 domestic students participated, providing rich qualitative data.

2.3. Data collection

A semi-structured interview process, utilizing an open-ended questionnaire, served as the primary data collection tool. The questionnaire was designed to explore students’ career aspirations, motivations, perceptions of clinical pharmacy practice, and perceived barriers to specific career paths. Its development was informed by an extensive literature review and refined with input from 3 subject-matter experts to ensure validity, clarity, and relevance.

Participants completed the questionnaire electronically via a secure online platform during a 2-month data collection period. This flexible format enabled thoughtful, in-depth responses at participants’ convenience. Detailed instructions accompanied the questionnaire, and participants were encouraged to contact the research team for clarification or support during the data collection process.

2.4. Ethics

Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the Biomedical Research Ethics Committee at Umm Al-Qura University (Approval no. HAPO-02-K-012-2025-01-2502). All responses were anonymized to maintain confidentiality, and participation was voluntary.

2.5. Data analysis

Thematic analysis was employed to analyze the qualitative data, focusing on identifying, examining, and reporting patterns within the responses. A manual approach was utilized, with participant responses organized and reviewed in Microsoft Excel. The data were sorted, categorized, and manually analyzed to uncover recurring patterns and themes, enabling close engagement with the material and fostering a comprehensive understanding of participants’ perspectives.

Interviews were transcribed verbatim, and thematic analysis was conducted on the transcripts. Two researchers independently coded the data, resolving discrepancies through discussion to ensure consistency and reliability. Key themes were identified inductively and aligned with the study objectives. The process included triangulation with the research objectives to enhance alignment and credibility. While unconventional, the manual analysis approach allowed for flexibility in exploring intricate complexities within participant responses, ensuring findings were contextually grounded and representative.

2.6. Trustworthiness

To ensure rigor and trustworthiness, several strategies were implemented. Credibility was established through peer debriefing to validate the relevance and accuracy of identified themes. Transferability was enhanced by providing detailed descriptions of the study context and participant experiences, facilitating applicability to similar settings. Dependability was ensured by maintaining a transparent audit trail of the data collection and analysis process, guaranteeing methodological consistency. To enhance reflexivity, the primary researcher maintained a reflexive journal throughout the data collection and analysis process, documenting personal assumptions and potential biases. This practice ensured continuous self-awareness and transparency during interpretation. Peer debriefing sessions with independent colleagues were also held to review emerging codes and themes critically. Additionally, 2 researchers independently coded the transcripts, and discrepancies were discussed until consensus was reached. These strategies were implemented to mitigate subjective interpretation and enhance the trustworthiness of the findings.

3. Results

3.1. Career preferences

The career preferences of fifth- and sixth-year Pharm.D students at Umm Al-Qura University showed a close competition between hospitals and pharmaceutical companies. Among the 105 respondents, 42.9% preferred to work in hospitals, while 41% expressed a preference for pharmaceutical companies. Other career options, including drug manufacturing (5%), academia (3%), and other fields (3%), were less frequently chosen. Furthermore, 5% of the respondents reported uncertainty about their career path, selecting “I don’t know.” These findings underscore a significant inclination toward pharmaceutical companies and hospitals as career destinations (Fig. 1).

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

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Career preferences of Pharm.D students. Distribution of preferred career paths among fifth- and sixth-year Pharm.D students at Umm Al-Qura University. Hospital and pharmaceutical company careers were most commonly selected, followed by drug manufacturing, academia, and other fields. A small proportion remained undecided.

3.2. Motivations for career choices

Students identified several key factors driving their career preferences. Financial stability emerged as the most influential factor, motivating 70% of respondents. Career growth opportunities were the second most cited driver (60%), followed by work–life balance (50%) and passion for the role (30%). These findings reflect a mix of practical and personal factors shaping career decisions (Fig. 2).

Figure 2.

Figure 2.

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Motivations for career choices among Pharm.D Students. The bar chart illustrates the primary factors influencing career decisions among fifth- and sixth-year Pharm.D students at Umm Al-Qura University (N = 105). Financial stability was the most frequently reported motivator (70%), followed by career growth opportunities (60%), work–life balance (50%), and passion for the role (30%).

3.3. Work environment and lifestyle

Students’ preferences regarding work environments reflected a balance between professional satisfaction and lifestyle considerations. While hospitals appealed to 43% of respondents for their structured work environment and opportunities to engage in direct patient care, pharmaceutical companies were favored by 41% for offering better work–life balance, higher income, and career flexibility. Academia attracted 3% of students for its intellectual and mentoring opportunities, whereas other fields, such as drug manufacturing, attracted 5%, reflecting niche interests.

3.4. Perceived role of clinical pharmacists

Participants demonstrated a strong understanding of the vital role clinical pharmacists play in healthcare teams. A majority (65%) acknowledged their contributions to patient care, including optimizing medication regimens, monitoring drug interactions, and improving overall health outcomes. However, 35% of respondents indicated a lack of clarity about the specific responsibilities and importance of clinical pharmacists. This highlights the need for better communication and advocacy regarding the profession’s role within the healthcare system (Fig. 3).

Figure 3.

Figure 3.

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Perceived role of clinical pharmacists among Pharm.D students. This pie chart displays students’ perceptions regarding the role of clinical pharmacists in the healthcare system (N = 105). While 65% of respondents indicated a clear understanding of clinical pharmacists’ responsibilities—such as medication management and patient care—35% reported a lack of clarity about the profession’s role.

3.5. Barriers to hospital-based clinical pharmacy careers

Several barriers discouraged students from pursuing hospital-based clinical pharmacy careers. The most commonly cited barrier was the high workload (50%), followed by unclear roles for clinical pharmacists within hospitals (40%). Lack of professional recognition (30%) and cultural challenges (20%) were also noted as significant obstacles. These results suggest systemic issues that may reduce the attractiveness of hospital roles for Pharm.D graduates (Fig. 4).

Figure 4.

Figure 4.

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Barriers to hospital-based clinical pharmacy careers identified by Pharm.D students. This bar chart presents the primary challenges discouraging Pharm.D students (N = 105) from pursuing clinical pharmacy careers in hospital settings. The most frequently reported barrier was the high workload (50%), followed by unclear clinical roles (40%), lack of professional recognition (30%), and cultural challenges (20%).

3.6. Interest in further education

The majority of respondents (75%) expressed interest in pursuing further education or certifications to enhance their career prospects. Popular areas of interest included advanced clinical pharmacy training, management and leadership certifications, and PhD programs, particularly among those aspiring to academia. Meanwhile, 25% of students reported no plans for further education, citing satisfaction with their current qualifications or a desire to enter the workforce.

3.7. Preparedness for clinical roles

The survey revealed mixed perceptions of readiness among students for clinical pharmacy roles. While 55% felt moderately prepared, citing sufficient theoretical knowledge gained during their studies, only 30% felt fully ready to take on these responsibilities. The remaining 15% expressed significant concerns, particularly around the lack of practical training and insufficient exposure to real-world clinical settings. These findings emphasize the importance of integrating more hands-on experiences into the Pharm.D curriculum.

3.8. Impact of education and training

Participants highlighted the pivotal influence of their education and training on career preferences. Nearly 70% reported that internships and clinical rotations helped them better understand the practical applications of their studies and shaped their career choices. However, 30% noted a disconnect between theoretical education and real-world practice, particularly in hospital settings. This suggests that while academic programs provide a strong foundation, they may benefit from additional practical components to bridge this gap.

3.9. Job market and opportunities

Participants expressed varied perspectives on the current job market for pharmacy professionals. While 50% believed there were ample opportunities in pharmaceutical companies, only 35% perceived the same for hospital-based clinical pharmacy roles, citing high competition and limited positions. Additionally, 15% highlighted the growing need for advanced certifications, such as residencies, to secure competitive roles. These insights indicate a dynamic job market requiring strategic preparation from new graduates.

3.10. Challenges in healthcare collaboration

The survey identified significant challenges for clinical pharmacists in collaborating with other healthcare professionals. Over half (55%) of respondents reported difficulty in being recognized as integral team members, particularly in hospital settings. Another 30% mentioned challenges in communication with doctors, often stemming from a lack of awareness about pharmacists’ expertise. These challenges underscore the need for enhanced interdisciplinary education and advocacy to elevate the role of clinical pharmacists in collaborative healthcare.

3.11. Perceptions of pharmacy practice in Saudi Arabia

Participants shared varied insights into the state of pharmacy practice in Saudi Arabia. While 60% recognized progress in integrating clinical pharmacists into healthcare teams, 40% highlighted several areas for improvement. These included increasing job opportunities, enhancing professional recognition, and providing structured residency programs. Despite these challenges, students expressed optimism about the future of pharmacy practice, driven by ongoing healthcare reforms and the increasing demand for specialized pharmacists, especially with the initiatives under Saudi Vision 2030.

4. Discussion

This study underscores the nuanced career aspirations and barriers faced by Pharm.D students at Umm Al-Qura University. The preference for hospital and pharmaceutical company careers reflects the growing opportunities in these fields, particularly under Saudi Vision 2030, and the financial advantages associated with these roles, such as higher salaries and better benefits. However, barriers such as high workloads, unclear roles, and limited recognition of clinical pharmacists reveal systemic challenges that need to be addressed to maximize the contribution of clinical pharmacists to healthcare.

4.1. Global and local contexts of career motivations

The findings align with global literature, which highlights financial stability, career growth, and work–life balance as key drivers of career decisions among healthcare professionals.[22] In Saudi Arabia, these motivations are further shaped by national reforms promoting specialized healthcare roles and private sector growth.[23] However, the relatively low preference for academia indicates a need to enhance the visibility and appeal of research and teaching careers within pharmacy education. These insights reflect the broader challenge of diversifying career pathways in pharmacy globally.[14,24]

4.2. Barriers to clinical pharmacy careers

Participants identified significant challenges, particularly within hospital-based clinical pharmacy roles. Barriers such as unclear job descriptions, insufficient professional recognition, and cultural norms mirror findings from international studies.[25,26] However, the cultural context in Saudi Arabia introduces unique dynamics, such as gender-specific workplace interactions and the societal perception of pharmacists’ roles. Addressing these barriers through structured residency programs and interprofessional training is critical for integrating clinical pharmacists into the healthcare team.[27–30]

4.3. Educational and training implications

The strong interest in further education underscores the importance of aligning pharmacy curricula with evolving healthcare needs. While students expressed confidence in their foundational knowledge, they highlighted gaps in practical training and readiness for clinical roles. This suggests that integrating case-based learning and clinical rotations earlier in pharmacy programs could significantly enhance students’ readiness. These findings resonate with international calls to bridge the gap between academic preparation and real-world practice.[31,32]

Building on these insights, the study highlights clear implications for pharmacy workforce development under Saudi Vision 2030. Students’ enthusiasm for advanced clinical training and leadership roles reflects a growing readiness to contribute to the Kingdom’s evolving healthcare system. To harness this potential, policymakers should consider enhancing postgraduate training pathways, clearly defining the roles of clinical pharmacists in hospital settings, and incorporating leadership, health policy, and practice management into the Pharm.D curriculum. Addressing systemic issues such as role ambiguity and lack of professional recognition will be essential to maximize the contribution of clinical pharmacists to patient care and health system innovation.

Complementing these policy-level reforms, academic institutions and healthcare organizations must also implement targeted strategies to support the successful transition of Pharm.D graduates into the workforce. Structured residency programs, mentorship initiatives, and career counseling services can bridge the gap between students’ academic preparation and the realities of clinical practice. Additionally, incorporating practical skill development, interprofessional collaboration, and leadership training into the curriculum will empower future pharmacists to assume more impactful roles. These efforts are vital not only for individual professional growth but also for strengthening the capacity and effectiveness of the pharmacy workforce in alignment with the Kingdom’s healthcare transformation agenda.

4.4. Limitations and future directions

This study is limited by its focus on a single university, which may not fully represent the experiences of Pharm.D students across Saudi Arabia. Future research should expand to include a larger, more diverse sample and explore the longitudinal impact of educational interventions on career outcomes. Furthermore, qualitative studies could provide deeper insights into the cultural and systemic factors shaping career decision.

5. Conclusion

The career aspirations and motivations of Pharm.D students at Umm Al-Qura University reflect both global trends and local contexts. Addressing barriers to clinical pharmacy careers and enhancing educational programs are critical steps in fostering a workforce aligned with Saudi Arabia’s healthcare transformation goals. These findings provide actionable recommendations for educators, policymakers, and healthcare leaders aiming to optimize the contribution of pharmacists to patient care.

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge ChatGPT, an AI language model by OpenAI, for proofreading and refining parts of the manuscript, while retaining full responsibility for its content and accuracy.

Author contributions

Conceptualization: Saad M. Wali, Nasser M. Alorfi, Fahad S. Alshehri, Mohammed M. Aldurdunji.

Data curation: Saeed H. Alzahrani.

Formal analysis: Saad M. Wali, Mohammed M. Aldurdunji, Ohood K. Almuzaini.

Investigation: Ahmed M. Ashour, Nasser M. Alorfi, Shaker T. Alsharif.

Methodology: Saad M. Wali, Nasser M. Alorfi, Maan H. Harbi, Saeed H. Alzahrani.

Project administration: Saad M. Wali, Fahad S. Alshehri.

Resources: Fahad S. Alshehri.

Supervision: Saad M. Wali, Ahmed M. Ashour, Nasser M. Alorfi, Maan H. Harbi, Shaker T. Alsharif.

Validation: Ahmed M. Ashour, Maan H. Harbi, Ohood K. Almuzaini.

Writing – original draft: Saad M. Wali.

Writing – review & editing: Ahmed M. Ashour, Nasser M. Alorfi, Fahad S. Alshehri, Mohammed M. Aldurdunji, Shaker T. Alsharif, Ohood K. Almuzaini, Saeed H. Alzahrani.

Abbreviation:

Pharm.D
Doctor of Pharmacy

All participants provided informed consent prior to participation.

The authors have no funding and conflicts of interest to disclose.

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

How to cite this article: Wali SM, Ashour AM, Alorfi NM, Alshehri FS, Aldurdunji MM, Harbi MH, Alsharif ST, Almuzaini OK, Alzahrani SH. Exploring the career aspirations and motivations of doctor of pharmacy students: A qualitative study. Medicine 2025;104:24(e42866).

Contributor Information

Ahmed M. Ashour, Email: amashour@uqu.edu.sa.

Nasser M. Alorfi, Email: nmorfi@uqu.edu.sa.

Fahad S. Alshehri, Email: fsshehri@uqu.edu.sa.

Mohammed M. Aldurdunji, Email: mmdurdunji@uqu.edu.sa.

Maan H. Harbi, Email: mhiharbi@uqu.edu.sa.

Shaker T. Alsharif, Email: stsharif@uqu.edu.sa.

Ohood K. Almuzaini, Email: okmuzaini@uqu.edu.sa.

Saeed H. Alzahrani, Email: im.sedz@gmail.com.

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